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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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FLUID MECHANICS LAB REPORT


CC01 – Group 2
Experiment 3: Friction Loss in Pipe

Bùi Quý Hỷ 2153421


Trần Nguyễn Vĩnh Khang 2052523
Biện Công Khanh 2053104
Vũ Ngọc Cao Khoa 2152685
Trần Hà Nam 1952862
Experiment 3: Friction Loss in Pipe
I. OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENT
- To investigate the variation of friction head along a circular pipe with the mean
flow velocity in the pipe.

- To investigate the friction factor against Reynolds number and roughness.

II. EQUIPMENT SET – UP

A pipe of 10.64cm diameter is supplied by water a centrifugal pump. Five test


sections with interval of 3 m are connected to a bank of pressurized manometer
tubes. Water from the pipe flow into the concrete channel, and at the end of channel
a vee-notch, is installed to measure the flow rate in the channel, this flow rate is
equal to the flow rate in the pipe. Water level over the vee-notch is measured by a
point gauge mounted on a small tank which is opened to the channel. The flow rate
over the vee-notch is calculated by formula as follow:

Where z is water level, ZCR is the elevation of the crest of Vee-notch, ZCR =
27.8cm. The flow rate over the Vee-notch is regulated by a control valve of pump,
and an ampere meter mounted on an electric box will show the current intensity of
motor corresponding to the flow rate in the pipe. The difference of pressure
between the test sections in the pipe are measured by reading the water level in the
water level in the tubes of manometer.

III. SUMMARY OF THEORY


Considering flow at two sections i, j in a pipe, Bernoulli’s equation may be
written as:

Where:

 Vi, Vj: velocity at section i, j respectively

 Pi, Pj: pressure at section i, j respectively

 Zi, Zj: elevation at of water surface section i, j

 hi,j : friction loss from section i to section j

For this apparatus, Zi = Zj, Vi = Vj, hence

hi,j : the difference of manometer reading at section i and section j. On the other
hand, the friction factor can be determined by Darcy’s formula:

Where:

 f: friction factor

 L: the distance between section i and j

 D: diameter of pipe

 V: velocity of pipe
The friction coefficient depends upon the Reynolds number of flow and upon the
ratio e/D, the relative roughness of the pipe.

Where:

 Re: Reynolds’ number

Re = VD/ ( : Kinematic viscosity coefficient)

 e: size of roughness D

 e/D: relative roughness

For a given pipe, e/D is a constant

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Open the control valve (1) to discharge water into pumping chamber. When the
pumping chamber.

is full of water, keeping open the control valve (1).

2. Open the valve at the end of the pipe (2).

3. Turn on power to start pump and to regulate the revolution of the pump to 900
rpm.

4. For 3 large flow rates corresponding to 900 rpm, 800 rpm and 700 rpm:

- Closing the valves on the tubes 3,4 of manometer.

- Reading the water level in the tubes 1 and 2, and measuring the water level before
the Vee-notch in the channel by point gauge.

5. For 5 flow rates corresponding to 650 rpm, 600 rpm, 550 rpm, 500 rpm and 450
rpm, repeat the same procedure above.

- Opening the valves on the tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4 of manometer.


- Reading the water level in the tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4, and measuring the water level
before the Vee-notch in the channel by point gauge.

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
TABLE 1. Measured experimental data
Water level
No N (rpm) Manometer reading (mm)
(z) (cm)
Revolution (1) (2) (3) (4)
1 900 54.5 88.2 NA NA 9.845
2 850 55.9 84.3 NA NA 10.465
3 800 57.4 80.3 NA NA 11.24

1 750 20.5 38.7 62.2 84.3 12.05


2 700 28.4 41.4 58.4 74.5 13.05
3 650 34.7 43.5 50 66.2 14.15
4 600 40.5 46.7 51.5 57.6 15.75
5 550 44 49.7 49.8 49.7 24.815

▪ For 3 large flow rates:


Following the remaining formula:
Length (L) Q = 0.0187 Q = 0.0171 Q = 0.0153
(m) hd (cm)

(2)-(1) 33.7 28.4 22.9


Conclusion
The flowrate decreases which mean the head loss decrease linearly.

For 5 large flow rates


Length Q = 0.0187 Q = 0.0171 Q = 0.0153

3 14.3 11.4 8.5


6 32 23.1 15.3
9 56.1 40.2 25.4

Conclusion
The distance increase which mean the head loss decreases.

For 8 flow rates (3 large flow rates and 5 small flow rates)
No Q Hd V Re Lamda
1 0.0187 0.337 2.021 274511.6 0.0063
2 0.0171 0.284 1.962 252643.2 0.0065
3 0.0153 0.229 1.824 219883.4 0.0064
4 0.0135 0.182 1.764 204285.5 0.0063
5 0.0114 0.13 1.531 182004.7 0.0068
6 0.0094 0.088 1.042 136234.5 0.0066
7 0.0069 0.062 0.846 103204.4 0.0073
8 0.0021 0.057 0.561 71857.9 0.0067

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