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Far Western University

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
University Central Campus
Civil Engineering Department
MAHENDRANAGAR KANCHANPUR

A REPORT Of hydraulics

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Jayant Prasad Bhatt Er. Janardan joshi
Semester – IV Subject Lecturer
Roll No: 21
Symbol No:8041233
Submitted On: 2080/05/27
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

S.N. EXPERIMENT PAGE NO. DATE REMARKS

1. Reynolds’s 2080-01-20
3-5
experiment
2. flow through open 2080-05-07
sluice gate 6-9
3. open channel flow 2080-05-07
(hydraulic jump) 10-12
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Experiment 1: Reynolds’s experiment

Objective: To determine the type of flow in pipe.
Apparatus required:
 A tank containing water at constant head
 A small tank containing dye
 A horizontal glass tube with a bell mouthed entrance at one end and a
regulating valve at another end.

Theory:
The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless ratio of inertia force to viscous force
and is used in determining the type of flow occurring: Laminar or Turbulent. The
Reynolds number exist anywhere in the transition region is called the critical
Reynolds number.
The objective of this experiment is to determine the range of Reynolds numbers
by Reynolds apparatus over which the transition occurs. Given the tube
(12mm) ,the Reynolds number can be calculated as;
Re=( ρvD)/µ
Where,
Re= reynolds number
ρ= density(kg/m^3)
v= velocity of fluid (m/s)
D= hydraulic diameter (m)
µ=dynamic viscosity of fluid
(Ns/m^2)

Figure 1. Reynold number (Re) Apparatus

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The hydraulic diameter (different than hydraulic radius) is calculated as:

D =(4*Area) /Wetted Perimeter

Experimental Procedure:
1. Turn on the water, and partially open the discharge valve at the base of the
apparatus.
2. Open and adjust the dye injector valve to obtain a fine filament of dye in the
flow down the glass tube. If the dye is dispersed in the tube reduced to water
flow rate by closing the discharge valve and adjusting the supply as necessary to
maintain the constant head. A laminar flow condition should be achieved in which
the filament of dye passes down the complete length of the tube without
disturbance (Figure 2).
3. Record the temperature of the water using the thermometer, find the
corresponding kinematic viscosity from a table.
4. Then measure the flow rate by timing the collection of a known quantity
(volume) of water from discharge pipe. This will help you to determine the
velocity of the water in the pipe.
5. Slowly increase the flow rate by opening the discharge valve until disturbances
of the dye filament are noted (Figure 2). This can be regarded as the starting point
of transition to turbulent flow. Increase the discharge as required to maintain
constant head conditions. Do not miss to sketch the dye condition and measure
the flow rate for each of your trials.
6. If necessary, increase the flow rate as described above until the disturbances
increase such that the dye filament becomes rapidly diffused. Small eddies will be
noted just above the point where the dye filament completely breaks down. This
can be regarded as the onset of fully turbulent flow (Figure 2).
7. Now you should close the dye injector valve in order to finalize your
experiment.
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Figure 2. Dye sketches (Laminar through Turbulent)

Observation:
1. When the velocity of the flow was low, the dye filament in the glass tube was
in the form of a straight line. This was a case of laminar flow.
2. With the increase in the velocity of flow, the dye filament was no longer a
straight line, but it became wavy. This shows that the flow is no longer laminar.
This was a transitional state.
3. With further increase in velocity, the wavy dye-filament broke up and finally
diffused in water. This was the case of a turbulent flow.

Result :
1. The velocity at which the flow changes from laminar to turbulent for the case
of a given fluid at a given temperature and in a given pipe is a critical velocity.
2. The occurrence of a laminar and turbulent flow was governed by the relative
magnitude of inertia and viscous force.
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Experiment no:2 flow through open sluice gate

Object: To investigate the operating characteristics of a sluice gate in open
channels.

Scope: sluice gates are used In irrigation systems to control the flow rates. The
study of characteristics of sluice gates provides the information associated for
their hydraulic design.

Apparatus required:
1.open channel flow

2. stop watch

Theory:
a) Flow through a rectangular orifice is
Qth=A(2gH)^0.5
Where, Qth=theoretical discharge
A= area of gate opening
H=head
g=acceleration due to
gravity
b) Coefficient of discharge Cd=Qa/Qth fig: flow through open channel
c) Actual discharge Qa=volume/time

Procedure:
1.start the pump and allow water to flow through the flume with valve set at
minimum opening.
2. set the gate opening at 25 mm.
3. operate the flow control valve to give a head 100mm in the tank and allow the
condition of flow.
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4. determine the flow rate by timing a known volume (m^3) passing through the
flow meter at the bottom.
5. note the inlet head.
6. Now increase the gate opening to 50 mm and 75 mm while keeping the head at
100 mm by operating the flow control valve, measure the discharge at each step.
7. Repeat the procedure for heads in the tank of
150mm,200mm,250mm,300mm,and 350mm for the sluice gate opening of
25mm,50mm,and 75mm.

Calculations:
For head=100mm
Gate opening =25mm
Volume=0.1 mm^3
Time =102 sec
Width b=100mm
Area A=25*100=2500mm^2
a)actual discharge (Qa) =volume/time
=0.1/102
=0.00098m^3/s
b)Theoretical discharge(Qth)=A(2gH)^0.5
=2500*10^-6*(2*9.81*0.1)60.5
=0.003502
c)coefficient of discharge (Cd)=Qa/Qth
=0.28
Similarly, observation for other observations are tabulated as follows:
Observations :
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Width of flume=100mm
No. of Head Gate Volume(mm^3) Time(sec) Discharge*10^-
observations (mm) opening(mm) 3 m^3/s)
1. 100 25 0.1 102 0.9804
50 42.45 2.36
75 31.92 3.133
2. 150 25 0.1 51 1.963
50 28.82 4.382
75 19.64 5.092
3. 200 25 0.1 33 3.03
50 18.19 5.498
75 13.54 7.386
4. 250 25 0.1 32 3.125
50 17.22 5.807
75 10.17 9.833
5. 300 25 0.1 30 3.33
50 14.28 7.003
75 10.64 9.398
6. 350 25 0.1
50 _ _
75

Based on the calculation, theoretical discharge and coefficient of discharge are

calculated below:
Result table:
No. Head Gate Actual Theoretical Coefficient of
of (mm) opening discharge(10^ discharge discharge(Cd)
obs. -3 m^3/s) (*10^-
3m^3/s)
1. 100 25 0.9804 8.502 0.279
50 2.36 7.00 0.337
75 3.133 10.5 0.298
2. 150 25 1.963 4.28 0.459
50 4.382 8.557 0.512
75 5.092 12.8 0.398
3. 200 25 3.03 4.95 0.612
50 5.498 9.90 0.555
75 7.386 14.8 0.499
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4. 250 25 3.125 5.53 0.585

50 5.807 11.07 0.525
75 9.833 16.6 0.592
5. 300 25 3.33 6.06 0.55
50 7.033 12.13 0.577
75 9.398 17.57 0.535

Conclusion:
In this experiment, head and corresponding flow rate was observed. The actual
and theoretical value of discharge were calculated for rectangular open channel
and coefficient of discharge was found in the range of 0.279 to 0.612. the result
clearly shows that the value of Cd decreases with increase in the sluice gate for
same head. It is useful in flow of water in dams.
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Experiment no. 3: open channel flow (hydraulic jump)

Objective: To compare the experimental value of depth before hydraulic jump
to that calculated from theory and calculate the enrgy loss in hydraulic jump .

Scope: The formation of hydraulic jump is related with a sudden rise in water
depth, large scale turbulent and dissipation of energy. It is employed at the foot
of spillways and other hydraulic structures to dissipate energy for the protection
of bed against scour. This experiment help to understand the features of
hydraulic jump.

Apparatus required: a) open channel flow

b) stop watch

Theory:
Hydraulic jump is created by changing
slope or placing a flow weir in the bed
of the channel. It is mainly used to
dissipate the energy and reduce
velocity.
Here, 2q^2/g=y1y2(y1+y2)
Where, y1=deoth before jump
y2=depth after jump
q=unit discharge Fig: hydraulic jump experiment
and, Energy loss =(y1-y2)^3/4y1y2

Experimental procedure:
(a) The pump was started and sluice gate was opened to about 25mm.
(b) The flow rate was adjusted to give about 300mm bed above the sluice gate.
(c) The adjustable weir was raised to form a hydraulic jump within the control
portion of the flume.
(d) The depth was noted before and after the jump.
(e) The flow rate and head were measured.
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(f) The procedure was repeated for a head of 500mm above gate.
Observations:
Gate opening=26mm
Channel width=100mm
No. Head Depth Depth y2 Volume Time (sec)
of in mm y1 m^3
obs.
1. 280 21 89 0.1 28.84
2. 345 28 100.4 0.1 27.63

Calculations:
(a) Discharge per unit width (q )= (volume/t)/d
= (0.1/28.84)/0.1
= 0.0347 m^2/s
(b) We know, 2q^2/g=y1y2(y1+y2)
For q=0.0347 and y2=0.089m
2*0.0347^2/9.81=y1*0.089(y1+0.089)
Or, y1=24.3mm.

Similarly, for q=0.0362 and y2=0.1004mm

2*0.0362^2/9.81=y1*0.1004(y1+0.1004)
Or, y1=21.8mm
Sample calculation
Energy loss (E1) = (y2-y1)^3/4y1y2
So,
Eth1 = (0.089-0.0243)^3/4*0.089*0.0243
= 31.34 m head of water
And, Eth2= (0.1004-0.0218)^3/4*0.1004*0.0218
= 55.46 m head of water
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Result table:
No. Discharge Unit discharge Y1(mm) Experimental Theoretical
of Q(m^3/s) (m^2/s) theoretical E1(mm) E1(mm)
obs.
1. 0.00347 0.0347 24.3 42.06 31.31
2. 0.00362 0.0362 21.8 54.54 55.46

Conclusion:
In this experiment, the value of depth before jump has been found and
compared to the theoretical value. Similarly, energy loss was also seen and
calculated which might be due to various practical factors. The
phenomenon is useful in reducing velocity of flow by dissipating energy
through jumps in open channel.