T-BOSIET/Helicopter Safety & Escape with EBS

Tropical BOSIET with

EBS and Travel Safely
by Boat (T-BOSIET)
- Code : 5906)

MODULE 2

Helicopter
Safety & Escape
with EBS

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Objective
By the end of the session delegate should be able to demonstrate, in a simulated
environment, that delegate can use the safety equipment, and follow procedures in
preparing for, and during helicopter emergencies – with particular focus on escaping
from a helicopter following ditching

INTRODUCTION
In the oil and gas industry around the world helicopter is the most popular transportation
and has become the major contribution to the expanding of oil and gas industry. In the
recent times travel by helicopter is considered to be generally safe as modern and well
maintained helicopter are significantly more reliable. In the offshore industry it is an
efficient and routine mode of travel than other alternative types available.

Improvements in the safety have a resulted from the following factors;

While significant improvements in safety have resulted from changes history shows that
accidents involving helicopters flying overwater have resulted in passengers and crew
abandoning the air craft. As a result of these incidents there have been fatalities and
injuries and the number and nature of these have depended on the severity of crash.
According to the statistic it has been found that some of these fatalities and injuries may
have been avoided.

Indeed the overall improvement in the helicopter safety while itself a major component
of the overall survival process cannot wholly guarantee passengers and crew survival in
the event of an aircraft ditching.

Experience has shown that two aircraft incident alike. It would be impossible to plan for
every contingency however training and recurrent training has shown to assist personnel
in overcoming problem that research of incident have identified.

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2.1 HELICOPTER TRAVEL

There are many types of helicopter being operated in the offshore industry worldwide.
This note is designed to provide the general guidelines, which can be used for the most
types of aircraft. Before each flight operators may provide more detailed information
about the helicopter transportation safety procedures by briefing or video show
presentation and back up by information sheets for each specific craft.
The procedures and requirements for pre-boarding, safe boarding, in-flight and safe
disembarkation may include:
 Arrive early at airport, in good physical and mentally fit to travel (traveler must
not be suffering from any effect of significant illnesses or injuries. Traveler
should NOT under influence of alcohol or drugs. These may mobility or limit
normal responses).
 Correct dress (travelers are requested to wear a long sleeve coveralls and full
cover shoes).
 Loose article (due to the high level of down associated with helicopter
operations, NO loose articles are permitted to be taken onboard helicopters.
Newspaper, magazine or books are NOT allowed due to the hazards associated
with loose paper being ingested by the engines. All items must go into the
baggage compartment. Caps or hats must NOT be worn when entering or
leaving helicopter).
 Documentation (holds a valid offshore and traveler pass, please double check).

Prohibited Articles
The following listed below are the prohibited from taken offshore by all offshore
travellers including visitors:
 Flammable substances (paint, thinners, solvent, lighter fuel).
 Matches and cigarettes lighter.
 Pressurized containers (body sprays and carbonate drinks).
 Chemicals and poison (corrosive substances, acids and alkalis).
 Powered battery equipment (portable electronic devices such as, but not
limited to, mobile phones, I pad, video cameras, clock radios, must be turn off
at all the time during flight, regardless of the whether they are in the hold
baggage or the passenger. NO alleviation will be granted to so-called “flight
safe” device).

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 Weapon and explosive.

 Alcohol and drugs (nonprescription drugs and accessories, note that the
random drugs and alcohol testing may be carried out).
 Magnetic sources equipment.

Pre-Boarding Procedures and Requirement

Check-in procedures:
 Generally the minimum check-in time is one (1) hour prior to departure.

Security verification for personnel:

 All the baggage and personnel must be examined by security personnel in the
passenger terminal prior to passenger check-in, anyone refusing to have
baggage checked will be refused to travel and will be reported to the airport
authority.
 Passengers are advised to take the minimum amount of baggage. There is a
weight restriction of between ten (10) to twelve (12) kilos (please update with
authority) on helicopter per piece of luggage.

Identification checks and helicopter safety:

 The air traffic clerk will check each passenger‟s name against the flight
manifest. Each passenger and his baggage must be weighted and a boarding
pass/card issued. Passengers must pass through a metal detector and watch the
helicopter safety video before going offshore. The helicopter safety video has a
validity of twenty four (24) hours from time of watching and is therefore valid
for passengers taking more than one (1) flight within that period of time.
 Passengers will be provided an aviation life jacket. Aviation life jacket is
essential for passenger and helicopter crew.
 Passengers must follow the direction of the airport staff and have a their
hearing protection on prior to exiting the main terminal building and wait for
the direction of the ground crew to direct boarding and collect the boarding
pass/card. Passengers must always wear ear protection during helicopter
flights.

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Safe Embarkation
Regardless of whether the helicopter rotors are shut down or turning, the helicopter must
only be approached through the “Safety Zone”. This keeps passengers clear of the tail
rotor and engine exhaust. Passengers must NEVER approach the helicopter during start-
up, shutdown or refuelling.

Whilst on-board the helicopter and on helidecks, passengers MUST follow the
instruction from pilots, cabin crew or Helicopter Landing Officer (HLO) at all times.

Safe Disembarkation
Passengers must remain in their seats belt fastened until told to release them by the
Helideck Landing Officer (HLO) or a member of the flight crew. Baggage will be
unloaded from the aircraft by the helideck crew. After collecting their baggage,
passengers should leave the helideck when directed by helicopter landing Officer (HLO)
passengers leaving or approaching the helicopter must always stay within the helicopter
“Safety Zones” at all times and in the sight of the helicopter sight of the helicopter pilots.
They should then go to administration office to do the following:
 Health and safety Briefing (for passenger visiting an installation for the first
time or after an absence of more than one (1) month must receive a health and
safety briefing before commencing work.
 Residents, to register their arrival, obtain cabin allocation and receive a safety
card.
 Day visitor to receive a visitor pass stating allocation a muster station,
emergency procedure and telephone numbers.
 Visitor on transit to confirm connecting travel arrangements to any satellite
platforms with the transport scheduler for infield boat.

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2.2 HELICOPTER EMERGENCY

Today, helicopters are quite reliable. However, emergencies do occur, whether a result
of mechanical failure or pilot error, and should be anticipated. Regardless of the cause,
the recovery needs to be quick and precise. By having a thorough knowledge of the
helicopter safety training, a passenger and crew is able to handle the emergency situation
more readily. Helicopter emergencies and the proper safety procedures should be
discussed and, practice in training. In addition, by knowing the conditions that can lead
to an emergency, many potential accidents can be avoided.

The basic safety procedures to observe the helicopter emergency is that the passengers
should be aware of and, report or inform to the helicopter crew if suspected of the
following case:
 Discovering a fire.
 Smoke.
 Fuel leaks.
 Any abnormal condition (strange vibration, extreme movement).

In-Flight Procedures
Passengers MUST obey the in-flight procedures as follows:
 Check seat belt is securely tight.
 Secure life jacket (place the seat under the life jacket).
 Use ear protector (use ear plug and ear muff).
 Read the safety card (in addition, safety card is provided in the cabin).
 Follow cabin crew instructions (obey all the instruction from cabin crew, this
may include of NO smoking, NO electronic devices is use during the flight
and, DO NOT interfere the helicopter equipment.

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Aircraft Flotation Systems

Emergency Flotation Systems (EFS) are emergency systems installed on military and
commercial helicopters in order to prevent the airframe sinking in the event of an
emergency ditching on water. The floats may be packed within spaces inside the
airframe or as externally mounted packs on the helicopter skids. The floats are inflated
using gas stored in pressurised cylinders carried on board the helicopter.

Aircraft Escape Routes for Ditching and Emergency Landing

While embarking or disembarking the helicopter and also in the case of helicopter
ditching and emergency landing. It is important that all passengers understand and aware
of the procedure and areas to avoid while getting in and out of a helicopter. Please
follow the below instructions for maintaining your safety around helicopters:
 Pay attention to the pilot‟s briefing. (Before you fly, it‟s important to know what
is expected of you. The pilot and/or crew will tell you when to enter and exit the
helicopter along with when you need to wear your seatbelt after boarding.
 Watch the rotors. (Approach from the front if you see that they are about to turn or
are already turning as this keeps you in the pilot‟s direct line of site. STAY LOW
in a crouch as you approach a helicopter on level ground for this allows for extra
space between you and the rotors. If you are able, walk up a hill towards the
helicopter from the front. Approaching the helicopter this way gives the pilot a
clear vantage point. Let pilot see where you are. Wait for the pilot‟s signal before
moving toward the air craft.
 Keep track of light and loose items. (Securing your personal belongings is
important as those with no weight can quickly blow away as you near the
helicopter. Let the item go if it is already flying out of your hands. You could get
hurt if you try to chase it).

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 Understand the helicopter‟s “SAFETY ZONES”. (The front at the right or the
left of the helicopter is the most acceptable place to approach it. Walking up
directly in front of the helicopter is ok, but, the pilot will always prefer that you
arrive from the front left and right angle. The back of the helicopter is the most
dangerous place to stand or walk. The pilot can‟t see you from behind him and
this is a prohibited vantage point).
 Exit with SAFETY in mind. (Plan which direction you will leave the
helicopter, and make sure it is in the above described safety zones. Remember
not to wave your arms or jump and keep all loose personal items secure).

Independent Action upon Emergency Landing

It is passengers responsibly to ensure their own safety and escape techniques upon
emergency ditching or landing. Emergency ditching/landing can be categorized in:

 Controlled ditching. (This gives you approximately sixty seconds of warning).

 Uncontrolled ditching. (This gives you approximately fifteen seconds of
warning).

Survival Techniques Following Ditching and Emergency Landing

 Deploy your aviation life jacket (Swim away from the wreckage and get
yourself floating by deploy your aviation life jacket immediately, so that you
can rest and save your energy).
 Stay in group (By keeping in group this will give you advantage from getting
swept away by the current, this also giving the advantage for disability
survivors).
 Boarding the life raft (By keeping swimming in group will also enhance your
chances to get your life raft and assisting each other in getting into the life raft
and maintain the life raft.

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The Aviation Life Jacket / Life Jacket Air Pocket Plus (LAP)

An integratedsurvival solution equipped with the Air Pocket Plus emergency breathing
system (EBS), the Life Jacket Air Pocket Plus (LAP Jacket) was designed to reduce the
number of items offshore personnel have to don, the LAP Jacket has been authorised by
the European Aviation Safety Agency to European Technical Standard Order (ETSO)
approval.

Now a worldwide industry standard product, the LAP Jacket has passed relevant Civil
Aviation Authority (CAA) tests and is approved to CAA Spec 5. The Air Pocket Plus
(EBS) helps support the immersion victim during escape underwater from a ditched
helicopter by helping to overcome the effects of cold shock, an involuntary physiological
response to immersion in water.

Donning of an Aviation Life Jacket

As a part of pre boarding procedures and requirements, all passengers must be equipped
with the LAP Jacket. The LAP Jacket will be distributed to passengers by the land crew
during after completing the Safety Summary before boarding the aircraft. Once the LAP
Jacket is distributed to you should begin:

 Donning the LAP Jacket (By secure the belting and, protect from dangling
around and, placed the shoulder belt underneath the jacket).
 Tighten the seat belt (Most of the helicopters nowadays are using four point
harness seat belt. You should secure and tighten your seat belt for easy quick
release).
 Follow the crew instruction (Wait for instruction from cabin crew or pilot for
actions).

Action in Preparation for a Helicopter Ditching/Emergency Landing:

 Tighten your seatbelt and fasten your body posture (This will keep you in place
and not swept away by water rush-in into the cabin).
 Double check exits / reference points(To help you to find and to open the exit).
Four point harness

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 Eliminate all sharp objects / assure loose articles (To avoid any injuries that
may come from those things).
 Take – up the BRACE POSITION (The technique is to ensure that you don‟t
get injured during the impact).

Aircraft Emergency Exit

Two point seat belt
 Locate the emergency exit (Before the flight, you noted that the latched of the
emergency exit is positioned next to your hip, bring your hand straight down to
the hip then find the latched. Keep one hand on that latched. While
turning/opening the latched, forward your body slightly toward the exit, then
after the exit is off, ensures that you grasp the window frame with one hand
and NEVER let go that hand from your REFERENCE POINT).
 Release “on command”. If helicopter landing on water, wait for the command
before your release your seat belt. For underwater evacuation ensure that you
ALWAYS keep another hand on your seat belt buckle, WAIT UNTIL ALL
MOTION HAS STOP. Then you can release the seat belt buckle by pulling
sharply toward your feet to disengage all four point straps. DO NOT release
your seat belt before ALL MOTION HAS STOP, otherwise you‟ll be floating
through the interior of the helicopter and groping for an exit, your chances of
survival drastically reduced).
 Evacuate (Now you‟re grasp the window frame with both hands, and pull
yourself through the exit without kicking too much. Once you outside swim
away from helicopter wreckage then quickly deploy your life jacket and
regrouping as soon as possible and continue your survival techniques.

Impact Attenuating Seats

 The purpose of seat (Surviving a helicopter ditching at sea involves a number

of factors; however, none have as great an influence as impact forces. To
minimize this influence, crash attenuating seat systems have recently been
integrated into offshore transport helicopters).

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 Operation of seat (These crashworthy seat assemblies have been developed to

stroke (i.e. to move usually in a downward direction relative to the aircraft
floor) upon severe impact and usually activate energy absorbing devices
thereby absorbing all or a portion of the crash energy transmitted to the seat).
 Evacuation techniques (Unfortunately, no research has investigated the
systems effect on underwater egress. This study outlines the first known
examination of the crash attenuating seats from the perspective of passenger
egress. Results indicate that egressing from an inverted and flooded helicopter
requires significantly more time, and is rated as being more difficult when the
seat is fully attenuated (stroked). Results also indicate that egress is
significantly influenced by environmental conditions and the position of a
helicopter simulator. Based on these findings, it is recommended that all
offshore personnel be trained to overcome the influence of attenuating seats,
environmental conditions, and position of the helicopter during their
occupationally required egress training course.

Helicopter Emergency Equipment

The helicopters being operated in the offshore industry today are very reliable in their
safety. The safety and survival equipment can be found inside the cabin and/or in the tail
part:
 First aid kit
 Fire extinguisher
 Life raft with survival kit
 Emergency Position Indicator Radio Beacon (EPIRB)

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Aviation Life Raft

The aviation life raft is the premier lifesaving device for rotary-wing applications on all
existing and new design helicopter. Aviation life raft sets the standard in term of design
innovation and safety features and introduced for the extreme environment and stowage
in the passenger cabin. Their advantage features:
 Full reversible, always „right way up”.
 Rapid inflatable times and board able within 60 seconds.
 50% overload capacity, better safety and survivability for crew and passengers.
 Optimized performance to weight ratio, reliable operation and performance in
all temperatures and post ditching conditions.
 Auto inflation and manual rising of canopy, rapid exposure protection for
survivors.
 Open boarding platform design, improved boarding and rescue phase.
 Inflatable boarding ramps, improved entry from water.

Operation and entry:

 Life-raft should be deploying externally regardless of whether the aircraft is
upright or inverted.
 Mooring lines should be installed where practical and feasible to allow person
to hold on to an upright or inverted rotorcraft.
 Helicopter ditching at surface (passengers must wait the instruction from cabin
crew be before boarding/enter the life raft.
 Helicopter capsizes (Passengers should get the life raft and boarding/enter into
to avoid drifting away or suffering from hypothermia.

Initial action upon boarding/enter the life raft:

 Deploying the sea anchor (You should immediately deploy the sea anchor to avoid
drifting away from actual ditching site. This will make it easier for searchers to
find you, if you have relayed your location. Without sea anchor, your life raft may
drift over 160 kilometers is a day, making it much harder for searcher to find you).
 Raising and the canopy care(You then should raise the life raft canopy to protect
yourselves from the extreme condition, too wet/cold or too hot. If the sun gets too
hot, this can damage the life raft fabric; by watering the canopy can reduce the
heat on the material. You may also use wet cloth to cool down the material
placing on the life raft canopy).

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 Life raft maintenance (You should immediately carry out the life raft
maintenance such as inspection for any tear or leakage. Your life raft should be
maintained dry at all times. The tear clamps and other emergency kit can be
found inside the emergency pack.

Secondary actions on boarding life raft:

 Activation of radio beacons (Assign a duty of radio operator. Helicopter are
equipped with Emergency Position Indicator Radio Beacon (EPIRB) once is
operated, automatically transmits a signal that is recognized by the satellite as
an emergency call).
 Emergency Position Indication Radio Beacons may be required under the
IMO/SOLAS global maritime distress and safety systems (GMDSS) on ships
and offshore installations depending on the area where they navigate.
 Nowadays the EPIRB can be recognized by the MMSI-code (Mobile Merchant
Ship Identified). The beacons are self-powered by means batteries and transmit
signals to satellites. These satellites are from the COSPASS/SARSAT system,
an international cooperative search and rescue effort. The system ensures a
global coverage, 24 hours a day.
 Posting look out (Assign a duty position for posting look out. The lookout duty
should not exceed two (2) hour for every duty person. The other assign duty
should be considered is water and food collector, signaller and water bailers.
 Do inventory of the survival equipment and protect from the damaging cause
by sea water such as ration food and waters, compasses, watches, sextant,
matches/lighters.
 Always keep your first aid kit in dry place and limit the use for necessary only.
 Always keep in mind and remind others that cooperation is one of the keys to
survival.

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Action to Take in Preparing for a Helicopter Ditching/Emergency Landing:

 Donning and secure life jacket.
 Tight seat belt. See page 8
 Follow crew instructions.

Safe action after the impact on land:

 Wait for crew instructions.
 Locate the exit.
 Take uphill/upwind position.
 Beware the hazards of rotors, fire/smoke and move quickly.
 Collect the survival kit, if is safe to do so.

Dry evacuation from a helicopter ditched on water to an aviation life raft:

 Aircraft deactivation – remain seated.
 Wait for crew instructions.
 Throw window to sea.
 Verify that the rotors have stopped.
 Throw the life rafts.
 Controlled exit from helicopter into rafts.
 Start immediate life raft INITIAL ACTIONS.

Survival Method after Helicopter Ditching

The following action to take after helicopter ditching on sea surface is to get yourself
float by:
 Deploying the aviation life jacket (Thus will help you keep it afloat and rest or
swimming).
 Group swimming (When you are with more people in the water and you have
to swim you can „crocodile‟. Instead of crossing your legs you have to put your
feet in the armpits of the next person. The last person in the line will lie on his
belly between the legs of the second last person so he can give directions. This
method is of great help if you have to transport any casualties. However note
that swimming must be your last option.
 Towing a weak or injured survivor (By keeping in group also will give an extra
support for weak or injured survivor by towing them in group.

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The H.E.L.P. Posture

H.E.L.P. stands for Heat Escape Lessening Posture. If you‟re wearing a life jacket you
have an important safety appliance at hand. The life jacket provides you with buoyancy
so that the risk of drowning is reduced. It allows you to concentrate on preserving your
body heat.

The HUDDLE Posture

A good method to keep the body temperature as high as possible is to reduce muscle
activity by using the H.E.L.P. position. If you‟re with more people the HUDDLE
position can be used. Because you lessen your body surface, your loss of heat is also
reduced.

Survival Circle

If there are no lifesaving appliances nearby and you‟re with several persons in the water
the best option is the survival circle. You have to hook in your arms and put the legs in
the middle. The last to person on either end of the row will have to swim to each other to
make it a full circle. This circle turns a group into a bigger spot and if therefore better to
see by any SAR-units. You have a 360° view so you can keep up moral by telling jokes
and you can spot any rescuers from any direction.

Boarding an Aviation Life Raft

This inflatable life raft provides out-of-water support for persons forced to abandon an
aircraft at sea. It is carried aboard the aircraft in the compartments provided and is either
automatically or manually ejected out of the aircraft in the event of a soft landing. The
valise is a case for storing and carrying the packed raft (upper section) and its' rigid
survival equipment container (lower).

The inflation medium is CO2 with an additional small charge of N2, which expands after
release from the cylinder when the seal is broken by the force of the pull. The raft will
inflate to a board able condition in 60 seconds governed by the ambient temperatures.
The inflated tubes are divided into two independent assemblies: the top comprises of the
raft top tube and canopy; the bottom comprises the bottom tube and boarding ramp. If
one system fails to inflate or sustains a leak, it will not affect the inflation of the other
system.

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Helicopter Rescue Strop

The helicopter rescue strop is a nylon strap fitted with D-rings at each end to attach the
strop to the helicopter winch cable hook. A slider enables the strop to be drawn close to
the body of the survivor. A handle enables the SAR crewman to control and restrain the
survivor.

There are two method of rescue techniques might be use:

 Assisted rescue (Used for weak or injured survivor, whom unable to help
themselves to put on the rescue strop and use correctly).
 Unassisted rescue (Used for fit survivor, and able to use the rescue strop
correctly).

Once the helicopter rescue strop is lowed you must be stand by.
 DO NOT touch the rescue device until after the hook makes contact with the
water. This prevents any electrical shock that may occur because of static
electricity build-up in the rescue device.
 Swim to the rescue device. Grasp the free end of the rescue strop with your
right hand and rotate your body clockwise, until the rescue strop is wrapped
around your body.
 Attach the V-ring on the strop to the rescue hook.
 Grasp the two pull tabs of the retainer straps and pull the straps out. Attach the
quick ejector snap hook to theV-ring and pull the strop tightly across your
chest.
 Ensure that the rescue strop is above the waist lobes and high on your back.
Give a thumb up signal to the hoist operator. Wrap your arms around the collar
and keep your head down.
 Upon clearing the water, cross your feet and remain in this position until you
areinside the helicopter.

The rescue swimmer and survivor are hoisted up to the helicopter. After reaching the
helicopter, the rescue swimmer will assists the survivor into the helicopter.

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EMERGENCY BREATHING SYSTEM

Objectives
The objectives of the additional EBS training delivered in conjunction with the T-
BOSIET or T-HUET programme are to:
a) Ensure delegates are familiar with the use of the Emergency Breathing System
(EBS).
b) Ensure that delegates understand their basic emergency response actions
during a helicopter emergency using the EBS.

Verify the integrity of Emergency Breathing System

The equipment is the combination of Life Jacket and Air Pocket or Re-breather/EBS),
and fitted with two separate cylinders fitted on the unit:
 55 grams of Co2 for floatation cylinder fitted to the life jacket.
 3.5 liters of air cylinder fitted to the Air Pocket Plus/Re-breather for
underwater breathing.

The Air Pocket Plus

The Air Pocket Plus of the Emergency Breathing System helps support the immersion
victim during the underwater escape from a ditched helicopter, by helping to overcome
the effects of cold shock, an involuntary physiological response to immersion in water.
Cold shock causes gasping and reduces the ability to breath-hold. The Air Pocket Plus
enables the user to re-breathe their own exhaled air and it also provides a breath of clean
air automatically on immersion in case there was no time to take a breath.

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Air Pocket Plus has been designed to minimize the risk of cerebral arterial gas embolism
which results from any system which introduces supplementary gas. The Air Pocket Plus
breathing bag is also called Re-breather generously sized to contain the air charge plus
any breath from breath-hold, without producing over- pressure. The Air Pocket Plus/Re-
breather breathing bag contains of:
1. Air cylinder with HRU.
2. Mouth piece.
3. Flexible breathing hose.
4. 2 way valve system.
5. Red knob.
6. Nose clip.

Aviation lifejackets
Designed to support wearers in a safe, head-up position, Approved aviation lifejackets
are essential for both passengers and crew on fixed and rotary-wing aircraft for private,
commercial and military applications. The Aviation Life Jacket contains of:
1. Air cylinder for auto deployment (HRU).
2. CΟ² cylinder for life jacket deployment.
3. Manual deployment tag.
4. Counter lung pocket.
5. Oral deployment tube.
6. Spray hood & water activated light.
7. Buddy line.
8. Reflective tape.
9. Whistle.

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