TECHNIQUE OF INTEGRATION

C. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Integrating rational functions by partial fractions involves breaking down a complex rational
function into simpler fractions that are easier to integrate. Here's a brief overview of the
process:

Steps for Integration by Partial Fractions

1. Ensure Proper Form:

( )
 Make sure the rational function is proper, meaning the degree of (𝑥) (numerator) is less than
( )
the degree of Q(x) (denominator). If not, use polynomial long division first.

2. Factor the Denominator:

 Factor Q(x) into irreducible factors over the real numbers. These factors could be linear (e.g., 𝑥−𝑎)
or quadratic (e.g., 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+c).

3. Set Up Partial Fractions:

( )
 Express as a sum of simpler fractions. The form of these fractions depends on the factors of
( )
𝑄(𝑥):
 For each linear factor (𝑥−𝑎): include a term .

 For each repeated linear factor (𝑥−𝑎)𝑛: include terms + + ⋯+

( ) ( )

 For each irreducible quadratic factor (𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐): include a term .

4. For each repeated irreducible quadratic factor (𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐): include terms + +

( )
⋯+ .
( )

5. Determine Coefficients:

 Find the constants A, B, C, etc., by solving a system of equations. This involves multiplying both
sides by the common denominator to eliminate the fractions and equating coefficients of
corresponding powers of x.

6. Integrate Each Term:

 Once you have the partial fraction decomposition, integrate each term individually.
Example.

Integrate ( )(
:
)

1. Proper form: Already proper

2. Factor the denominator: Q(x) = (x-1)(x+2).
3. Set Up Partial Fractions:
2𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥−1 𝑥+2
4. Determine Coefficients:
2x + 3 = A(x+2) + B(x-1)

Expanding and equating coefficients:

2x + 3 = Ax + 2A + Bx – B
2x + 3 = (A + B)x + (2A – B)

This gives 2 equations:

A+B=2
2A – B = 3

Solving these:
A = 1, B = 1

So:

( )(
= +
)

Integrate each term:

∫( + )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
= ln|(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)| + 𝐶
 CASE 1. Distinct Linear Factors of the Denominator

𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨 𝑩 𝑵
= + + ⋯+
𝑸(𝒙) 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏

where A, B, C,…,N are constants to be determined

Solved problems.

𝟓𝒙 𝟐 𝟓𝒙 𝟐
1. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒙 𝟐)(𝒙 𝟐)
𝑑𝑥

[( )( )
= + ] (x+2)(x-2)
5𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) , solving for the constants A & B,

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 : 5(2) − 2 = 𝐴(2 − 2) + 𝐵(2 + 2)

10 − 2 = 4𝐵
8 = 4𝐵 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑩 = 𝟐

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −2: 5(−2) − 2 = 𝐴(−2 − 2) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)

−10 − 2 = −4𝐴
−12 = −4𝐴 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑨 = 𝟑

So, the given integral can be expressed as follows:

5𝑥 − 2 3 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+2 𝑥−2

1 1
= 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥−2

= 3 ln|𝑥 + 2| + 2 ln|𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶

= ln |(𝑥 + 2) + ln |(𝑥 − 2) | + 𝐶

= ln|(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2) | + 𝐶

𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟖
2. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟗𝒙 𝒙𝟑 ( )( )

( )(
= + +
)

5𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 18 = 𝐴(3 + 𝑥)(3 − 𝑥) + 𝐵𝑥(3 − 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥(3 + 𝑥)

 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0; 5(0) − 3(0) + 18 = 𝐴(3)(3) + 0 + 0
18 = 9A, Hence, A = 2

if x = 3; 5(3) − 3(3) + 18 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶(3)(3 + 3)

45 − 9 + 18 = 18𝐶
54 = 18C, hence, C = 3

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −3; 5(−3) − 3(−3) + 18 = 0 + 𝐵(−3)[3 − (−3)] + 0

45 + 9 + 18 = −18𝐵
72 = -18B, hence, B = -4

∫ ( )(
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
)

= 2∫ − 4∫ + −3 ∫
= 2 ln|𝑥| − 4 ln|3 + 𝑥| − 3 ln|3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
= ln |𝑥 | − ln |(3 + 𝑥) − ln|(3 − 𝑥) | + 𝐶
= ln | ( ) ( )
|+ 𝐶

CASE 2. Repeated Linear Factors of the Denominator

𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨
=
𝑸(𝒙) (𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 )𝒏

𝑷(𝒙) 𝑨 𝑩 𝑵
= + 𝟐
+⋯+
𝑸(𝒙) (𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 ) (𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 ) (𝒂𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒊 )𝒏

where A, B, C,…,N are constants to be determined

Solved problems.

𝒙𝟑 𝟏
1. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐)𝟑

𝒙𝟑
[𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟑
= + + +( )
+( )
]𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 )(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐸𝑥
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 8) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 8) + 𝐶𝑥 (𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4) +
𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐸𝑥
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 8𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 8) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 ) +
𝐷(𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) + 𝐸𝑥
 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 with that of the right side. Thus,
𝑥 : 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ------------------------------------------------- eq 1
𝑥 : 1 = −6𝐴 + 𝐵 − 4𝐶 + 𝐷 -------------------------------- eq 2
𝑥 : 0 = 12𝐴 − 6𝐵 + 4𝐶 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸 ------------------------ eq 3
𝑥: 0 = −8𝐴 + 12𝐵 ----------------------------------------- eq 4
𝑘: −1 = −8𝐵--------------------------------------------------- eq 5

𝟏
from eq 5: B=
𝟖
from eq 4: 8𝐴 = 12𝐵
A=
𝟑
A= 𝟏𝟔
from eq 1: 0=𝐴+𝐶
𝐶 = −𝐴
𝟑
𝑪=−
𝟏𝟔
from eq 2: 1 = −6𝐴 + 𝐵 − 4𝐶 + 𝐷
𝐷 = 1 + 6𝐴 − 𝐵 + 4𝐶
( ) ( )
𝐷= 1+ − +
𝟓
𝑫=
𝟒
from eq 3: 0 = 12𝐴 − 6𝐵 + 4𝐶 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸
𝐸 = −12𝐴 + 6𝐵 − 4𝐶 + 2𝐷
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝐸= + − +
𝟕
𝑬= 𝟒

𝒙𝟑
∫ 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 𝑑𝑥 =∫[ + + + + ]𝑑𝑥
𝟐)𝟑 ( ) ( )

= ∫ + ∫ − ∫( + ∫ + ∫(
) ( ) )

3 1 3 5 7
= 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 2| + (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
16 8 16 4 4

3 𝑥 1𝑥 5 (𝑥 − 2) 7 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑙𝑛 + + + + 𝐶
16 𝑥−2 8 −1 4 −1 4 −2

= 𝑙𝑛 − − − +𝐶
( ) ( )

𝒙𝟑 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 − + 𝐶
𝟐)𝟑 ( )
 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟑
2. ∫𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒙(𝒙 𝟏)𝟐

[ = + + ] 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
( ) ( )

𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥

𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = A(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥

using coefficients of variables:

𝑥 : 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵-------------------------------------------eq1
𝑥: − 4 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 -----------------------------------eq2
𝑘: 3 = 𝐴-------------------------------------------------eq3

from eq1: 𝐵 = 1−𝐴 = 1−3

𝐵 = −2

from eq2: −4 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶

𝐶 = −4 − 2𝐴 − 𝐵 = −4 − 2(3) − (−2)

𝐶 = −8

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + + ]𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )

( )
= 3 ln|𝑥| − 2 ln|𝑥 + 1| − 8 +𝐶

= ln ( )
+ + 𝐶]

= ln ( )
− ln ( )
+ 8[ − ]

= ln − ln + 8[ − ]

= ln + 8[ ]

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln −2
( )
 CASE 3. Non-Repeated Quadratic Factors of the Denominator

For each irreducible quadratic factor 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, occurring once in the denominator
of a proper rational fraction, there corresponds a single partial fraction of the form
P(x) Ax + B
=
Q(x) (ax + bx + c)
,

where A and B are constants to be determined.

( )
The form may be used where (2ax+b) is the derivative of the
( )
quadratic factor of the denominator.

If g(x) = (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 )(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 ) … (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 ) where no two

factors are identical then,

𝒇(𝒙) 𝑨(𝟐𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 ) 𝑩 𝑪(𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒃𝟐 ) 𝑫 𝑴(𝟐𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒃𝟏 ) 𝑵

= + +…+
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 𝒄 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 𝒄 𝟐 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒏

where A, B, C,D,…,N are constants to be determined.

Solved problem.

(𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟑)
1. Evaluate ∫ (𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟐)

we write the function in the integrand as a sum of partial fractions as follows:

(𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟑) ( )
[( = + ] (x-1)( 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2)
𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐+𝟐𝒙+𝟐)

𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 = A(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵 (2𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 = A(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)

Coeff: 𝑥 : 1 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵--------------------------------------eq1

x: −2 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶--------------------------------------eq2

k: −3 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 − 𝐶------------------------------------eq3
from eq2: C = −2 − 2𝐴 substitute in eq3

−3 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 − (−2 − 2𝐴)
−3 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 2 + 2𝐴
−5 = 4𝐴 − 2𝐵 --------------------------------------------eq4
+ 1 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵 ----------------------------------------------eq1
___________________________________
−4 = 5𝐴 hence, A =
1 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵 ------------eq1 −2 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶------------eq2
1= + 2𝐵 −2 = 2 +𝐶
2𝐵 = 𝐶 = −2 +
𝐵= C=

(𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟑) ( )
∫ (𝒙 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙 = ∫[ + ]dx

( )
= ∫[ + ]dx

−4 𝑑𝑥 9 2𝑥 + 2 2 𝑑𝑥
= + 𝑑𝑥 −
5 𝑥 − 1 10 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 2 5 (𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1 + 2
2 𝑥+1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
5 1

2 𝑥+1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
5 1

( )
= ln − 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
( )

( )
2. ∫
( )
( )
[ ( )
= + ( )
] (𝑥)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(2𝑥)(𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(2𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝑥
Coeff: 𝑥 : 0 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵-------------------------------eq1
x: 1 = C --------------------------------------eq2
k: 4 = 4A ------------------------------------eq3

C =1 ; A =1; 2B = -A
B=
 (𝒙 𝟒)𝒅𝒙 ( )
∫ 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 𝟒)
=∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
=∫ − ∫ +∫
= ln|𝑥| − ln|𝑥 + 4| + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan +C = ln + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan + 𝐶
√

CASE 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors of the Denominator

For each irreducible quadratic factor 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, occurring n-times in the

Denominator of a proper rational fraction, there corresponds a sum of n- partial fractions of the
form :
𝐴 𝑥+𝐵 𝐴 𝑥+𝐵 𝐴 𝑥+𝐵
+ + …+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

where A, B, C,D,…,N are constants to be determined.

Solved problem.

( )
1. ∫
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
[ = + + ] 𝑥(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5)
( ) ( )
2
𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5) + [𝐵(2𝑥 − 4)(𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥] 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5 + 𝐷(2𝑥 − 4)𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥
𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 25 − 8𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 40𝑥) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 10𝑥 −
20𝑥 ) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑥) + 𝐷(2𝑥 − 4𝑥) + 𝐸𝑥
Coeff.:
𝑥 : 0 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵 ---------------------------------------------------eq1
𝑥 : 0 = −8𝐴 − 12𝐵 + 𝐶 ---------------------------------------eq2
𝑥 : 0 = 26𝐴 + 26𝐵 − 4𝐶 + 2𝐷 -------------------------------eq3
𝑥: 1 = −40𝐴 − 20𝐵 + 5𝐶 − 4𝐷 + 𝐸 -----------------------eq4
𝑘: − 2 = 25𝐴 -------------------------------------------------------eq5
𝐴=
𝑒𝑞1: 0= + 2𝐵
𝐵=
𝑒𝑞2: 0 = −8( ) − 12( ) + 𝐶
𝐶=
𝑒𝑞3: 0 = 26𝐴 + 26𝐵 − 4𝐶 + 2𝐷
0 = 26 + 26 −4 + 2𝐷
0= + + + 2𝐷
2𝐷 = =
 𝐷=
𝑒𝑞4: 1 = −40𝐴 − 20𝐵 + 5𝐶 − 4𝐷 + 𝐸
1 = −40( ) − 20( ) + 5( ) − 4( ) + 𝐸
1= − −( )−( )+𝐸
1 = ( )+𝐸 𝐸=

( ) ( ) ( )
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥

( )
= ∫ + ∫ 𝑥2 −4𝑥+5 − ∫ 𝑥2 −4𝑥+4−4+5 + ∫ 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5 (2𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 +
∫ 2
[(𝑥2 −4𝑥+4)−4+5]

−1
4 𝑑𝑥 1 (𝑥2 −4𝑥+5)
= ln|𝑥| + ln 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5 − ∫ 2 + + ∫ [( ]
25 (𝑥−2) +1 5 −1 )

−2 1 4 1 1 𝑑𝑥
= ln|𝑥| + ln 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 − 2) − 2
+
25 25 25 5(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5) 5 ( (𝑥 − 2) + 1)

By Trigonometric Substitution:

( )
let tan 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
(𝑥 − 2) + 1
𝑥 − 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 x-2 𝜃 sec𝜃 = (𝑥 − 2) + 1

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1

∫ =∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃
( ( ) ) ( )

= ∫ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃

= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 2𝑑𝜃

= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃+C

= 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 − 2) + (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝐶

 ( )
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 − 2) + ∙ +𝐶
( ) ( )

( )
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 − 2) + +𝐶

( )
∫ ( )
= ln − 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑥 − 2) − ( )
+ [ arctan(𝑥 − 2) + ( )
+𝐶

( ) ( )
= ln + + +𝐶
( )

1 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5 3 𝑥−4
= ln − arctan(𝑥 − 2) + +𝐶
25 𝑥 50 10(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5)

2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )
( ) ( )
[ = + ] (2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
( ) ( )

𝑥 = 𝐴(4𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(4𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷

𝑥 = 𝐴(8𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(4𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷
𝑥 = 𝐴(8𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(4𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷
Coeff:
𝑥 : 0 = 8𝐴 𝐴=0
𝑥 : 1 = 12𝐴 + 2𝐵 1=0+2B B=
𝑥: 0 = 8𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 4𝐶 0 =0+2 + 4𝐶 C=
𝑘: 0 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶 + 𝐷 0= 0+ +2 +𝐷 D=0

( ) ( )
∫( )
𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥

1 −1
0(4𝑥 + 2) + (4𝑥 + 2) + 0
= 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)

1 𝑑𝑥 1 4𝑥 + 2
= − 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 4 (2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)

= ∫ ( )
− ∫(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) (4𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

=∫ − +𝐶
= ∫ + +𝐶
( ( )

1 2𝑑𝑥 1
= + +𝐶
2 (2𝑥 + 1) + 1 4(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
 1 2𝑥 + 1 1
= arctan + +𝐶
2 1 4(2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)

= arctan(2𝑥 + 1) + +𝐶
( )

Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Activity. Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫

2. ∫

3. ∫
( )

4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )