Binomials and Partial Fractions

Form Formula

Binomial 𝑎(1 + 𝑥)
−𝑏
= (𝑎)
−𝑏
[1 +
𝑥
]
𝑎

Completed Binomial 1 −𝑏(−𝑏−1)𝑥

2 3
−𝑏(−𝑏−1)(−𝑏−2)𝑥
𝑎
(1 − 𝑏𝑥 + 2!
+ 3!
...)

Linear 3
=
𝐴
+
𝐵
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏) (𝑥+𝑎) (𝑥+𝑏)

Repeated 3
2 =
𝐴
+
𝐵
+
𝐵
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏) (𝑥+𝑎) (𝑥+𝑏) (𝑥+𝑏)

Quadratic 3
2 =
𝐴
+
𝐵𝑥+ 𝐶
2
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥 +𝑏) (𝑥+𝑎) (𝑥 +𝑏)

Working:
➔ Step 1: Check if proper or improper fraction by the ratio of powers
2
3𝑥 +2𝑥 3
◆ E.g (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
= 2
𝑅
➔ Step 2: If improper apply 𝑄 + 𝐷
➔ Step 3: Apply forms depending on the denominator.
➔ Step 4: Replace x with the value in each bracket to find A, B, and C or use the
comparative method.

2
NOTE: If 𝑥 + 1 = 0, there is no solution you can put a value of your own choice (zero and 1).
Quadratic will have 2 new values, x=0 and x=A
 Logarithms

Formulae Graphs

𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎 ⇔ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎(𝑦)

𝑙𝑜𝑔10(𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦)

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒(𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑦)

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑦)

𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏( 𝑦 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑦)

𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥)

𝑙𝑜𝑔(− 𝑥) = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑏) = 1

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(1) = 0

𝑙𝑛(𝑒) = 1

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦) < 0 if 0< y <1

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐(𝑎)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑎) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐(𝑏)

NOTE: Log is inverse of exponential graph

Working for Logarithmic Equations
➔ Step 1: Take the common log on both sides
➔ Step 2: Equate the 2 equations to find x
➔ Step 3:Confirm x values by inserting them in original equations
➔ Step 4: If one equation has a negative log, then reject.

Working for linear form:

➔ Step 1: Take the log of every value
➔ Step 2: Organise in form y = mx+c
➔ Step 3:Use en= x to find ln(x)
Finding Gradient of a Curve from a Point.
Step 1: Find the value of x/y using the point given
Step 2: Use the product rule to derivate and find the gradient
Step 3: Insert values of x and y, then equate derivative to zero
Step 4: Put dy/dx on LHS and find value.

Trigonometry

Equations Mnemonic

2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 1 Both add up to make 1

2
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
2 One becomes sec c with a tan

2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
2 One gets a cot after cosec

sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB Sin keeps stuff together

sin(A-B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB Sin keeps stuff together

cos(A+B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB Cos tears apart

cos(A-B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB Cos tears apart

tan(A+B)=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 +𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 Top is like Sin, bottom is like cos
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

tan(A-B)=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 Top is like sin, bottom is like cos
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

sin(2A) = 2sinAcosA Like prev eq

cos(2A) = 1- 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
2 Like prev eq

2
cos(2A) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 A - 1 Like prev eq

tan(2A) =
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
2
Like prev eq
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴

2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 =
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 Negative cos keeps sin
2

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 Cos keeps cos
2

Rsin(x+α)= asinx + bcosx Sin keeps stuff together

Rsin(x-α)= asinx - bcosx Sin keeps stuff together

 Rcos(x+α)= acosx - bsinx Cos tears apart

Rcos(x-α)= acosx +bsinx Cos tears apart

NOTE: For α, Quadrant 1: All +, Quadrant 2: Sin +, Quadrant 3: Tan +, Quadrant 4: Cos +
Graphs
 Differentiation

Formulae Mnemonic

Xn = n xn-1

f(x)n = n f(x)n-1

x’= 1

c’= 0

ef(x)= ef(x) × 𝑓(𝑥)' E stays the same

lnf(x)=
1
× 𝑓(𝑥)' Brings stuff down
𝑓(𝑥)

sinf(x)= cosf(x) × 𝑓(𝑥)' Cos makes sin

cosf(x)=-sinf(x) × 𝑓(𝑥)' Sin makes - cos

tanf(x) = sec2 × 𝑓(𝑥)' Tan makes sec c

cotf(x) = cosec2 × 𝑓(𝑥)' Cot makes cosec

secf(x) = secf(x) tanf(x) × 𝑓(𝑥)' Sec and sec make tan

cosecf(x) = cosecf(x) cotf(x) × 𝑓(𝑥)' Cosec and cosec make cot

tan-1f(x) =
1
2 × 𝑓(𝑥)' Tan-1 makes everything upside down
𝑓(𝑥) +1

(uv)’ = uv’ × vu’ Multiply derivatives with each other

𝑢
( 𝑣 )' =
𝑣𝑢'−𝑢𝑣'
2
V is always on the bottom
𝑣

Implicit Equations:
➔ Step 1: Differentiate values
➔ Step 2: Move dy/dx to the left-hand side
➔ Step 3: Solve the equation

Parametric Equations:
➔ Step 1: Differentiate x and y values in terms of parameter
➔ Step 2: Insert values of dy/dt and dx/dt in equation dy/dt* dt/dx = dy/dx
➔ Step 3: Solve to find values

Tangent not parallel to x=axis

➔ Step 1: dy/dx = 0
 ➔ Step 2: Insert the value of dy/dx and solve to find no solutions
➔ Step 3: Hence proven, no solutions.

Stationary Points of the Curve

➔ Step 1: Differentiate values to find dy/dx
➔ Step 2: Equate derivative to zero
➔ Step 3: Solve for values

Maximum points
➔ Step 1: Differentiate values
➔ Step 2: Differentiate to find d2y/dx
➔ Step 3: Equate to zero
➔ Step 4: Find all possible solutions.

NOTE: y2 differentiates to 2y dy/dx

Differentiation has angles in RADIANS

Modulus Value
Traditional Modulus Value:
➔ Step 1: Remove the modulus and add ± it to the other side of the equation
➔ Step 2: Solve the two types of equations formed

Functions:
➔ Take either side as ±
➔ Solve

Graphs
➔ Step 1: Draw your initial graph
➔ Step 2: Reflect all points below the x-axis
➔ Step 3: Move according to the formula
ALT:
➔ Step 1: Make Modulus = 0 to find vertex
➔ Step 2: Use the equation to find the y-intercept

Modular Inequalities
➔ Case 1: |𝑥| < + 𝑎
◆ -a < x < +a
➔ Case 2: |𝑥| > + 𝑎
◆ X < -a or x > a
Solve to find values of a.
 Integration

Formula Mnemonic

𝑛
𝑛+1
𝑥
Inverse of derivation
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶

𝑛 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
𝑛+1 Inverse of derivation
∫ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑛+1)
+ 𝐶

Added x
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1
Reverse of derivation
∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶

𝑘𝑥 1 𝑘𝑥 E stays the same

∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑒 + 𝐶

1
Cos makes -sin
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑘
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶

1
Sin makes cos
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶

2 1
Sec c makes tan
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶

2 1
Cosec c makes cot
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑘
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1 −1 𝑥 Tan inverse flips everything

∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑎 ) + 𝐶
𝑥 +𝑎

2 Tan square makes tan - x

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

2 1
Same for cot
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑘
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑘𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

2 2−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 4
+ 𝐶
 2 2+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 4
+ 𝐶

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
∫𝑒 × 𝑓'(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶

𝑓'(𝑥)
∫𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑘𝑙𝑛|𝑓(𝑥)|

𝑛+1
𝑛 [𝑓(𝑥)]
∫[𝑓(𝑥)] × 𝑓'(𝑥) = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶

Differential Equations:
➔ Separate x and y to either side of equation
➔ Integrate to remove dy/dx
➔ If you get a value eC take as A

Quotient Rule:
➔ If value is not completely similar, multiply and divide with common
𝑥+2 1 2(𝑥+2)
◆ Eg. ∫ 2 becomes 2
∫ 2
𝑥 +4𝑥+1 𝑥 +4𝑥+1

➔ Integrate equation

Integration by Parts:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
➔ Step 1: Use the formula ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑑𝑥

➔ Step 2: Choose u from LATE rule (Log, Algebra, Trig, Exponent)

Numerical Solutions of Equations:

Graphical Method
➔ Step 1: Create two equations for y
◆ E.g y= x2 and y= x+1
➔ Step 2: Draw the graph. The point where the two meet will be the answer.
ALT:
➔ If f(x)= 0, then when the sign changes for the value there is at least one root
➔ Insert values of the intervals into the f(x) formula
➔ The two points where the sign changes is the interval where the root lies

Numerical method:
➔ Given f(x)= 0
➔ Rearrange to form x= g(x)
 ➔ Write iterative formula xn+1= g(xn)

Calculate Root Iterations

➔ Step 1: Use mid-value of range
➔ Step 2: Insert into iterative formula
➔ Step 3: Insert new value into formula until recurring value obtained
➔ Step 4: Recurring value is the final answer.

Prove that the iterative formula is relevant

➔ Remove n+1 and n from formula
➔ Solve equation
➔ If equation same as original equation, iterative formula proved.
 Complex Numbers

Formulae Argument Equations:

u= a +ib Quadrant 1: tan-1

u= r(cosθ + isinθ) Quadrant 2: π- tan-1

u= reiθ Quadrant 3: tan-1- π

X2- Sx + P = 0 Quadrant 4: - tan-1

2 2
Modulus= 𝑎 +𝑏

Multiplication= nrei(θ+n)

Power= rneiθn

Working:
➔ Square both sides of the equation
➔ Equate like terms
➔ Solve values

NOTE: The range of θ is − π 𝑥 ≤ π

If out of range -2π until within range
For the roots of the equation, if imaginary values are 1 root, its conjugate is the other.