TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

A TRANSPORT PLAN SHOULD TACKLE TRANSPORT PROBLEM AS IT PRESENTLY EXIST AND IS EXPECTED TO DEVELOP IN FUTURE.

IT SHOULD CONSTITUTE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF USING SCARCE RESOURCES, WHICH ARE ALSO NECESSARY FOR OTHER INFRASTRUCUTRE FACILITIES LIKE HOUSING, WATER SUPPLY, AND SEWERAGE ETC.

BASIC ELEMENTS

Plan Formulation Study Design

Data Collection

Analysis and Forecasting

Continuing Plan Updating & Implementation

Plan Selection & Refinement

Developmen t& Evaluation of Plan Alternatives

CRITERIA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Decrease travel time Decrease travel cost Improve other (non-time, non-cost) service characteristics Improve safety Increase accessibility Provide comparable transportation services to all segments of the population in relation to their needs Provide transportation facilities and services to encourage development Enhance air and water quality Minimize expenditures of public money for the construction and operation of transportation systems Minimize consumption of energy Minimize noise impact Enhance property values Decrease personal tax burden Minimize disruption due to construction activities Minimize dislocation and permanent disruption of neighborhoods Improve quality of neighborhoods

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS

TO DETERMINE
WHETHER JOURNEY IS MADE WHETHER THE PEOPLE COULD GAIN ACCESS TO THEIR ACTIVITY WITHOUT EXPENDITURE OF TIME, MONEY AND EFFORT.

ACCESSIBILITY THAT MATTER NOT MOBILITY ACCESSIBILITY IS A FUNCTION OF

LAND USE PATTERN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION TRANSPORT SYSTEM

FACTORS ARE DEPENDENT ON EACH OTHER AND SHOULD STRIKE A BALANCE TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENCY TO AMENITIES AND OPPORTUNITY SOLUTION TO THE TRANSPORT PROBLEM CONSISTS OF
LAND USE PATTERN TRANSPORT SYSTEM SET OF MANAGEMENT POLICY TO BRING TOGETHER DEMAND AND SUPPLY

BASIC COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

PLANNING WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO ACHIEVE? WHAT IS NEEDED TO ACCOMPLISH GOALS AND OBJECTIVES? UNIFORM ACCESSIBILITY? LEGAL REQUIREMENTS? INTERCITY ROUTES? NEW INDUSTRIAL CENTERS? ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY? HOW MUCH CAN WE AFFORD? HOW MUCH CAN WE HANDLE? PROGRAMMING WHAT CAN WE ACCOMPLISH IN TWENTY YEARS? WHICH COMES FIRST? SCHEDULING WHAT WILL WE DO YEAR BY YEAR? MONITORING IS PROCESS OF DESIGN AND LAND ACQUISITION SATISFACTORY TO MEET SCHEDULE?

PROCESS FOR CONDUCTING TRANSPORT PLANNING

INVENTORIES Transportation Facilities Land Use Travel

LAND USE FORECASE Population Economic Activity Land Use

TRAVEL FORECAST Trip Generation Trip Distribution Future Travel Demand

OBJECTIVES & STANDARDS

PLAN PREPARATION Land Use Transportation System

EVALUATION

PLAN TESTING TRIP Generation Trip Distribution Traffic Flow

Transportation Planning Process

What is a Transportation Model?

Is used to refer to a series of mathematical equation representing how choices are made when people travel. The decisions are affected by many factors such as family situation, characteristics of a person making the trip and the choice (destination, route and mode of travel). Models require a series of assumptions in order to work and are limited by the data available to make forecast. Before any forecast are done, the coefficients in the model are estimated or calibrated to match existing data. Models are important because transportation plans and investments are based on the projections models make about the future.

Overall Forecasting Process

Land-use Scenario
What might our community look like ?

Travel Forecast
What are the Travel Patterns in the Future ?

Transportation Impact
What will be the effect of this Travel be ?

Land-use Development
Transportation Planning is directly linked to the Land-use Planning Trips are assumed to follow future Land-use Patterns
Population Forecasts How many households of what size will be there ? Economic Forecasts What activities will people engage in ? Land-use Where will activities occur ?

Travel Forecast (Travel Demand Model)

Four Step process:
1. Trip Generation/Attraction How many trips will be there ? Concerned with the estimation of the number of trips that are generated from the given study area

Travel Forecast (Travel Demand Model)

2. Trip Distribution Getting people from here to there Determines the way in which the trips are exchanged between the Traffic zones

Travel Forecast (Travel Demand Model)

3. Mode Split
How will people Travel ? Establishes the proportion of trips between various modes of transport from one traffic zone to another

Travel Forecast (Travel Demand Model)

Trip Assignments What routes will be used ? (Equilibrium Traffic assignment)
The process first involves the calculation of the shortest path either by way of time or cost of travel from each origin to each destination Trips for each O-D pair are assigned to the links in the shortest path and the trips are added up for each link/road The assigned trips are then compared to the capacity of the link/road Transit trip assignments is done in a similar way and it depends on the available headway The process of assignment is repeated until supply and demand are balanced The transit networks are more complex than private road networks since there are intermediate waits for transfers which complicates the mathematics of the trip assignments process.

Transportation Impact

Impact of the travel on the network in terms of congestion, environment Identification of short, medium and long term transportation facilities/schemes Evaluation of various transportation schemes

Landuse transport model to be used for planning SEZ

Alternatives for Location of Industrial employment

Alternatives for Location of Resident population

Network alternatives

Land use Transport Interaction

Transport Demand model startup phase of SEZ

Link Jhajjar SEZ Gurgaon SEZ

GEOMETRIC DESIGN

Design Speed

Classification

Speed in Km/Hr

Arterial

80

Sub Arterial

60

Collector

50

Local

30

Space Standards

Classification Arterial Sub Arterial Collector Local

Recommended Land width in Mts 50 - 60 30- 40 20 - 30 10 - 20

Rotary (Round About) Design

Interchanges
An interchange is a grade-separated intersection (one road passes over another) with ramps to connect them. Through traffic on the freeway (red) can pass through without stopping. Even if traffic signals are installed at the ends of the ramps, traffic on the surface street (blue) also flows smoother without interference from the freeway.

Diamond Cloverleaf Trumpet Six Ramp Stack Oddities

Diamond Interchange

Clover Leaf

Trumpet

Six Ramp

Stack and Oddities

Some Typical Interchanges In India -ISBT in Delhi

Some Typical Interchanges In India Rohtak Road /Ring Road Junction in Delhi

Some Typical Interchanges In India Kolkatta

Some Typical Interchanges In India Nehru Place in Delhi

Some Typical Interchanges In India Hebbal Junction in Bangalore

Some Typical Interchanges In India Dhaula Kuan in Delhi

SYSTEM SELECTION

Table-1 : TECHNICAL FEATURES AND CAPACITY OF URBAN TRANSPORT MODES (CONTINENTAL PRACTICE) Features Frequency Of services Veh/hr/lane or track Average distance betwn stations 250 to 400 250 to 400 Partially shared Right of Way 400 400 to 800 Comme rcial speed (Km/h) 10 to 15 10 to 15 15 to 20 18 to 25 Optimal Accep table Maximum Rolling stock capacity System capacity (Pass./hr/lane or track-4 standee/sqm) Optimal Acceptable Maximum

Modes

Type of operation

Bus /Trolley Bus Street car Bus/Trolley bus Light Rail

Mixed Traffic

10 10 15 15

40 40 60 40

60 to 90 60 90 to 120 60

70 to 90 90 to 130 70 to 90 150 to 250 (2 cars train set) 300 to 1500 (2 to 9 cars train set) 1250 to 25000 (6 to 12 cars train set)

700 to 9000 900 to 1300 1050 to 1350 2300 to 3800 4500 to 7500 15000 to 30000 30000 to 50000

2800 to 3600 3600 to 5220 4200 to 5400 6000 to 10000 12000 to 20000 20000 to 45000 45000 to 60000

3400 to 6500 4300 to 8600 5000 to 8600 7200 to 12000 14400 to 24000 60000 to 80000 60000 to 80000

Rapid Transit Commuter Rail

Exclusive Right ofway

800 to 1200 1500 to 3000

25 to 35

30

40

40 to 60

20

30

Proposed Capacity for various modes

Modes Metro rail Elevated LRT Elevated Monorail At grade LRT At grade HCBS

Capacity (PPHPD) > 30000 up to 30000 up to 20000 up to 15000 up to 20000 (with overtaking facility

High Capacity Bus System (HCBS) may be with CNG bus or Electric Trolley Bus (ETB

CAPACITY, SPEED AND COST OF MASS TRANSPORT MODES

Criteria Capacity PPHPD In thousands* Speed kmph Capital cost *** per route km($m) Bus lane in NA Bus way 10 to 25 Tram NA LRT 2 to 20 Metro 10 to 80

10** <0.5

18 to 26 2.0 10.0

12 to 16

19 to 29

29 to 36

to 5.0

to 10.0 to 40.0 to 15.0 30.0 90.0

* PPHPD passengers per hour per direction ** Bus in CBD in mixed traffic *** Includes rolling stock except in the case of bus lanes **** Includes depreciation on equipment, but not on the initial infrastructure and excludes interest charges

THE MRT OPTIONS

Characteristic Current Applications BUSWAY Widespread in Latin America for 20+ years LRT Widespread in Europe Few in dev g cities, none with high ridership At-grade 2-3 lanes from existing road METRO Widespread, skewed to Europe and North America Mostly elevated/underground Elevated or underground, little impact on existing road Inflexible and risky in financial terms Reduces congestion somewhat Often difficult SUBURBAN RAIL Widespread, skewed to Europe and North America At-grade -

Segregation Space requirement

At-grade 2-4 lanes from existing road

Flexibility

Flexible in both imp n and op s, robust operationally Depends on policy/design Straightforward with bus operations. Problematic with Para transit 1-5

Limited flexibility, risky in financial terms Depends on policy/design Often difficult

Inflexible

Impact on Traffic PT Integration

May increase congestion when frequencies high Usually existing

Initial Cost US $man/km

10-30

15-30 at-grade 30-75 elevated 60-180 underground 60,000+ 30-40

Practical Capacity Pass/hr/direction Operating Speed Kph

10-20,000 17-20

10-12,000 (no examples) 20 (no examples)

30,000 40-50+

System characteristics-comparison
Maximum System Capacity (PHPDT) Bus System (Mixed ROW) Bus System (exclusive right of way) Mono Rail Light Rail Transit System Suburban Electrical Multiple Units Metro Rail System 4000-6000 6000-15000 10000-25000 15000 30000 30000 60000 30000 80000

What is Bus Rapid Transit System?

CAR

VS

BUS

Bus Rapid Transit System

MONORAIL SYSTEMS

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Wuppertal, Germany

Florida, USA

Tokyo, Japan

LRT SYSTEMS

Milan Italy

Grenoble, France

Stutgart, Germany

Brazil

Transport Impact Analysis

Transport Impact Analysis

When Should Transportation Impact Analysis be prepared?

Specified amount of area rezoned Development contains a specified number of dwelling units or square footage Development in the sensitive areas Requirement of financial assistance for any new development

Traffic Impact Analysis Contents

Description of site and study area Purpose and objective of the analysis Identification of influence area of development Description of existing transport facilities Identification of accident prone areas and other deficiencies Anticipated land developments and associated traffic trends Anticipated trip generations and attractions at full build and interim periods Trip distribution and assignment of site traffic Projection of traffic to horizon years Future combined volume of Traffic peak hour traffic Identification of traffic congestion, safety problems, dificiencies with and without development Assessment of change in operating conditions Development and potential improvement measures Recommendation of site access and Transportation improvements Coordination efforts with other affected jurisdictions impacted by the development

What issues does a traffic Impact Analysis need to address

Transportation improvements needed to serve the generated traffic Cost of new transportation facility development Impact of traffic on the existing residential and how it can be mitigated Increase in existing safety hazards or create new ones and how it can be corrected Provision of public transport facility, if needed Design of the Development friendly towards bicyclists and pedestrians Addressing parking issues both on-street and offstreet Traffic management measures

Capacity analysis
Existing condition Back ground conditions (Existing and Approved projects) Project conditions (Existing + Approved Projects + Project) Expected Growth Conditions ( Existing + Approved projects + Project + expected growth)