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    Harold’s Partial Fraction Decomposition (Calculus)

    Cheat Sheet
    7 April 2024

    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_fraction_decompo
    Partial Fractions sition)
    𝑃(𝑥) 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯ + 𝑏
    𝑓(𝑥) = =
    Condition 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑐𝑥 𝑚 + ⋯ + 𝑑
    where 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials
    Case 1: 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚, Perform long division first
    Preparation
    Case 2: 𝑛 < 𝑚, Proceed to the cases below
    𝐴 𝐴
    Case I: Simple linear (𝟏𝒔𝒕 degree) 𝑜𝑟
    (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥
    𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
    Case II: Multiple degree linear (𝟏𝒔𝒕 degree) + 2
    +
    (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3
    𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
    Case III: Simple quadratic (𝟐𝒏𝒅 degree) 2
    (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
    Case IV: Multiple degree quadratic (𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹
    2
    + 2 2
    + 2
    degree) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)3

    𝑃(𝑥)
    (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)2 (𝑒𝑥 2 + 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑔)
    Example Expansion
    𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
    = + + 2
    + 2
    (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) (𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑔)

    𝑎
    Typical Solution for Cases I & II ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ln|𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶
    𝑥+𝑏
    𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
    Typical Solution for Cases III & IV ∫ 2 2
    𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
    𝑥 +𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

    Steps to Solve Calculus Example


    5𝑥 + 1
    1. Write down problem ∫ 𝑑𝑥
    2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
    Not needed since degree of numerator (top) is less than
    2. Check if long division is needed
    degree of denominator (bottom)
    5𝑥 + 1
    3. Factor the denominator
    (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
    5𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵
    4. Expand function with A, B, Cs = +
    (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)
    𝐴(𝑥 − 1) 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1)
    5. Find a common denominator = +
    (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

    Copyright © 2016-2024 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor


    1
    6. Focus on numerator 5𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1)
    7. FOIL if necessary (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
    8. Expand/distribute the A, B, Cs 5𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵
    9. Regroup by powers of x. (𝑥 2 , 𝑥, 𝑐) 5𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵
    10. Factor by powers of x. ()𝑥 2 + ()𝑥 + (𝑐) (5)𝑥 + (1) = (𝐴 + 2𝐵)𝑥 + (−𝐴 + 𝐵)
    11. Introduce ghost factors if needed (0, 1) 5𝑥 + 1 = (0)𝑥 2 + (5)𝑥 + (1)
    12. Match left and right coefficients for a 𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 5
    system of equations −𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1
    13. Solve system of equations Pick simplest method below
    𝐵 =𝐴+1
    𝐴 + 2(𝐴 + 1) = 5
    𝐴 + 2𝐴 + 2 = 5
    a. Substitution method 3𝐴 = 3
    𝐴=1
    𝐵 =𝐴+1=1+1=2
    𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝑩 = 𝟐
    𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 5
    + [−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1]
    -------------------------
    3𝐵 = 6
    𝑩=𝟐
    b. Row elimination method
    𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 5
    −2 [−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1]
    -------------------------
    3𝐴 = 3
    𝑨=𝟏
    𝐴 𝐵 𝑘 1 2 5
    [ | ]=[ | ]
    𝐴 𝐵 𝑘 −1 1 1
    Use TI-84 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑓() function
    c. Augmented matrix method 1 0 1
    =[ | ]
    0 1 2
    𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝑩 = 𝟐
    5𝑥 + 1 1 2
    14. Reassemble newly expanded function = +
    (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)
    Verify the two equations are the same by plugging in
    15. Verify function for accuracy
    any value for x and see if f(x) is the same for both.
    1 2
    16. Restate problem with expanded function ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
    2𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1
    1
    ∫ 𝑑𝑥
    2𝑥 + 1
    𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1
    𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
    17. Integrate restated problem 1 1 1 1 1 1
    ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| = ln|2𝑥 + 1|
    2 𝑢 2 𝑢 2 2

    1
    = ln|2𝑥 + 1| + 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
    2
    18. Simplify = ln √|2𝑥 + 1| + ln(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶

    Copyright © 2016-2024 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor


    2
    19. DONE = ln [√|2𝑥 + 1| (𝑥 − 1)2 ] + 𝐶

    Copyright © 2016-2024 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor


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