Anshika Physics

SESSION 2024-25
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MR. RAVINDRA PRATAP SINGH ANSHIKA SAVITA
12 - C
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has been
made by Anshika Savita of class 12th – C on
the topic "to find the diffractive density of (a)
water (b) oil using plane mirror an equipment,
convex lens and adjustable object needle"
investigatory file under the guidance of our
physics teacher Mr.Ravindra Pratap Singh and
have been completed it successfully.
INTERNAL EXAMINER: PRINCIPAL: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:
Signature Signature Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks

of gratitude to my physics teacher "Mr.
Ravindra Pratap Singh" without whose help
this project would not be possible. He had
provided all the help needed for the
completion of this project. I am thankful to
him because he gave me this golden
opportunity of making such a wonderful
project. I am also grateful to my
classmates who helped me during the
finalization of my project named, " To find
the diffractive density of (a) water (b) oil
using plane mirror an equipment, convex
lens and adjustable object needle
investigatory file" with their constructive
criticism & advice.
INDEX
S.NO TOPIC
.
INTRODUCTION
1
OBJECTIVE
2
APPARATUS
3
THEORY
4
5 PROCEDURE
6
OBSERVATION
7
CALCULATION
8
RESULTS
9
10 PRECAUTIONS
11
SOURCES OF ERROR
12
BIBILIOGRAPHY
TEACHERS REMARK
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index of an optical
medium is a dimensionless number that
indicates the light-bending ability of that
medium.
The refractive index determines how much

the path of light is bent, or refracted when
entering a material. This is described by
Snell's law of refraction, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2,
where θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence
and refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing
the interface between two media with
refractive indices n1 and n2.
OBJECTIVE
To find the refractive index of water, oil using
a plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an
adjustable object needle.
APPARATUS
·Convex lens
·Plane mirror
·Water
·Oil
·Clamp stand
·An Optical needle
·Plumb line
·Knitting needle
·Half meter scale
·Glass slab
·Spherometer
THEORY
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass
convex lens and liquid lens and F be the focal
length of their combination then,
Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens

with R1= R (radius of curvature of convex
lens surface), R2 =∞
Where n=Refractive index of the liquid R=The
radius of the curvature of the convex
lens.
The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is

given by:
Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer

and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when
placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.
PROCEDURE
For focal length of convex lens
1. Take any one convex lens and find its rough focal
length.
2. Take a plane mirror and place it on the horizontal
base of the iron stand.
3. Place the convex lens on the plane mirror.
4. Screw tight the optical needle in the clamp of the
stand and hold it horizontally above the lens at distance
equal to its rough focal length.
5. Bring the tip of the needle at the vertical principal
axis of the lens, so that tip of the needle appears
touching the tip of its image.
6. Move the needle up and down and remove
parallax between tips of the needle and its image.
7. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of
the lens by using a plumb line and half metre scale.
8. Also measure distance between tip and the
surface of its plane mirror.
For focal length of the combination
1. Take a few drops of transparent

liquid on the plane mirror and put
the convex lens over it with its
same face above as before (A piano
concave liquid lens is formed
between plane mirror and convex
lens).
2. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8.
3.Record your observations as
given below.
For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:
1. Determine the pitch and the least count of

the spherometer.
2. Remove the convex lens and dry

incompletely. Put the spherometer on this
lens surface.
3. All the three legs of the spherometer should

be placed symmetrically on the lens and
adjust the
central screw tip to touch the surface of the
lens.
4. Remove the spherometer from the surface of

the lens and place on the plane mirror surface
and
record the reading.
5. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
6. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of

the spherometer on a paper and mark them
and their average
distance.
OBSERVATION
Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer =
0.01
cm
Distance between the legs:
(1)AB = 3 cm
(2)BC = 3 cm
(3)CA = 3 cm
CALCULATION
Mean distance between two legs
Mean of h
= (0.555+0.6)/2 =0.5775 cm
To find the radius of the curvature of the convex
lens:
R = l2 /6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm
Measurement of refractive index of water and oil
1) with water between the convex lens and the plane

mirror:
2) With oil between the convex lens and plane mirror
RESULTS
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831 The
refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886

PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining
surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from

the needle while removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its

layer should be thick.
6.The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in

one direction only.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Liquid may not be

quite transparent.
2. The parallax may not be

fully removed.
3. The spherometer legs should be

placed symmetrical on the surface of
the convexlens.
4. The tip of the central screw should

not just touch the surface of lens or
mirror.
17
BIBILIOGRAPHY
NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook
www.physicstopics.com
www.learncbse.in
Teacher Notes and Lab Manual
TEACHER’S REMARK

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SESSION 2024-25

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

INTERNAL EXAMINER: PRINCIPAL: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

Signature Signature Signature

I would like to express my special thanks

The refractive index determines how much

Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens

The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer

1. Take a few drops of transparent

1. Determine the pitch and the least count of

2. Remove the convex lens and dry

3. All the three legs of the spherometer should

4. Remove the spherometer from the surface of

5. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.

6. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of

R = l2 /6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm

Measurement of refractive index of water and oil

1) with water between the convex lens and the plane

The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831 The

refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886

2. The liquid taken should be transparent.

3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from

5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its

6.The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.

7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in

1. Liquid may not be

2. The parallax may not be

3. The spherometer legs should be

4. The tip of the central screw should

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