Electrical & Electronic Equipment for Industrial Machinery (ME2006) Lab.

INTRODUCTION

A. General information
- Time: 6 weeks, 5 credit hours/lab./week
- Score: the total score will be the average of 6 week's scores. Note: student(s)
having total score less than 3 will get FAIL score for the whole course
(ME2005).
- If a student cannot attend the lab. at the time as scheduled, he/she will receive
"zero" score of that week. He/she can attend to the lab. organized for another
group (unless the instructor refuses to accept him/her in the class), but it is just
for studying, the score is still "zero".
- Student must not come to the training room 20 minutes later than the start time.
B. Translating and editing staffs
Lab. 1: RLC circuits (Editor: Viet-Hong Tran)
Lab. 2: Semiconductors (Editor: Ha Quang Thinh Ngo)
Lab. 3: Operational Amplifier (Editor: Ha Quang Thinh Ngo)
Lab. 4: Digital circuits (Editor: Duc Hanh Le)
Lab. 5: 3-phase motors (Editor: Duc Hanh Le)
Lab. 6: Single phase motors (Editor: Duc Hanh Le)
C. Process
- Students will be divided into 4-5 small groups.
- Each small group will start with receiving 01 training kit. Please remember the
arrangement of equipments and devices in the kit.
- Doing the experiments as guided by the instructor, and taking notes to the
report.
- Handing the reports to the instructor before leaving the room.
- Put all the equipments and devices back to the kit. Please arrange them like
when you received the kit and make your place clean and tidy.
- Return the kit to the instructor and leave the room.
D. Contact
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Room 210B11.
- There are mobile phone numbers of instructors on the notice board.
- Website: http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~codientu
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Lab. 1: RLC CIRCUITS

1. INTRODUCTION
An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a
capacitor (C). The name of the circuit is derived from the letters that are used to denote
the constituent components of this circuit, where the sequence of the components may
vary from RLC. The three circuit elements, R, L and C, can be combined in a number of
different topologies. All three elements in series or all three elements in parallel are the
simplest in concept and the most straightforward to analyse.
RLC circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. Radio receivers and television
sets use them for tuning to select a narrow frequency range from ambient radio waves. In
this role the circuit is often referred to as a tuned circuit. An RLC circuit can be used as a
band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-pass filter. The tuning
application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering.
Objectives:
 To familiarize students with breadboard and basic instruments, including multimeter
(VOM), and oscilloscope.
 To familiarize students with DC and AC power supplies.
 To identify types and values of resistors, capacitors and inductors.
 To assemble circuits and measure voltage, current and phase difference in RLC circuit.

2. MATERIALS AND DEVICES

2.1. Equipments
- Breadboard

- Resistors and potentionmeters.

- Capacitors.
- Inductors.

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- Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

- 5VDC, 12VDC, 220VAC supplies.
- Multimeter (VOM)
- 2-channel oscilloscope
- Electric wires

2.2. Brief introduction of the equipments

2.2.1. Breadboard
An electronics breadboard (as
opposed to the type on which
sandwiches are made) is actually
referring to a solderless breadboard.
These are great units for making
temporary circuits and prototyping,
and they require absolutely no
soldering.
Prototyping is the process of testing
out an idea by creating a
preliminary model from which other forms are developed or copied, and it is one of the most
common uses for breadboards. If you aren’t sure how a circuit will react under a given set of
parameters, it’s best to build a prototype and test it out.
Anatomy of a Breadboard:
- Power Rails: run vertically along the sides. These power rails are metal strips that all
connected. When building a circuit, you tend to need power in lots of different places.
The power rails give you lots of easy access to power wherever you need it in your
circuit. Usually, they will be labeled with a ‘+’ and a ‘-’ and have a red and blue or
black stripe, to indicate the positive and negative side. However, the markings are there
just as a reference. It is important to be aware that the power rails on either side are not
connected, so if you want the same power source on both sides, you will need to
connect the two sides with some jumper wires.
- Terminal Strips: there are only five clips on this strip. This is typical on almost all
breadboards. Thus, you can only have up to five components connected in one
particular section (A-E and F-J) of the breadboard. Each horizontal row is separated by
a ravine, or crevasse, in the middle of the breadboard. This ravine isolates both sides of
a given row from one another, and they are not electrically connected.

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- DIP Support: Many integrated circuits, often referred to as ICs or, simply, chips, are
manufactured specifically to fit onto breadboards. In order to minimize the amount of
space they take up on the breadboard, they come in what is known as a Dual in-line
Package, or DIP. These DIP chips have legs that come out of both sides and fit perfectly
over the ravine that isolates the two sides of a breadboard.

2.2.2. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

LEDs are semiconductor devices that convert electrical
energy into light energy. They are the most visible type of
diode, that emit a fairly narrow bandwidth of either visible
light at different coloured wavelengths, invisible infra-red
light for remote controls or laser type light when a forward
current is passed through them. Most common LED
requires a forward operating voltage of between
approximately 1.2 to 3.6 volts with a forward current rating
of about 10 to 30 mA.
* LED testing
Using VOM, switch to x1 ohmmeter range. If the LED gives a light when the red probe
applied to Cathode leg and black probe applied to Anode leg, and the LED is off when the
probes applied in vise versa order, the LED is good. If the VOM has LV, LI measurement
features, we can measure the operating voltage and forward current of the LED.

2.2.3. Resistor
Resistors are the most fundamental and commonly used of all the electronic components, to
the point where they are almost taken for granted. The principal job of a resistor within an
electrical or electronic circuit is to “resist”, regulate or to set the flow of electrons (current)
through them by using the type of conductive material from which they are composed. There
are many different types of resistor, from very small surface mount chip resistors up to large
wirewound power resistors.
All modern fixed value resistors can be classified into four broad groups:
1. Carbon Composition Resistor:
made of carbon dust or graphite
paste, low wattage values

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2. Film or Cermet Resistor: made

from conductive metal oxide
paste, very low wattage values

3. Wire-wound Resistor: metallic

bodies for heatsink mounting,
very high wattage ratings

4. Semiconductor Resistor: high

frequency/precision surface
mount thin film technology

Obviously, it would be impractical to have available resistors of every possible value for
example, 1Ω, 2Ω, 3Ω, 4Ω etc, Instead, resistors are manufactured in what are called
“preferred values” with their resistance value printed onto their body in coloured ink.

The resistance value, tolerance,

and wattage rating are generally
printed onto the body of the
resistor as numbers or letters (The
BS1852 Standard) when the
resistors body is big enough to
read the print, such as large power
resistors. But when the resistor is
small such as a 1/4W carbon or
film type, as the print would be
too small to read, these
specifications must use coloured
painted bands to indicate both
their resistive value and their
tolerance with the physical size of
the resistor indicating its wattage
rating. These coloured painted
bands produce a system of
identification generally known as
a Resistors Colour Code.

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The resistor colour code markings are always read one band at a time starting from the left to
the right, with the larger width tolerance band oriented to the right side indicating its
tolerance. Tolerance is the percentage measure of the accuracy of a resistor from its preferred
value with the E6 (20%), E12 (10%), E24 (5%) and E96 (1%) series of tolerance values
available.

E6 Series at ±20% Tolerance 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8

E12 Series at ±10% Tolerance 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
E24 Series at ±5% Tolerance 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0,
3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, 8.2, 9.1
E96 Series at ±1% Tolerance 1.00, 1.02, 1.05, 1.07, 1.10, 1.13, 1.15, 1.18, 1.21, 1.24,
1.27, 1.30, 1.33, 1.37, 1.40, 1.43, 1.47, 1.50, 1.54, 1.58,
1.62, 1.65, 1.69, 1.74, 1.78, 1.82, 1.87, 1.91, 1.96, 2.00,
2.05, 2.10, 2.15, 2.21, 2.26, 2.32, 2.37, 2.43, 2.49, 2.55,
2.61, 2.67, 2.74, 2.80, 2.87, 2.94, 3.01, 3.09, 3.16, 3.24,
3.32, 3.40, 3.48, 3.57, 3.65, 3.74, 3.83, 3.92, 4.02, 4.12,
4.22, 4.32, 4.42, 4.53, 4.64, 4.75, 4.87, 4.99, 5.11, 5.23,
5.36, 5.49, 5.62, 5.76, 5.90, 6.04, 6.19, 6.34, 6.49, 6.65,
6.81, 6.98, 7.15, 7.32, 7.50, 7.68, 7.87, 8.06, 8.25, 8.45,
8.66, 8.87, 9.09, 9.31, 9.53, 9.76

2.2.4. Capacitor
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form
of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much
like a small rechargeable battery.
There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used
in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same
thing, they store charge. In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel
conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically
separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as waxed paper,
mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The
insulating layer between a capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.

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Type Shape Characteristics Value apprearance

Electrolytic Polarized capacitor and Printed on the body. Eg.:
capacitor always in cylinder shape 185 µF / 320 V

Tantali A kind of electrolytic Printed on the body.

capacitor capacitor, low voltage,
high capacitance, small.

Paper  Format: xyzK or xyzJ

capacitor Value: xy × 10z (pF).
K(J) is tolerance 5%
(10%).
 Format: .xyz
Value: 0.xyz (F).
Mica Similar to paper capacitor
capacitor

Ceramic These capacitors often  Format: xyz

Capacitor have high breakdown Value: xy × 10z (pF).
(Disc voltage, 50V or 250V.  Printed on the body:
Capacitor) the unit is F.
Polyester Similar to paper capacitor
film
capacitor

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Variable The capacitance changed

capacitor by mechanical motion.
There are two versions:
Tuning capacitor and
Trimmer capacitor.

Polyester Printed on the body, unit is

capacitor pF.

The capacitor often has a value of voltage beside the capacitance. This voltage is the
breakdown voltage of the capacitor.

2.2.5. Inductors
The inductor, also called a choke, is another passive
type electrical component which is just a coil of wire
that is designed to take advantage of this relationship by
inducing a magnetic field in itself or in the core as a
result of the current passing through the coil. This
results in a much stronger magnetic field than one that
would be produced by a simple coil of wire.
Some inductors have a similar outside shape to
resistor. The slightly difference is on the colour of the
body. It also uses Colour Code to present the value of
inductance, like resistor.

However, the inductance values often cover a wide

range, depending on the circuit due to the required
electromagnetism, so it does not have "preferred
values" according to tolerance as resistor.

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3. PROCEDURE

3.1. Identify resistor's type and resistance value

Identify the type and resistance value based on color codes or numbers printed on the
surface of resistors and potentionmeters containing in the kit. Report in the section 4.1.

3.2. Identify capacitor's type and capacitance value

Identify the type and capacitance value based on numbers printed on the surface of
capacitors containing in the kit. Report in the section 4.2.

3.3. Identify inductor's inductance value

Identify the inductance value based on color bars printed on the surface of inductors
containing in the kit.

3.4. Experiment with Resistor and LED

Do the experiment with the following steps:
- Connect +6V terminal of the power supply to a power rail of breadboard.
- Connect GND terminal of the power supply to another power rail of breadboard.
- Connect a series of a resistor (randomly chosen from the kit) and an LED between
two terminals of the power supply.
Turn on the power supply and observe the state of resistor and LED. Report in the section
4.3.

3.5. Experiment with Series RLC circuit

Do the experiment with the following steps:
- Connect a series of a resistor (randomly chosen from the kit) and a capacitor (or an
inductor) between two terminals of the power supply.
- Connect the circuit to 220 VAC power supply.
Turn on the power supply and do the following to report in the section 4.4.
- Use the oscilloscope to observe the voltage signal on the resistor, and find the values
of: frequency, peak voltage, peak-peak voltage, RMS voltage, and average voltage.
- Compare the phase difference between voltage of resistor and voltage of capacitor
(or inductor).

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4. REPORT

4.1. List all the resistors containing in the kit (sort in the accending order of resistance value)
No. Type Value Tolerance

4.2. List all the capacitors containing in the kit (sort in the accending order of capacitance
value).
No. Type Value

4.3. The circuit uses a resistor of ......................  and an LED of ............................ colour.
Status of the circuit: .....................................................................
The theoretically calculated current is: ............................ A.
Therefore, the status of the circuit is compatible / incompatible with the theory.
4.4. The circuit uses a resistor of .................  and a capacitor (an inductor)
of .........................

Vp= .................. Vp–p = .................. Vrms = .................. Vavg = ..................

The phase difference between voltage of resistor and voltage of capacitor (inductor)
is .................. The reason is ................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

Name: 1. ..............................................................

2. ............................................................... 3. ..............................................................

4. ............................................................... 5. ..............................................................

6. ............................................................... 7. ..............................................................

Group: ...................................................... Date: .........................................................

Kit number: .............................................. Period: ......................................................

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5. REFERENCES
1. Tony R. Kuphaldt, Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I - VI, Design Science License,
5th Edition, 2004.
2. https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-breadboard/anatomy-of-a-breadboard
3. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/
4. http://lqv77.com/2009/02/15/co-ban-tu-dien/
5. http://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/1140-tu-dien-phan-loai-tu-dien-kiem-tra-tu-
dien-v15-1140.html
6. http://phanminhchanh.info/home/modules.php?name=News&op=viewst&sid=605

Sources of images
1. https://www.baldengineer.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/blank_breadboard.png
2. https://i.stack.imgur.com/uJM5h.jpg
3. http://www.smex.net.au/reference/Library/LEDOutline.gif
4. http://www.ledsales.com.au/images/7486578468.jpg
5. http://tusach-img.thuvienkhoahoc.com/images/9/9c/Tants.gif
6. http://g02.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1FwxyIXXXXXanXpXXq6xXFXXXJ/40mm-Mounting-
Hole-Distance-Metalized-font-b-Paper-b-font-font-b-Capacitor-b-font-1uF.jpg
7. https://3ce.vn/images/stories/news/electronic/2011/thang12/3ce_tu_dien_1_1.jpg
8. https://3ce.vn/images/stories/news/electronic/2011/thang12/3ce_tu_xoay.jpg
9. http://tusach-img.thuvienkhoahoc.com/images/1/1b/100nf.gif
10. http://tusach-img.thuvienkhoahoc.com/images/0/0c/1nf.gif
11. http://p.globalsources.com/IMAGES/PDT/B1065088731/Film-Capacitor.jpg
12. http://p.globalsources.com/IMAGES/PDT/B1044539151/Film-Capacitor.jpg
13. http://tusach-img.thuvienkhoahoc.com/images/b/b5/Poly.gif
14. http://thegioiic.com/upload/large/1332.jpg
15. http://www.laptopdailoi.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/cuoncam.jpg

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