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AROMATHERAPY AND ITS BENEFITS

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DOI: 10.30954/NDP-AMTHY.2021.7

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AROMATHERAPY
AND ITS BENEFITS
AROMATHERAPY
AND ITS BENEFITS

Edited by
Preetha Bhadra and Sagarika Parida

RENU PUBLISHERS
NEW DELHI, INDIA
“Aromatherapy and its Benefits” edited by Preetha Bhadra and Sagarika Parida, published by
Renu Publishers, New Delhi, India

© Editors

First Edition 2021

ISBN: 978-81-940943-7-1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted, by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
without written permission from the publishers.

RENU PUBLISHERS
Head Office: 90, Sainik Vihar, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110 059
Corporate Office: 7/28, Room No. 208, Vardaan House, Mahavir Lane, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,
New Delhi-110002
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E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: www.renupublishers.com
 List of Contributors

Akanksha Rout Kalpita Bhatta

Department of Zoology Assistant Professor
School of Applied Sciences Department of Botany,
Centurion University of Technology and School of Applied Sciences
Management, Odisha, INDIA Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha, INDIA

Ananya Mishra
Research Scholar Monalisa Panda
Department of Botany M.Sc. (Botany)
School of Applied Sciences Department of Botany
Centurion University of Technology and School of Applied Sciences
Management, Odisha, INDIA Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha, INDIA
B. Jyotirmayee
Research Scholar
Namita Panda
Department of Botany,
Assistant Professor
School of Applied Sciences
Department of Botany
Centurion University of Technology and
School of Applied Sciences
Management, Odisha, INDIA
Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha, INDIA
Bhagyajyoti Baral
Department of Botany,
Pradipta Banerjee
School of Applied Sciences
Assistant Professor
Centurion University of Technology and
Dept. of Biochemistry & Plant Physiology
Management, Odisha, INDIA
MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture
Centurion University of Technology and
Gyanranjan Mahalik
Management, Odisha, INDIA
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
School of Applied Sciences
Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha, INDIA
Preetha Bhadra Tanmoy Shankar
Assistant Professor and Coordinator for R&A Associate Professor
Center for Phytopharma Department of Agronomy
Department of Biotechnology M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture
M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Centurion University of Technology and
Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, INDIA
Management, Odisha, INDIA

Ushashee Mandal
Sagar Maitra M.Sc. (Botany)
Professor and Coordinator for R&A Centre Department of Botany,
for Smart Agriculture School of Applied Sciences
Department of Agronomy Centurion University of Technology and
M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture Management, Odisha, INDIA
Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha, INDIA

Sagarika Parida
Associate Professor
Department of Botany
School of Applied Sciences
Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha, INDIA
 Contents

1. Aromatherapy A Mythological Approach for Medicine 1

Preetha Bhadra

2. Medicinal and Aroma-therapeutic Use of Plants 15

Sagar Maitra, Preetha Bhadra and Tanmoy Shankar

3. Essential Oils and Plant Sources Used in Aromatherapy 31

Sagarika Parida

4. Traditional Uses of Essential Oils in Aromatherapy 57

Ushashee Mandal, Monalisa Panda and Gyanranjan Mahalik

5. Extraction Methods of Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants 71

Ananya Mishra and Sagarika Parida

6. Essential Oils Extracted From CO2 Extraction Method 85

B. Jyotirmayee and Gyanranjan Mahalik

7. Role of Aromatherapy in Relieving Pain 119

Pradipta Banerjee, Akanksha Rout and Namita Panda

8. Aromatherapy for Reducing Mental Stress 129

Namita Panda

9. Plant Resins Used in Aromatherapy 141

Sagarika Parida

10. Commercial Perspective of Essential Oil 153

Kalpita Bhatta and Bhagyajyoti Baral
Role of Aromatherapy in Relieving Pain. In: Aromatherapy and its Benefits edited by Preetha Bhadra
and Sagarika Parida © Renu Publishers, New Delhi: 2021, (pp. 119-128). ISBN: 978-81-940943-7-1,
DOI: 10.30954/NDP-AMTHY.2021.7

Chapter

7
Role of Aromatherapy in Relieving Pain
Pradipta Banerjee1, Akanksha Rout2 and Namita Panda3
1
Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture,
Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha
2
Department of Zoology, School of Applied Science, Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha
3
Department of Botany, School of Applied Science, Centurion University of Technology and
Management, Odisha

ABSTRACT
Aromatics can often soothe human mind, body and even relief chronic pain.
Pain management medication are often very costly and have side effects and
thus aromatherapy can be considered as a promising alternative. Now-a-days,
combination of standard pain medication and aromatherapy is a well-known
practice all over the world. The essence obtained from the extracts of leaves, stems,
roots, flowers, oils of aromatic plants are used in aromatherapy. Scented perfume
or candles are not considered as therapeutics and they lack the properties of the
essential oils which can be only obtained from herbs. Thus, it’s not the fragrance
that is relieving pain. The phytochemicals that are present in the plant extracts
which are directly absorbed by olfactory nerves or skin – play the major role in
relieving pain. The essential oils that are used as therapeutic agent, can be inhaled
directly or may be used as spray in a diffuser. Alternatively, these essential oils
are often mixed with a carrier oil and can be applied on the affected area (painful
joints) by gentle massaging. The phytochemicals gets absorbed through skin or
nose and lungs, ultimately reaches the limbic system – the nerve network in brain
that controls emotion and instinct. This can potentially reduce the perception
of pain and change mood. It is medically proved that aromatherapy can lower
cortisol level, can lower heart rate, can reduce inflammation and can lower
depression or anxiety.
Keywords: Aromatherapy, phytochemical, essential oil, pain

INTRODUCTION
Pain is a general term, its mean that uncomfortable sensations in the body.
Pain can also be described as throbbing, stinging, sore and pinching sensation
120 Aromatherapy and its Benefits

on the body. According to International Association for The Study of Pain

“Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with
actual or potential tissue damage” (Srinivasa et al. 2020). In medical term,
pain is regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition. In most developed
countries, pain is the most common reason for physical consultation (Debono
et al. 2004). Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus,
damage or disease (Raj, 2007). In many medical conditions it is a very major
symptom, and can interfere with a person’s quality of life and general
functioning (Breivik et al. 2008). Medically speaking, pain is an uncomfortable
sensation, that usually signals as injury or illness. According to medical
diagnosis types of pains are:
™™ Acute pain: Short in duration pains are called acute pain which lasts
from minutes to about 3 months. It is related to short tissue injury or
temporary illness.
™™ Chronic pain: Chronic pain is longer in duration, like headache, it
continues over many months or years. It occurs often due to health
condition like arthritis, fibromyalgia or a spine condition.
™™ Neuropathic pain: It occurs due to the damage of nervous system. It is
a common type of chronic pain.
™™ Nociceptive: caused by damage of body tissue, by external injury.
™™ Radicular pain: it is a very specific type of pain that can occur when the
spinal nerve gets compressed or inflamed. It radiates from the back and
hip into the legs by the way of the spine and spinal nerve root.
In daily life, aches, joint pain, and inflammation are common problems
which affect everyone. Taking different types of painkiller medicines may
cause various side effects, so natural care with essential oils is the popular
solution these days. For less serious problems, use of essential oils is
recommended only as a complimentary therapy. Essential oils came to be
used to reduce joint pain and inflammation, but massage of essential oils
will also bring other health benefits. Ancient literature has examined the
effectiveness or aromatherapy in treating pain, because aromatherapy has
a significant positive effect in reducing pain. Pain always increases in age
related disorders such as dementia, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis etc.
People always use painkillers for pain relief, but there are other alternative
therapies that can be utilized for pain relief. Aromatherapy is such type of
therapy, which is the use of extracted aromatic essences from plants, usually
in the form of essential oils. A 2016 study reveals that aromatherapy has a
significant positive effect in reducing pain. Recent studies also reveal that
aromatherapy should be considered safe for current pain management.
Role of Aromatherapy in Relieving Pain 121

WHAT IS AROMATHERAPY?
The absorption of essential oil through topical application or olfactory system
is called aromatherapy. The essential oils are extracted from medicinal
plants and proved to be effective in treating chronic pain. Aroma therapy
can treat mental stress, nausea, sleep anxiety, pain, depression, muscle
tension, etc. Although it’s a topic of debate about the absolute effectiveness
of aromatherapy, but because of its soothing effect, natural remedy, low
cost – many people are attracted to it. Most of the medicinal plants used in
aromatherapy is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). Some essential oils can be the causative agent of minor skin irritation
and may prove lethal if ingested (Boehm et al. 2012). It should be noted that
there is no long lasting effect of aromatherapy but short term improvements
are reported in most of the studies. The use of distilled plant materials was
started in medieval Persia, but the term “aromatherapy” was coined by Rene
Maurice Gattefosse in the early 20th century in his book, Aromatherapie,
Gattefosse. He claimed that herbal products can be used to treat various
ailment in human physiology (Lakhan et al. 2016).
Essential oils are most commonly applied topically or through direct
inhalation. In topical application a carrier oil is needed for massaging. They can
also be inhaled through a humidifier or by soaking gauze/cotton and placing
it near by the patient. Olfactory and tactile sensory stimulation are produced
by these oils to enhance physiological activities like eating, social interaction,
and sexual contact (Cino, 2014) relieving pain, depression, etc. There are
more than forty derivatives of plants that may be used aromatherapeutic
agents, such as, lavender, eucalyptus, rosemary, chamomile, and peppermint
extracts.

ESSENTIAL OILS IN AROMATHERAPY

Essential oils can be used in many ways, but massage and inhalation are
most effective for chronic pain, knee pain, and joint pain. Essential oils may
be added in massage oils or body lotion, or aromatic baths. According to
researchers, when essential oils are inhaled, or applied on skin, it enters into
the bloodstream and sends messages to the brain. Now we can discuss how
aromatherapy reduces different types of chronic pains. Essential oils have
strong anti-inflammatory features that make them efficient for alleviating
pains in joints and muscles. Essential oils have therapeutic effects. Massage
of such oils can reduce muscle tension and joint pain, increase oxygen and
nutrient supply to body tissue, and many other benefits. The touch of massage
with aromatic essential oils relaxes the body muscles, which in turn reduces
the pain. Below are some essential oils that are thought to be helpful in acute
and chronic pain:
122 Aromatherapy and its Benefits

™™ Lavender- analgesic and antispasmodic. Reduces pain when inhaled.

™™ Peppermint – analgesic and antispasmodic. Reduces colon spasms.
™™ Ginger – analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Reduces pain of arthritis and
knee pain.
™™ Black pepper – antispasmodic and relaxant. Decreases arthritis pain.
™™ Lemongrass – analgesic. Reduces muscle pain.
™™ Peppermint Oil- Botanical name-Mentha piperita, known as peppermint
oil, is the strongest essential oil of mint family with a spicy flavor and
cooling sensation. This oil has an impressive nutritional composition
and it contains many essential minerals and vitamins such as –vit-A,
vit-C, Magnesium, potassium and fatty acids. Peppermint oil is a natural
antidepressant and muscle relaxant. It has been used to treat headache,
cramps, cold symptoms, pain and nausea. This oil has 40%menthol
which gives a strong smell. It is a stimulant and effective upon neck
pain.

PAIN AND AROMATHERAPY

Chronic Pain in Elderly Persons
Approximately 84% of elderly persons (65-75 years old) suffer from chronic
pain. Sometimes the cause of the pain is not well understood. This type of
pain is more complex, persistent, and have no permanent cure. Moreover,
the chronic pain results in stress and very poor adaptive abilities, which in
turn leads to lack of sleep, anxiety, depression and quality of life reduces. The
benefit of aromatherapy varies among different types of patients based on their
pre-existing physiological condition like complaints such as hypertension,
depression, heart disease, arthritis, dementia, healed injuries, and psychiatric
illnesses. It was reported by Cino (2014), that the patients who got a massage
with lavender oil, felt better than the placebo group. Researchers recommend
that a combined treatment of mainstream medications and aromatherapy
may reduce the lower back pain in short term (Yip et al. 2008).

Chronic Back Pain

When the senescing humans i.e.; when a person is in their sexagenarian or
septuagenarian or extending to their octogenarian were considered under an
experimental studies in U.S. they roughly estimated an age value when for
sure they experience the triggered back pain at a minimum level of which
around 70 percent to 80 percent agreed to have faced it and with 36 percent
approved to have experienced lower back pain for sure once in a year may
be Muscle strain or Sciatica (Sritooma et al. 20014). Most visitors to the top
5 healthcare institutes w.r.t pain were of the indeterminate lower back pain
Role of Aromatherapy in Relieving Pain 123

as details provided by them showed. Management of this health ailment

can be categorized under a bit difficulty level as less than 15 percent of the
patients were seen to have been experiencing this pain due to an identified
cause so, change of symptoms were the only treatment which could be done
(Yip et al. 2004). Sometimes this chronic lower back pain aren’t due to any
major underlying disease but related to pitiable life style, sluggishness or
little body movements or due to prolonged sitting or lying habit that further
led to further problems in the work field which thus, directly affected their
productivity.
The only immediate therapy is massage that can be given for the treatment
of lower back pain, but when a combined aromatherapy is given with it, the
outcome of it is still an unrevealed part (Sritooma et al. 20014).

Chronic Neck Pain

Now a days in our busy life neck pain is a common complaint. Poor posture
may be the underlying cause of neck pain, where the muscles are badly
strained. Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of neck pain.
Sleeping in an awkward position is another causative agent of neck pain.
Inflammation and injury can cause pain or stiffness in neck. Non-specific
neck pain has a postural or mechanical basis and affects about two thirds of
people at some stage, especially in middle age. Acute neck pain may resolve
within days or weeks, but chronic pain is observed in about 10% of people.
Whiplash injuries follow sudden acceleration-deceleration of the neck, such
as in road traffic or sporting accidents. Up to 40 percent of people continue
to report symptoms even after fifteen years of the accident, although the data
varies between countries.
It is medically proved that aromatic essential oils actively treat several health
problems without any prominent side effects. Essential oils for neck pain
come from plants, roots, and herbs with medicinal properties are widely
used in aromatherapy to induce relaxation and hence they may be alternative
treatment for pain. Essential oils have anti-inflammatory effect that can relief
neck and joint pain.

Pediatric Pain
Treatment of pediatric pain is more or less complex. The sedatives and
opioids, that are suitable for adults, can damage the brain development in
young ones (de Jong et al. 2012). Severe pain in pediatric patients is often
associated with limited food and liquid intake, which in turn results in
dehydration (Soltani et al. 2013). Moreover, most of the young children
cannot accurately describe their pain to medical practitioners. Children being
treated for serious illness often experience distress not directly related to their
124 Aromatherapy and its Benefits

illness; therefore a holistic approach to care is an integral part of treatment

(de Jong et al. 2012). In 2003, a clinical study showed that when the infants
were treated with lavender aromatherapy for pain associated with blood
draw, infants in the aromatherapy group were soothed faster than infants
in the control group - though there was no difference in pain during blood
draw (Goubet et al. 2003). Again in 2013, Soltani et al. demonstrated that in a
group of children recovering from tonsillectomy, those who were treated with
lavender aromatherapy slept better and required 40% less acetaminophen
than children in the control group (Soltani et al. 2013). A study of children
who underwent craniofacial surgery, however, found that aromatherapy
offered no benefit. This, may be due to several reasons which includes - the
children being afraid of strangers massaging them or, massage was given too
early after general anesthesia (de Jong et al. 2012).

Shoulder pain
Aftershock of a patient suffering from complete paralysis of the partial or
half-side of the body experience a certain kind of stroke which is seen in
around 60 percent of the patients known as hemiplegia, also continuously
nag about a definite pain in their shoulder also. The shoulder pain i.e., the
Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) which the patients is generally accompanied
with is due to certain kind of muscle feebleness, declined levels of motor
strength and also feel a certain kind of dislocation of bone i.e., a kind of
subluxation which is commonly medicated with various involvement of
pharmacological treatments but accompanied with very unfriendly and
hazardous consequential side effects. Certain physical activities or non-
pharmacological alternatives like exercise, increased physical activity or
biofeedback are seen to suppress the pain for a temporary time period but is
not seen to have long term effects.
A small preliminary pilot experiment was conducted in 2007 for the
treatment to relieve the HSP by using certain phytochemical treatments
using the beneficial plants like rosemary, lavender and peppermint oils. The
evaluating team regularly checked the aromatherapy acupressure for 20
minutes, twice a day to keep a check on the management of HSP. The pain
levels of the treated group were compared with placebo group who didn’t
receive the aromatherapy. The concluding results showed the reduction in
pain in either of the groups but the rate of pain reduction was seen to be
better in the aromatherapy receiving group where the results showed around
30 percent pain reduction in the aromatherapy receiving group and a lesser
effectiveness of around 15 percent pain reduction in the group which didn’t
use the aromatherapy (Shin and Lee, 2007).
Role of Aromatherapy in Relieving Pain 125

Multiple Sclerosis Pain

A potentially disabling neurological disorder affecting the myelin sheath
leading to its loss in the central nervous system termed as Multiple Sclerosis
(MS) which further causes various communicative and inflammatory
disturbances throughout the body. Various complementary problems
accompanied with the MS that disturb the balance of the body is the feeling
of fatigue, bladder distress , spasms, intestinal discomfort and various visual
troubles, even many around three-fourth people affected with this disease
also complain of unbearable kind of chronic pain which isn’t controllable by
various conventional methods, and even the ones who are affected with it
consider it as a part of their life and get used to live with the pain. Anxiety
and depression is a common trap which MS patients face due to the thought
of living with the uneasiness of MS and thus, lead a stressful life (Howarth,
2004).
A qualitative study was done on the chronic pain accompanied MS patients
using the aromatherapy massage which included of 50 patients and the sites
of their massage varied based on the location in which they were having
pain and each patient underwent a single aromatherapy massage session
each month for a period of 4 months. Towards the end of the study, many
patients gave a positive feedback describing the therapy to be helpful among
which 78 percent still preferred to continue the therapy as it helped in
reducing their pain and 88 percent of the patients said to have an improved
sense of overall well-being, and 91 percent said reported have an improved
relaxation and 55 percent stated to have a better sleep. On a whole, the pain
medication through aromatherapy was observed to reduce the pain by 7
percent (Howarth, 2002). Absence of the placebo or control group further left
a question behind that whether the better health was from aromatherapy or
massage, thus decreasing the transparency of this method.

Menstrual Pain
The known pain which a woman goes through i.e., affecting around 25 to
97 percent of the women worldwide which is a very common body urge
which every woman has passed through i.e., the menstrual pain (Hur et al.
2012) which has various intensity levels too, as about 15 percent of the young
women, teens and adolescents go through is bit severe and even weakens
them so much that they abstain themselves from their regular schedule and
even skip their work, school, playing sports or enjoying any kind of activities
during this time (Marzouk et al. 2013). A study done on the menstrual
affected women among whom one group underwent the aromatherapy and
the other were under the treatment with acetaminophen, the former group of
women impressively showed a higher rate of relief as compared to the latter
group, but the results remain unclear as to how the aromatherapy cab alone
126 Aromatherapy and its Benefits

ease the pain in this time (Hur et al. 2012). But later a randomized control
group which received only massage and no therapeutic oils and the group
of women receiving the aromatherapy were compared which showed that
there was a considerable improvement in pain in the aromatherapy group as
compared to the placebo group (Marzouk et al. 2013).

Post-Caesarean Section Pain

Post-surgery side effects is all face but a common complaint is all the patients
is the pain they have after it. A similar pain is seen in the caesarean section
where the pain bearable by the mother and the baby needs to be a safe and
less painful one so, based on the pain they receive after the surgeries a study
found that a single blind clinical trial done on the group who underwent
caesarean section using the lavender aromatherapy was found to be effective
(Hadi and Hanid, 2011) and when a similar triple, blind randomized
controlled trial was done as much as 90 percent effectiveness was seen with
the lavender aromatherapy treated group as compared to the placebo group
which showed only 50 percent pain reduction. Heart rates were seen to be
same in the both groups and the feeling of sickness and dizziness was lesser in
the aromatherapy receiving group as compared the placebo-controlled group
(Olapour et al. 2013). Individually both the studies determined that effective
pain reduction was seen in the lavender group after caesarean section, the
grave nature of surgery indicates that aromatherapy should be used as part
of a multimodal post-surgery or after surgery pain management routine.

CONCLUSION
Aromatherapy shows significant positive report in pain reduction. The
experimental data obtained in last 10 years points that aromatherapy is the
safest option that can be done in combination to current pain management
procedures as there are no adverse effects were reported. Moreover, the
cost of aromatherapy is much less than the cost associated with standard
pain management treatment. Though the reports available at present by
meta-analysis indicates a large positive effect of aromatherapy for pain
management, it should be kept in mind that the sample size is small. If we
want to give prevalence to aromatherapy, more research with higher sample
size is necessary to fully understand clinical applications of it.

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