Government College University,

Faisalabad
Department of Electrical Engineering

Circuit Analysis
Lab Manual
Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 2
 Prepared & Edited by:

Engr. Muhammad Bilal Saif (Lecturer)

Engr. Iftikhar Aziz Danish (Lab Engineer)

Verified by:
Engr. Hafiz M Kamran Ishfaq (Asst. Prof.)

Approved by:
Engr. Muhammad Afzal Sipra (TI, M),
Associate Professor, Chairman Electrical
Engineering

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 3

 TABLE OF LAB EXPERIMENTS

Sr. Experiments Page

No. No.

1. To be familiar with lab equipment and components. 6

To interpret and record the ohmic value of a resistor when given a color-coded
2.
resistor. 9
To measure the ohmic value of a resistor using a digital multi-meter.

3. To Study and Verify the Ohm’s Law in a Series Circuit. 14

4. To Study and Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). 17

5. To Study and Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). 19

To use mesh analysis as a tool to find different loop currents and common branch
6. 21
currents.

7. To comprehend the use of MATLAB for solving engineering problems. 24

To become familiar with Star/Delta conversion and calculate power dissipated in

8. 31
each configuration.

To determine by analysis the values VTH (Thevenin voltage) and RTH (Thevenin
9. 35
resistance) in a DC circuit containing a single voltage source.

10. To Study and Verify the Superposition Theorem. 38

11. To Study and Verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. 40

12. To find and verify the Impedance of RLC Series Circuit. 43

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 4

 PREFACE
The laboratory of each and every subject taught in the degree of Bachelors in Electrical

Engineering is of very much importance in every University. Fully equipped laboratory meeting

the industrial demands under the supervision of qualified, talented and practically motivated lab

assistants and lab engineers is also a basic criterion of the Pakistan Engineering Council. This

Manual has been formulated considering all these above mentioned points.

This manual is according to the approved curriculum of Department of Electrical Engineering.

Equipment available in the labs is also catered for while preparing the manual.

I would like to appreciate the efforts of Engr. Iftikhar Aziz. Without him it would not be possible

to arrange this manual. I would also like to thank Col. Muhammad Afzal (Chairman of Electrical

Engineering) for his kind guidance.

With Regards

Muhammad Bilal Saif

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 5

 .

General Lab Instructions

 Each student group consists of a maximum of 2-4 students. Each group member is
responsible in submitting lab report upon completion of each experiment on their
practical Note book.
 Students are to wear proper attire i.e. shoe or sandal instead of slipper. Excessive jewelry
is not advisable as they might cause electrical shock.
 A permanent record in ink of observations as well as results should be maintained by
each student and enclosed with the report.
 The recorded data and observations from the lab manual need to be approved and
signed by the lab instructor upon completion of each experiment.
 Before beginning connecting up, it is essential to check that all sources of supply at the
bench are switched off.
 Start connecting up the experiment circuit by wiring up the main circuit path, then adds
the parallel branches as indicated in the circuit diagram.
 After the circuit has been connected correctly, remove all unused leads from the
experiment area, set the voltage supplies at the minimum value, and check the meters are
set for the intended mode of operation.
 The students may ask the lab instructor to check the correctness of their circuit before
switching on.
 When the experiment has been satisfactory completed and the results approved by the
instructor, the students may disconnect the circuit and return the components and
instruments to the locker tidily. Chairs are to be slid in properly.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 6

Experiment No. 1
INTRODUCTION TO LAB EQUIPMENTS
OBJECTIVE
 To be familiar with lab equipment and components.

EQUIPMENT
 Oscilloscope  Digital Multimeter

THEORY
OSCILLOSCOPE
An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated to scope or O-scope) is a type of electronic test
equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or
more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some other
voltage (horizontal axis). The oscilloscope is one of the most versatile and widely-used
electronic instruments.
Oscilloscopes are widely used when it is desired to observe the exact wave shape of an
electrical signal. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering,
telecommunications, and industry.
Originally all oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes as their display element, but modern
digital oscilloscopes use high-speed analog-to-digital converters and computer-like display
screens and processing of signals. Oscilloscope peripheral modules for general purpose laptop or
desktop personal computers can turn them into useful and flexible test instruments.
An oscilloscope is easily the most useful instrument available for testing circuits because it
allows you to see the signals at different points in the circuit. The best way of investigating an
electronic system is to monitor signals at the input and output of each system block, checking
that each block is operating as expected and is correctly linked to the next. With a little practice,
you will be able to find and correct faults quickly and accurately.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 7

 Figure 1.1: Oscilloscope Front Panel

DIGITAL MULTIMETER
It is an electronic measuring that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and
resistance. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be
used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such
as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring
systems.
Multimeters come in two types: digital and analog. Most electricians today use digital
Multimeters. DMMs feature a digital or liquid crystal display (LCD), where measurement
readings in exact numerical values appear. The display also alerts you to any pertinent symbols
and warnings

 Digital multimeter provides high accuracy

 When the value is to be read, it is not necessary to convert the indicate value, i.e. it allows
the value to be directly read
 Each of the voltage ranges provides high internal resistance that is constant in value.
Therefore, the low voltage range also provides high internal resistance. Which is great
advantage when measuring semiconductor circuits
 Proper polarities of the test leads do not cause concern. If the polarities are reversed, a
“-” indication displayed, clearly revealing that the polarities are reversed.

Both analog and digital multimeters are internally so complex that they cannot be readily
explain simple terms. Here we explain major parts of digital multimeter

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 8

 Figure 1.2: Digital Multimeter

LCD METER SECTION

The LCD meter section indicates a number and a polarity. If the polarity is negative, that display
section presents a “-”indication.

RANGE SELECTOR

Ranges are available on meter for measurements. And measuring ranges are automatically
changed according to the magnitude of quantity.

POWER SWITCH
The power switch is used to turn the power supply of multimeter ON and OFF. Generally the
power switch is separate from selector.

MEASURING TERMINALS
The number and kind of terminals generally vary according to the model. Whereas the black test
lead is always connected to the – (COM) terminal, the red test lead should be connected to the
terminal that matches the position where the range selector is placed

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 9

Experiment No. 2
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
OBJECTIVE
 To interpret and record the ohmic value of a resistor when given a color-coded
resistor.
 To measure the ohmic value of a resistor using a digital multi-meter.
 To determine whether a resistor is within its coded tolerance.

EQUIPMENT
 Breadboard  Fixed Resistors

 Digital Multi Meter (DMM)  Potentiometers

THEORY
INTERPRETING THE COLOR CODE:
The four color code bands are at one end of the component. Counting from the end, the
first three (or sometimes four) bands give the resistance value and the last the tolerance. The
significance of the colors is shown in the table 2.1:

Table 2.1: Color Coding of Resistor

First 3 (or 4) bands Tolerance band
Black 0 Brown 1%
Brown 1 Red 2%
Red 2 Gold 5%
Orange 3 Silver 10%
Yellow 4 No band 20%
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 10

READING THE VALUE (THREE BANDS):
The first two bands are used to specify the first two digits of the resistor's value. The third
gives the number of zeroes. Thus in Figure 1, yellow and violet give the first two digits as 4 and
7 and the number of zeros is 3 (orange) giving a value of 47000 ohms.

Figure 2.1: Three bands (Top) and four bands (Bottom) Resistors

FOUR BAND RESISTORS:

More modern resistors use four bands to specify the resistance, the first three giving the
three most significant digits and the fourth the number of zeros. Figure 1 shows an example of
four band yellow, violet, black, red decodes as 4, 7, 0, 00 i.e. 47000 ohms.

EXAMPLE
 Refer to Table 2.2. Study carefully the example given in the first row.
 A resistor with color code “Red-Violet-Orange-Silver” would have a color-coded value
of 27 k.
 The color-coded tolerance would be ±10%, and 10% of 27 k is 2.7 k.This means the
resistor should have an actual measured value within the range of (27 k – 2.7 k =
24.3 k) and (27 k + 2.7 k = 29.7 k). So, any resistor with a color code of Red-
Violet-Orange-Silver should have an actual value that lies within the range of 24.3 kand
29.7 k. Mathematically, we would say that for the measured resistor to be within
tolerance:
24.3 kΩ ≤ Rmeasured ≤ 29.7 kΩ

Since this sample resistor measures 25.1 k, it is within its color-coded tolerance.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 11

PROCEDURE
1. Take a resistor from the sample provided.
2. Record it’s COLOR CODE in column 1 of Table 2.2.
3. Determine, using a color code chart, its Coded Resistance, in units of ohms (Ω). Write
this coded resistance in column 2 of Table 2.2.
4. Determine, using the color code chart, the Tolerance (in percent) of the resistor, and
record this tolerance in column 3 of Table 2.2.
5. Using the Coded Resistance and the Tolerance, find the Maximum Coded Resistance,
and record this value in column 4 of Table 2.2.
6. Using the Coded Resistance and the Tolerance, find the Minimum Coded Resistance,
and record this value in column 5 of Table 2.2.
7. Using the digital multi-meter, set to the Ohms function; measure the resistance of the
resistor. Note that you should always adjust the multi-meter to obtain as many significant
digits as possible. Record the Measured Resistance (using proper, k or M
notations) in column 6 of Table 2.2. The symbol k = kilo = 1,000; the symbol M = mega
= 1,000,000.
8. By comparing the measured resistance with the maximum and minimum coded
resistances, decide if the resistor is within tolerance. Record the result (YES or NO) in
column 7.
9. Now, repeat steps 1 through 8 (on page 1), for 10 other resistors. Choose resistors so that
you get several from each of the possible third band colors (gold, black, brown, red,
orange, yellow, and green).

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 12

 Coded Maximum
Tolerance Measured Is the Resistor
Resistance () CodedCoded() Resistance Minimum
(%) Resistance () Within Tolerance?
() Resistance

27k+2.7k =
27 10% 24.3k 27k2.7k= 25.1 kΩ YES**
29.7k

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual

13
 e
ns

erv

2.2:
Obs
atio

Tabl
(Record four color bands) Code Resistor’s Color

Red-Violet-Orange-Silver

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual

14
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 15

Experiment No. 3
OHM’S LAW IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE
 Ohm’s Law
 Measurement of voltage across a resistor
 Measurement of current through a resistor

EQUIPMENT
 Breadboard  Power Supply

 Digital Multi Meter (DMM)  Resistors with different Resistances

THEORY
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The configure ration of electric components and active source (power supply) such that there is a
flow of current is called an Electric Circuit.

OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s law describes mathematically describes how voltage ‘V’, current ‘I’, and resistance ‘R’ in
a circuit are related, According to this law
“The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the circuit resistance”.

FORMULA FOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

V=IR

I=V/R

where the constant of proportionality R is called the Resistance. The unit of resistance is ohm
(Ω).

In terms of conductance (G) i.e. the reciprocal of resistance, the alternate form of Ohm’s law is
given by

I  VG

The unit for conductance is Siemens.

POWER ABSORPTION

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 16

The power absorbed by the resistance in a given circuit is equal to the product of voltage (V)
across it and current (I) flowing through it. Mathematically,

P  VI  I 2 R  V 2 R Watts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3.1: Circuit for OHM’s Law

PROCEDURE
Select R1= , R2= , R3=

1. Construct the Circuit as shown in Figure above.

2. Calculate the values of currents for given resistances and write them in column
“Calculated Current” of the table 1.
3. Measured the values of currents through DMM for given resistances and write them in
column “Measured Current” of the table 3.1.
4. Calculate the values of Voltages for given resistances and write them in column
“Calculated Voltage” of the table 3.1.
5. Measured the values of Voltages for given resistances and write them in column
“Measured Voltages” of the table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Observations

Resistor Resistance Measured Calculated Measured Calculated
[kΩ] Voltage Voltage Current Current
1
2
3

PROVE THAT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT

V1 = IR1 =

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 17

 V2= IR2 =

V3= IR3 =

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 18

Experiment No. 4
TO STUDY AND VERIFY KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
OBJECTIVE
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

EQUIPMENT
 Breadboard  Power Supply

 Digital multi-meter  Resistances

THEORY
KIRCHHOFF’SVOLTAGE LAW
According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

“The sum of all voltages in a closed loop is equal to zero”

Mathematically, V All 0 (i)

Alternatively, in a closed loop the sum of all voltage rises is equal to the sum of all voltage drops

V Rise  V Drop (ii)

We can also say that voltage drops across each resistor in a close loop must be equal to the
applied voltages.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1: Circuit for Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 19

Applying KVL to the circuit above

-Vs + V1 + V2 +V3 = 0

Vs = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

I = Vs/ Req

PROCEDURE
 Measure the values of given Resistors and fill in the corresponding columns of Table. 4.1
 Connect the circuit as shown in Figure above and set Vs. to 5 V
 Calculate the values with the formulas provided in theory section of this experiment and
fill the corresponding row in Table 4.2
 Measure V1 , V2 and V3 and fill in corresponding Column in Table 4.2

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

Table 4.1
R (Nominal) R1= KΩ R2= KΩ R3 = KΩ

R (Actual)

Values V1 V2 V3 V1+V2+V3 Vs

Measured

Calculated
Table 4.2

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 20

Experiment No. 5
TO STUDY AND VERIFY KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
OBJECTIVE
 To verify the Kirchhoff’s Current Law

EQUIPMENT
 Breadboard  Power Supply

 Digital multi-meter  Resistances

THEORY
KIRCHHOFF’SCURRENTLAW
According to Kirchhoff’s current law

“The algebraic sum of all currents entering a node is equal to the sum of all the currents

leaving a node”

Mathematically, I Enter  I Leave (i)

Alternatively, the sum of all currents in a junction is equal to zero

Mathematically,  I All  0 (ii)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 5.1: Circuit for Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Select:: R1 = ______ kΩ, R2 = ______kΩ and R3 = ______ kΩ

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 21

In the Figure 5.1, the sum of current IR1, IR2 and IR3 is equal to the total supply current Iin.

PROCEDURE
1. On the breadboard connect the resistors in parallel conFigureuration as shown in Figure
5.1.
2. Connect the positive lead (Red wire) of the power supply to the open terminal of the one
of the resistors.
3. Connect the negative lead (Black wire) of the power supply to the second terminal of the
same resistor.
4. Switch on the power supply and set the supply voltage at 5 volts.
5. Use the D.C. Ammeter mode of the multi-meter with appropriate range as preset.
6. Connect Ammeter in such a way that it forms a series connection with the resistor and
measure the current flowing through the resistor.
7. Record the observation accordingly in the table 5.1.
8. Rearrange the circuit to measure the currents in table 5.1.

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

Table 5.1: Calculations & Observations
Sr. OBSERVATION CALCULATED [mA] MEASURED [mA]
No.
1 Iin
2 IR1
3 IR2
4 IR3
5 IA
6 IB
7 IB+ IR2
8 IA+ IR1

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 22

Experiment No. 6
TO USE MESH ANALYSIS AS A TOOL TO FIND
DIFFERENT LOOP CURRENTS AND COMMON
BRANCH CURRENTS
OBJECTIVE
 Use mesh analysis as a tool to find different loop currents and common branch
currents

EQUIPMENT
 Power supply and two batteries  Resistors

 Multimeter  Connecting wires

THEORY
A closed path of circuit components that does not pass through the same node twice is
called a loop. Mesh is a loop which does not have sub-loops. Mesh analysis is used as a tool
when we require loop currents rather than node voltages as in nodal analysis. Mesh analysis is an
extension of Kirchhoff`s Voltage Law (KVL) which states that ‘In a closed loop, sum of all
voltages is zero’.
The best network analysis method to use depends not only on the network to be analyzed
but also on the information required. However, it is wise to pick the method that result in
smallest set of equation. The set of mesh equations can easily be reduced to the number of
meshes minus the number of current sources if present.

Mesh equations for the circuit of Figure.6.1 can be written as under,

-V1 + I1R1 + (I1 – I2)R2 + 5 = 0 --- Eq [1]

-V2 + (I2 – I1)R2 +I2R3 + (I2 – I3)R4 = 0 --- Eq [2]

(I3 – I2)R4 + I3R5 – V3 = 0 --- Eq [3]

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 23

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 6.1: Mesh Analysis

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

 Find out the values of given resistances using resistance color coding and fill in the first
row of Table 6.1
 Measure the values of the given resistances using multi-meter and fill in the
corresponding columns of Table 6.1
Calculate and measured I1, I2 and I3 using equations 1, 2 & 3 and fill in corresponding
columns of Table 6.2

Table 6.1
R Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω

(Nominal)

R Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω

(Actual)

Table 6.2
IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5

(I1) (I1–I2 / I1 – I2) (I2) (I2–I3 / I3 – I2) (I3)

Nominal

(Calculated)

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 24

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment No. 7

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 25

 TO COMPREHEND THE USE OF MATLAB FOR SOLVING
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVE:
 Become familiar and competent in the use of MATLAB for solving engineering
problems
 Learn to use the help system to study basic MATLAB commands and syntax.

WHAT IS MATLAB?
MATLAB is both a programming language and software environment. It is a product
of MathWorks, Inc.

It’s a technical computing environment for high-performance numeric computation. It integrates

numerical analysis, matrix computation and graphics in an easy to use environment - without
using traditional programming. The name MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory, and indeed
MATLAB essentially works with one type of object, a rectangular matrix. Scalars are referred to
as 1-by-1 matrices and vectors are matrices with more than one row or columns or both.
MATLAB allocates storage automatically according to the abilities of the computer. Since
MATLAB’s language is optimized for manipulating matrices, the result is an economical and
easy to use way of expressing matrix operations.

The principle is quite simple: you load the matrix, and using the matrix manipulations functions
of MATLAB you can process it. This introduction is devoted to get you familiar with
MATLAB’s working environment.

MATLAB is programmable and have the same logical, relational, conditional and loop structures
as other programming languages, such as C etc.

WHY MATLAB?
 Extremely powerful and simple environment for solving complex engineering problems
 A huge range of built-in functions from simple mathematical functions to symbolic
 Sophisticated built-in graphics from simple plotting to animated 3D graphics and image
display
 Widely used in almost all areas of Engineering for teaching, research and product
development

HOW TO UNDERSTAND MATLAB WELL?

 Learn by doing
 Do not be afraid to try things. MATLAB is forgiving and helpful

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 26

  Use ‘help’ facilities

GETTING STARTED
a) Go to start button, then programs, MATLAB and then MATLAB 7.0 (or any installed
version) to go to the command window of MATLAB. Or if you can see its icon on your
desktop, double click the icon to start MATLAB.
b) The prompt:
>>

MATLAB is an interactive language much like Basic. What you type at the screen is
what you get. You can write MATLAB programs (we will). However, these are not
compiled like ‘C’, ‘Java’ or FORTRAN.
MATLAB is very forgiving; it tells you when and what you do wrong. So do not be
afraid to try things.

c) To see how simple it is to use MATLAB, try entering a few commands on your computer.
MATLAB retains your previous keystrokes in a command file, you can use the up-arrow key
( ) to scroll back through the commands. Press the key once to see the previous entry, twice
to see the entry before that, and so on. Use the down-arrow key () to scroll forward through
the commands. When you find the line you want, you can edit it using the left-and right-
arrow keys (and), and the Backspace key, and the Delete key. Press the enter key to
execute the command. This technique enables you to correct typographic mistakes quickly.

d) USE MATLAB AS A CALCULATOR

To divide 8 by 10 type 8/10 and press enter. Your entry and MATLAB response
looks like the following on the screen (we call this interaction between user and
MATLAB) an interactive session, or simply a session).

>> 8/10

ans =

0.8000
MATLAB uses high precision for its computations, but by default it usually displays
its results using four decimal places. This is called the short format. This default can be
changed using format command. MATLAB uses the notation ‘e’ to represent
exponentiation to a power of 10; for example, MATLAB displays a number 5.316 x 10²
as 5.316e+02

Practice: try typing sin (pi) and explain the result.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 27

e) THE SEMI-COLON (;) OPERATOR
By inserting ‘;’ after your statement the result is not echoed on the screen. The
(;) operator is also used in defining 2-dimensional arrays discussed later.

f) VARIABLES IN MATLAB
 MATLAB defined
MATLAB assigns the mathematical answers to a variable called ‘ans’, which is an
abbreviation for answer. A variable in MATLAB is used to contain a value. You can use the
variable ans for further calculations. For example, using MATLAB symbol for multiplication (*):
>> 5*ans
ans =
4.000
Note that the variable ans now have a value 4. You can use variables to write
mathematical expressions.

Table 7.1: Some defined constants in MATLAB

Command Description
Ans Temporary variable containing the most recent answer
i,j The imaginary unit 1
Inf/inf Infinity
NaN/nan Indicates an undefined numeric result
Pi The number 

 User defined
You can define your own variables in MATLAB. When defining or recalling the
variables in MATLAB always remember that the variables (and not function names) in
MATLAB are case sensitive i.e. you can define two variables in MATLAB for an alphabet;
one in capital and the other in small,
>> r = 8/10 Also try
Spaces in line r = >> 8/10 = r improve
readability; for 0.8000 and see what happens example, you
can put a space before and after the = sign if you want. MATLAB ignores these spaces when
making its calculations.
If you now type r at the prompt, you will see
>> r
r =
0.800
Thus this verifies that the variable r has the value 0.8. You can use this variable in further
calculations, e.g.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 28

 >> s = 20*r
s =
16
Also see what the following commands do: ‘clear’, ‘clc’, ‘who’ and ‘whos’.

g) BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB

MATLAB has hundreds of built-in functions available. One of these is square root
function, ‘sqrt’. A pair of parentheses is used after the function’s name to enclose the value,
called the function’s arguments that are operated on by the function. Like if you want to
compute square root of 9, you type
>>sqrt (9)

h) EXPLORE THE MATLAB HELP CAPABILITY

In MATLAB whenever you are unsure about a command, type help keyword. For
example, see
>> help cos
>> help relop

i) SCALAR
Scalar is a single number. A scalar is stored in MATLAB as a 1x1 matrix.
Table 7.2: Scalar arithmetic operations
Symbol Operation MATLAB Form
^ Exponentiation a^b
* Multiplication: ab a*b
/ Right division: a/b a/b
\ Left division: a\b a\b
+ Addition: a+b a+b
- Subtraction: a-b a-b
For more help type: help arith
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Perform the following calculation in MATLAB:
(a) 6 (351/4) + 140.35
(b) 5x³ + 2x² + 9x + 16 for x = 2

j) COMPLEX NUMBERS are natural in MATLAB.

Try the following
zz = 3 + 4i
conj(zz) angle(zz), phase(zz)

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 29

 abs(zz) real(zz)
imag(zz)

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING (AT HOME)

Given x = -5 + 9 i and y = 6 – 2 i, use MATLAB to show that x + y = 1+7 i, xy = -12
+64 i, and x / y = -1.2 + 1.1i.

k) VECTORS
One of the strengths of MATLAB is its ability to handle collection of numbers,
called vectors/arrays, as if they were a single variable. For example
X = [0, 1, 3, 6]
Y = [6, 3, 1, 0]
are two arrays. An array must be enclosed in square brackets and commas or spaces must
separate its elements. Note that the variable X and Y are not same as their order of
elements is different.
All scalar arithmetic operations are also valid for vectors except for the ‘^’ operator.

l) THE COLON ‘:’ OPERATOR

For regularly spaced arrays you need not write all the elements. Just type the first number
and last number with the spacing in the middle, separated by colons. For example, the
numbers 0, 0.1, 0.2,…, 10 can be assigned to the variable u by typing u = [0:0.1:10]

Try w = 5*sin (u), and explain the result.

Make sure that you understand the colon notation. In particular, explain what the
following MATLAB code will produce
jkl = 2 : 4 : 17

tpi = pi * [ 2 : (-1/9) : 0 ]
 Extracting and / or inserting numbers in a vector is done through colon operator.
Consider the following definition
xx = [ ones ( 1 , 4 ) , [ 2 : 2 : 11 ] , zeros ( 1 ,3 ) ]

xx ( 1 , 2 ) retrieves element at row 1 and column 2

xx ( 1 , 3 : 7 ) retrieves row 1, columns 3 to 7

xx ( 3 : 7 )

xx ( 2 : 2 : length ( xx ) )

Explain the result echoed from the last two lines of the above code.

Type help zeros and help ones to understand basic use of ones and zeros (at home).

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 30

Also try helping size and helping length. Differentiate between the two.

 Type this matrix in MATLAB

 3 7 4 12
 5 9 10 2 
A= 
6 13 8 11
 
 15 5 4 1

a. Find the maximum values in each column and each row

b. Find minimum value in each column and each row (at home)
c. Sum all the elements in a row (at home)
d. Sort each element in a column
e. Sort each element in a row (try at home)
f. Create a 4x3 array consisting of all elements in second through fourth column of A
g. Create a 3x4 array consisting of all elements in second through fourth rows of A (at
home)
h. Create a 2x3 array consisting of all elements in the first two rows and the last three
columns of A (at home)
m) LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
You use the left division operator (\) in MATLAB to solve sets of linear algebraic equations.
For example, consider the set
6x + 12y + 4z = 70

7x – 2y +3z = 5

2x + 8y – 9z = 64

The above equations can be written as AX = B, where

6 12 4  70  x
 2 3  B 5  y
A= 7 =  C=  
2 8  9 
64
 
z

The solution of above simultaneous equations can be found as,

>> A = [6, 12, 4; 7, -2, 3; 2, 8, -9];

>> B = [70; 5; 64];

>>solution = A\B

solution =

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 31

 3

-2

n) PLOTTING is easy in MATLAB, for both real and complex numbers. The basic plot
command plot (xx, yy) will plot a vector yy versus a vector xx. Try the following
>> x = [0: .01:10] ; y = sin (x); plot (x,y), xlabel ('x'), ylabel
('sin (x)' )

Also try
>> x = [0: 1:10] ; y = sin (x); plot (x,y), xlabel ('x'), ylabel
('sin (x)')
and see that greater the points you take on x-axis, smoother is the curve

Also try this,

>>x1 = [0:1:10];
>> y = sin(x1);
>>subplot(2,1,1)
>>plot(x1,y)
>>x2= [0:0.01:10];
>> z = sin(x2)
>>subplot(2,1,2)
>>plot(x2,z)

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment No. 8
TO BECOME FAMILIAR WITH STAR/DELTA CONVERSION
AND CALCULATE POWER DISSIPATED IN EACH
CONFIGURATION.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 32

OBJECTIVE
 To become familiar with Star/Delta conversion and calculate power dissipated in each
configuration.

EQUIPMENT
 3x110 ohm resistors  3x360 ohm resistors

 3x120 ohm resistors  DMM

 3x330 ohm resistors  DC power supply

THEORY
Resistors at a time, and then declaring the nature of connection that either it is series or
parallel. However, when we have to analyze three resistances at a time then instead of series and
parallel, we define the connectivity of resistors as “star” connection or “delta” connection. Such
type of connections becomes more important when we study three phase power systems. Also,
these connections are applicable not only for resistor, they are defined either for individual R
(resistance), XL (inductive reactance), Xc(capacitive reactance) or Z (impedance) as whole
according to the nature of system under consideration.

Figure 8.1: Star/Delta Conversion

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 33

 Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

 To convert a delta in to star or vice versa we use the following conversion equations:

DELTA TO STAR

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 34

STAR TO DELTA

If RA=RB=RC, then

RY  R / 3

If R1=R2=R3, then

R  RY / 3

PROCEDURE
1. Construct the network of Figure: 8.1.
2. Measure the current ‘I’ and voltage ‘Vab’ and record in the observation table.
3. Calculate the equivalent Y for the  formed by three 360 ohm resistors using
RY  R / 3 .
4. Insert the values of resistors in the Y as shown in Figure: 8.2.
5. Measure the current ‘I’ and voltage ‘Vab’ and record in the observation table.
6. Construct the network of Figure: 8.3.
7. Measure the current ‘I’ and voltage ‘Vab’ and record in the observation table.
8. Calculate the power absorbed by using the formula P=I x Vs and record it in the
Observation table.

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

I Vab P=I Vs
Figure: 12.1
Figure: 12.2
Figure: 12.3

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 35

 Figure 8.4

RESULTS
The star/Delta transformations are equivalent because the current ‘I’ and the power
Absorbed ‘P’ are the same in both the configurations (Figure: 8.1 and Figure: 8.2).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment No. 9
Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 36
 TO DETERMINE BY ANALYSIS THE VALUES VTH
(THEVENIN’S VOLTAGE) AND RTH (THEVENIN’S
RESISTANCE) IN A DC CIRCUIT CONTAINING A SINGLE
VOLTAGE SOURCE
OBJECTIVE
 To Study and verify Thevenin's Theorem
 To determine by analysis the values VTH (Thevenin’s voltage) and RTH (Thevenin’s
resistance) in a dc circuit containing a single voltage source.
EQUIPMENT
 Resistors  Connecting Wires

 Digital multimeter  DC power supply

THEORY
Thevenine's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load. Thevenine's Theorem is especially useful in analyzing power systems and
other circuits where one particular resistor in the circuit (called the “load" resistor) is subject to
change, and re-calculation of the circuit is necessary with each trial value of load resistance, to
determine voltage across it and current through it. Thevenine’s Theorem makes this easy by
temporarily removing the load resistance from the original circuit and reducing what's left to an
equivalent circuit composed of a single voltage source and series resistance. The load resistance
can then be re-connected to this “Thevenine equivalent circuit" and calculations carried out as if
the whole network were nothing but a simple series circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 37

 I IL

R1 R2
E R3 RL VL1

Figure 9.1

R1 R2
R3 RTH

Figure 9.2

I IL

R1 R2
E R3 V ETH

Figure 9.3

RTH
ETH RL VL2

Figure 9.4

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the resistors on the project board according to the Figure 9.1
2. Connect the DC power source to the circuit

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 38

 3. Then find the load voltages across the RL.
4. Find the Thevenine’s resistance of the circuit which is using multimeter as shown in
Figure 9.2
5. Find the Thevenin’s voltage using multimeter as shown in Figure 9.3
6. Make circuit according to Figure 9.4 using the measured values of Vth and Rth.
7. Note down VL2. It will be equal to V L1 and the power dissipated by R Lin Figure 9.1 and
Figure 9.4 will be equal.
8. Find the %age error of the two powers if any.

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

V L1 (VL1)2/RL E th Rth VL2 (VL2)2/RL
I (mA) % error
(volt) (mW) (volt) ohms (v) (mW)

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 39

Experiment No. 10
TO STUDY AND VERIFY THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
OBJECTIVE
 To Study and verify the Super position Theorem.

EQUIPMENT
 Digital Multimeter  Variable DC power supply

 Resistors

THEORY
The superposition principle states that:
“The current through or voltage across, any resistive branch of a multisource network is the
algebraic sum of the contribution due to each source acting independently.”
When the effects of one source are considered, the others are replaced by their internal
resistances. This principle permits one to analyze circuits without restoring to simultaneous
equations.
Superposition is effective only for linear circuit relationship. Non-linear effects, such as power,
which varies as the square of the current or voltage, cannot be analyzed using this principle.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
I1 I2
A A
R1 R2
V1 I R3 V2
A

Figure 10.1

I’1 I’2
A A
R1 R2
V1 I’ R3

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 40

 Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

PROCEDURE
1. Draw the circuit according to the Figure.10.1 on the bread board.
2. Note down the value of the current total current I due to two sources
3. Remove one source as shown in Figure.10.2
4. Record I’
5. Make circuit according to Figure.10.3 and record I’’.
6. The total current in the circuit will be equal to the sum of the individual currents due the
two sources.
RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

Voltage I I’ I’’ I’ + I’’

(v) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment No. 11
TO STUDY AND VERIFY THE MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER THEOREM
OBJECTIVE

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 41

  To Study and verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

EQUIPMENT
 Digital Multimeter  Resistors of various values

 Power Supplies  Breadboard

THEORY
The maximum power transfer theorem states that when the load resistance is equal to the
source's internal resistance, maximum power will be developed in the load. Since most low
voltage DC power supplies have a very low internal resistance (10 ohms or less) great difficulty
would result in trying to affect this condition under actual laboratory experimentation. If one
were to connect a low value resistor across the terminals of a 10 volt supply, high power ratings
would be required, and the resulting current would probably cause the supply's current rating to
be exceeded. In this experiment, therefore, the student will simulate a higher internal resistance
by purposely connecting a high value of resistance in series with the DC voltage supply's
terminal. Refer to Figure 11.1 below. The terminals ‘a’ & ‘b’ will be considered as the power
supply's output voltage terminals. Use a potentiometer as a variable size of load resistance. For
various settings of the potentiometer representing RL, the load current and load voltage will be
measured.
The power dissipated by the load resistor can then be calculated. For the condition of R L = Ri, the
student will verify by measurement that maximum power is developed in the load resistor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 11.1

PROCEDURE
1. Refer to Figure 11.1, select Rin equal to 1 KΩ representing the internal resistance of the
power supply used and select a 10 KΩ potentiometer as load resistance RL.
a. Using the DMM set the potentiometer to 500 ohms.
b. Connect the circuit shown above. Measure the current through and the voltage
across RL. Record this data in Table 11.1

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 42

 c. Remove the potentiometer and set it to 1000 ohms. Return it to the circuit and
again measure the current through and the voltage across RL. Record.
d. Continue increasing the potentiometer resistance in 500 ohm steps until the value
10 k ohms is reached, each time measuring the current and voltage and recording
same in Table 1. Be sure the applied voltage remains at the fixed value of 10 volts
after each adjustment in potentiometer resistance
2. For each value of RL in Table 11.1, calculate the power input to the circuit using the
Formula:
Pinput = Vinput x IL
= 10 x IL,
Since Vinput is always a constant 10 volts.
3. For each value of RL in Table 11.1, calculate the power output (the power developed
in RL) using the formula:
Pout = VRL x IL.
4. For each value of RL in Table 11.1, calculate the circuit efficiency using the formula:
% efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100.
5. On linear graph paper, plot the curve of power output vs. RL. Plot RL on the horizontal
axis (independent variable). Plot power developed in RL on the vertical axis (dependent
variable). Label the point on the curve representing the maximum power.

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

RL (Ω) IL (mA) VRL (V) Pinput(mW) Poutput % eff.
(mW)
500
1000

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 43

 1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment No. 12
TO FIND AND VERIFY THE IMPEDANCE OF RLC SERIES
CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE
 To find and verify the impedance of RLC Series Circuit.

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 44

EQUIPMENT
 Bread board  Resistor

 Function generator  Inductor

 Oscilloscope  Capacitor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

VR VL Vc

R L
vs

Figure 12.1: RLC Series Circuit.

PROCEDURE
1. Make the circuit on a project board according to the diagram
2. Connect circuit to AC source Adjust the frequency.
3. Measure the voltage across the capacitor, resistor and inductor.
4. As the R, L and C are in series so the current in each element remains same
5. Get the VR, VL and VC respectively
6. Calculate the impedance

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

VP VR VL VC Calculated Observed
I=VR/R
(V) (V) (V) (V) Z Z

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 45

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Analysis Lab Manual 46