p.t 3 a.i

CLASS X Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Unit - I
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
1.1 Introduction
Artificial Intelligence is one of the buzzwords today. It has established itself as a popular
technology in the modern world. From digital virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa and Cortana to self
–driving cars, it appears to have taken over every aspect of life that we can think of. The words
‘Artificial’ and ‘Intelligence’, when put together, make up the term Artificial Intelligence.
As you know, Artificial is anything which is man–made.
Now, let us first understand the meaning of intelligence before we dig into the concept of Artificial
Intelligence.
1.2 What is Intelligence?
Intelligence refers to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills in various domains.
Humans gain intelligence from past experiences and actions influenced by different situations and
environments. In other words, intelligence is the:
 ability to interact with the real world
 capacity of learning, reasoning and understanding e.g., recognizing speech, recognizing
objects and images
 using mental alertness and knowledge for decisions, such as :
 Solving new problems, planning and making decisions
 Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
Whosoever has the above mentioned qualities, would be termed intelligent– be it a human, an
animal or a machine.
1.2.1 Types of Intelligence

In 1983, an American developmental psychologist Howard Gardener described nine types of
intelligence :
a) Naturalist Intelligence (Environmental Skills): The ability of a person to process
information about the nature or environment around us. People with this kind of intelligence
enjoy doing activities such as camping, hiking, care for animal and nature, etc.
b) Musical Intelligence (Music Skills): The ability of a person to create, recognize and learn
different rhythms and sound patterns. People with this type of intelligence have a strong
appreciation for music, and are often good at musical composition and performance.
c) Logical–mathematical Intelligence (Numerical & Logical Skills): People with this type of
intelligence have strong problem – solving abilities, reasoning skills and logical intelligence.
d) Linguistic Intelligence (Language Processing Skills): The ability to speak, recognize
and use mechanisms of phonology(speech sounds), syntax(grammar), and
semantics(meaning). Few examples of Linguistic Intelligence are: Narrators, Orators.
e) Interpersonal Intelligence (People Skills): The ability to recognize, make distinctions
among other people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions and to understand multiple
perspectives.
f) Existential Intelligence (Religious & Spiritual Skills): The ability to use intuition, thought
and meta–cognition (process of thinking about one’s own thinking) to ask (and answer)
deep questions about life and human existence such as reason of human existence,
meaning of life, why we die, and how we got here, and so forth.
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g) Bodily–Kinesthetic Intelligence (Mind Body Skills): It refers to the intelligence that uses
a variety of physical skills, such as skills involving right timing with mind–body union.
Athletes, dancers, surgeons and crafts people exhibit well–developed bodily–kinesthetic
intelligence.
h) Intra–personal Intelligence (Self–awareness Skills): It refers to the ability to understand
one’s thoughts, feelings, strengths and weaknesses and to use such knowledge in planning
and directing one’s life. This form of intelligence is evident in psychologists, spiritual
leaders, and philosophers.
i) Spatial Intelligence (Visual World Perceiving Skills): This form of intelligence makes
good use of three dimensions, mental imagery, 3-D reasoning, image manipulation, graphic
and artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters and
architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.
1.3 Decision Making

Decision–making is the capability of a person to identify the situation, gather information and
select the best solution to the problem out of all the available options. A person with good decision
making skills will make sound decisions based on data collected from personal experiences and
the experiences of others.
1.3.1 How do you make decisions?

The process of decision–making depends upon various factors such as available information,
knowledge, skills, and experience coupled with mental maturity, which helps us make wise,
original and creative decisions.
1.4 What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is made up of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial means
“man-made,“ and intelligence means “ ability to understand and think”, hence AI means “ a man –
made ability to understand and think.”
So, we can define AI as:”It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent
machines that can act like a human, think and reason like humans, and can to make decisions like
humans.”
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can respond like a human displaying the skill of
learning, reasoning and solving problems. Artificial Intelligence is creating a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with its own intelligence.
1.4.1 What Actually AI is?

Some examples of what AI is and can do, are:
 Like humans, AI based systems can discover patterns from the available information and
attempt to make estimates for future.
 Like humans, AI can make decisions by picking from the available options.
 Like humans, AI based self driven cars can make decisions like if there is a human or
animal or an object in front of it; to stop at red – signals; to activate windshield wiper in
case if rain.
 Like humans, AI based technologies can recognize and read from images, e.g., AI based
cameras can identify the traffic violators and initiate the process of challan.

 Like humans, AI based systems can converse in natural language. Siri, Alexa, Cortana
etc. are all examples.
1.4.2 What is not an AI?

We come across so many new technology these days. It becomes difficult for us to understand the
difference between the technology that uses AI and the technology which is not AI.
Some examples of what is not an AI, are:
 AI is not just automation: AI means the use of intelligence and not just the automation,
e.g., modern day automated factories do not mean that AI is being used there. AI is only
when intelligence plays some role.
For example, a smart washing machine can perform its repetitive work smartly and
automatically but it is not artificially intelligent as it cannot make decisions or learn from
past mistakes.
 AI is not a single entity: AI is not one entity like a human or animal. It is a synchronous
use of multiple programs, data and continuous feedback and improvisation.
For example, A robot is not an AI, the process on which it works, is AI.
 AI is not to have emotions: Humans have emotional intelligence. AI so far does not
have any. Advanced robots although mimic human behavior yet they can’t empathize like
humans.
1.5 Basics of AI
The term “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by John McCarthy in an academic conference
organized at Dartmouth College in 1956. He is considered as the father of Artificial Intelligence
for his prominent role within the field as one of its founders.
In this increasingly technology–driven world, companies and developers around the globe are
talking about embracing Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning
(DL).
Let us discuss each of these terms in detail
1.5.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The field of AI has certain core technologies that makes it possible for machines to mimic the
human brain. Music recommendation systems, Google Maps, Uber, and many more applications
are powered by AI.
1.5.2 Machine Learning (ML)

Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of AI that enables machines to automatically learn and improve
at tasks with experience and by the use of data. ML based machines undergo lots of repetitions of
taking data and testing it; these then keep track of when things went wrong or right, and keep
improving their results.
The ML systems can automatically learn and improve without explicitly being programmed. The
recommendation systems on music and video streaming services are examples of ML.
1.5.3 Deep Learning (DL)

Deep learning or deep neural learning is a subset of machine learning. This system is trained with
vast amount of data. It has the ability to learn from unstructured or unlabelled data. The machines
can recognize patterns and create algorithms for themselves.
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Deep Learning imitates the working of the human brain by using multi-layered structure of
algorithms called neural networks. For example, self driving cars use neural network to locate and
deal with the obstacles of lane lines.
1.6 Domains of Artificial Intelligence

According to the type of data fed into the machine, Artificial Intelligence technology is broadly
categorized into three domains:
a) Data Science: Data Science is the most popular domain of Artificial Intelligence. It deals
with collection, analysis, exploration and visualization of a large amount of data, such as
numeric and alphanumeric data, so that meaningful insights related to it can be obtained.
For example, many e-commerce websites like Amazon, Flipkart, etc., use Data Science to
have a richer understanding of their customers, so that they can take better decisions.
b) Computer Vision: Computer Vision (CV) is the scientific technology for building artificial
systems that obtain information from images, video or any other visual data. This involves
methods of acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding digital images, and
extractions of data from the real and visual world to produce information.
For example, Self-driving cars uses a combination of sensors, Artificial Intelligence, and
cameras to run without any human intervention. With the inclusion of Computer Vision, they
can easily and recognize the objects on the road so as to make it safer for passengers and
he pedestrians as well.
Applications of Computer Vision:-
 Face Recognition
 Gaming & controls
 Face Filters
 Smart cars
 Google lens
 Healthcare
c) Natural Language Processing (NLP): Natural Language Processing is the domain of AI
where machines use algorithms to understand and respond to humans using naturally
written or spoken languages like Hindi or English. The input and output data of NLP
systems can either be speech or written text.
It has two sub-categories:
 Natural–Language Understanding, which helps machine recognize natural speech
(e.g., we instruct Google Assistant or Siri in our speech) and understand its meaning.
 Natural-Language Generation, which helps in producing a response in natural
language e.g., speech response by a virtual assistant like Cortana, Google Assistant
or Siri.
For example, smart assistants such as Alexa and Siri can understand, process, learn, and
respond to voice inputs in natural ways.
Applications of NLP:-
 Smart assistants
 Email – filtering
 Auto- Correct & Auto- Complete
 Search Suggestion
 Language Translator

1.7 Application of AI - A Look at Real – Life AI Implementations
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and easy and that is why artificial Intelligence has
various applications in today’s world like solving complex problems in an efficient way in many
industries.
a) Banking Sector: AI is growing at a very fast pace in the banking sectors. It has already
adopted AI- based systems to provide customer support, detect anomalies and financial
frauds. An example of this is HDFC Bank.
HDFC Bank has developed an AI- based chatbot called EVA (Electronic Virtual
Assistant), built by Bengaluru-based Sense forth AI Research. After it was launched,
EVA has addressed around over 3 million customer queries and it can provide simple
answers in less than 0.4 seconds.
b) Financial Sector: Trading mainly depends on the ability to predict the future accurately.
This is done using data science where large amount of data is being analyzed.
An example can be seen in Japan’s leading brokerage house, Nomura Securities. After
years of research, Nomura is set to introduce a new stock trading system. It may
determine that current market conditions are similar to the conditions two weeks ago and
predict how share prices will be changing a few minutes down the line. This will help to
take better trading decisions based on the predicted market prices.
c) Agriculture Sector : AI can help farmers to get more from the land by using resources in
a optimum manner. Issues such as climate change, population growth, and food security
is forcing farmers to look for more innovative approaches for better crop yield.
Blue River Technology has developed a robot called See and Spray which uses
computer vision technologies like object detection to monitor and spray weedicide on
cotton plants.
d) Healthcare Sector :AI is health care is doing a lot to save the lives of the patients in all
the ways it can. An organization called Cambio Health Care developed a clinical
decision support system for stroke prevention that can give the physician a warning when
there’s a patient at risk of having a heart stroke.
e) Gaming Sector :Gaming Sector became more prominent recently when Artificial
Intelligence become an integral part of the gaming industry.
DeepMind’s AI-based AlphaGo software, which is known for defeating Lee Sedol, the
world champion in the game of go was a major accomplishment in the field of AI.
f) Chatbots: Virtual assistants are an important part of every day’s life. Amazon’s Echo is
of the best example of translating human language into desirable actions. This device
uses speech recognition and NLP to perform many tasks on the commands given.
Apart from playing games, it can be used to control the devices at your house, book taxi
or cabs, make phone calls, order your favorite food, check the weather conditions and so
on.
1.8 AI Ethics
The dictionary defines ethics as, ”the moral principles that govern a person or a group’s behavior
or actions” Or “the moral correctness of a conduct or action”. In short, Ethics are the moral
responsibility of anyone or anything that can impact others.

Since AI has gained so much power that it can change the lives of people, it also has to
look into ethical issues around it as AI can have enormous impact on societies and even nations.
Major ethical issues of AI are:
a) Bias and Fairness: Ethically an AI system should be free from all the types of biases
and be fair, e.g., an AI system designed for picking candidates for a job must not be
biased against any gender, race, color or sexuality and so forth. It should be free from all
such things and be totally fair.
b) Accountability: AI learns and evolves over time and data. What if an evolved algorithm
makes some big mistake? Who would be accountable for it?
c) Transparency: Transparency means nothing is hidden and everything that AI performs
is explainable.
d) Safety: AI technology, tools and practices should be so implemented such that they
cause no direct or indirect harm to data, people and the outcomes. AI practices must be
safe to ensure the well being of individual persons and the public welfare.
e) Trust, Privacy & Control: Improved AI “faking” technologies make what once was
reliable evidence into unreliable evidence – this has already happened to digital photos,
sound recording and videos.
Note: Deepfake is a technology that can generate fake digital photos, sound recordings and
videos which look just as original as possible.
Practice Session
1. AI _____ refers to an irregularity/abnormality in the result produced via an AI based

program or model because of prejudiced assumptions in data or algorithm.
(a) Deepfake (b) Bias (c) Fairness (d) Training
2. You called a company’s customer care office. An application there responded you, spoke
to you, asked broadly about your issue and then transferred your call to appropriate
department. This is an example of ____ technology of AI.
(a) Machine Learning (b) NLP (c) Big Data (d) Data Science
3. _____ AI enables learning through examples and filtering of input data using layers and
rule-based algorithms.
(a) Machine Learning (b) Deep Learning (c) Device Learning (d) Data Science
4. The Chief Guest of our annual function spoke expressively. He displayed great ____
intelligence.
(a) Bodily-kinesthetic (b) Spatial (c) Existential (d) Linguistic
5. A person can possess ____ types of intelligence simultaneously.
(a) 8 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) Multiple
6. Who introduced the Theory of Multiple Intelligence to larger audiences?
(a) Howard Gardner (b) Howard Johnson (c) Steve Howie (d) Jackie Robinson
7. What is the role of AI in Marketing Sector?
8. Explain what is not an AI through any two examples.
9. AI will also give rise to fake information. Give comments.
10. How AI has affected the financial sector of our society?

CLASS X Natural Language Processing
UNIT- VI
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
1.1 Introduction
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to a branch of artificial Intelligence that
communicates with an intelligent system using a natural language such as English.
Natural language processing has made it possible for computers to extract keywords and
phrases, understand the meaning of language, translate that to another language, or generate
a response/output.
NLP(Natural Language Processing), also known as computational linguistics. It mixes
language, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) together. It builds a technology which
allows us to interact with machines as if we are having conversation with a human to another
human. “Hey Siri” on your iPhone or “OK Google” on your Android mobile, Google Map,
Language Translation Application are the examples of Natural Language Processing.
1.2 Components of NLP
The two main components of Natural Language Processing are:
a) Natural Language Understanding: Also known as, speech recognition (speech-to-
text). An artificial intelligence language that uses computer software to recognize text or
speech is called Natural Language Understanding.
b) Natural Language Generation: Natural Language Generation is the opposite of
speech recognition (i.e., text-to-speech) where the generated or processed information
is reproduced in the form of human language. It refers to the process of creating
meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural language from some internal
representation.
1.3 Applications of NLP
a) Sentiment Analysis: Analyzing human emotions is one of the most complex and
critical tasks as it involves expressions and sentiments that are beyond literal
interpretations.
The data gathered from customers’ responses such as tweets, comments, feedback
and reviews that are related to products or services are studied. This process is called
Sentiment Analysis. Many e-commerce companies such as Amazon, Flipkart, etc.
make use of Natural Language Processing applications that do sentiment analysis in
real-time on a periodic basis. This process helps identify the opinion and review of
customers for their products which is useful for understanding the deeper aspects of
their business.
b) Automatic Text Summarization: This is one of the most dynamic applications of
Natural Language Processing, used for generating a concise and meaningful summary
of text by extracting the most important information from multiple text sources such as
books, news articles, blog posts, research papers, e-mails, etc. For example, Inshorts,
a mobile app, uses an Al-powered algorithm called Rapid60 to convert news articles
into 60- word summaries.
c) Text Classification: Text classification is a process of grouping or organizing the text
into predefined categories. This application of Natural Language Processing is used for
multiple tasks such as spam detection and filtering emails. For example, the automatic
categorization of emails as Primary, Social or Promotions in Gmail is one of the must
examples of text classification using Natural Language Processing.

d) Virtual Assistants: A virtual assistant, also called Al assistant, is an application that
takes voice commands and completes tasks for the user. Most popular virtual assistant
includes Google Assistant, Microsoft Cortana, Apple Siri, and Amazon Echo. They use
speech recognition technology to understand and interpret human language.
2.1 AI Project Cycle for a NLP Application
Every AI based project undergoes the phases of AI Project Cycle. So, if you have to develop
an NLP based application, it will also undergo the Al project cycle.
2.1.1 Sample NLP Problem-The Scenario

Epic Book Publications (EBP) is a publication house that publishes books of different genres
for teenagers. Although, their books are popular among teenagers, they have noticed that
repeat orders are very less. In order to work on that they analysed and tried to find the
reasons. One major reason was that the customer’s complaints are not timely addressed.
Customer complaints are mainly of two types:

a) related to the quality of the book, its pages and binding etc.,
b) related to the content of the book.
To address each type of complaint, different departments are there. Customers often send
emails or contact them on their website. In order to find the type of complaint and redirect
them to right department, no proper mechanism is in place.
So, the problem would be solved if there is an automatic, online text-based solution that can
interact with the customers, find out about the type of their complaint and redirect them to the
right department. An online text-based solution that can analyse and can process chats too
would be a Chatbot.
Thus, the GOAL of our NLP based project is:

To develop a chatbot that can interact with the customers and based on the chat, identify
their complaint type and redirect them to the right complaint handling department.
2.1.2 Data Acquisition
Here, we need to have the text data that represents customer’s feedback and complaints.
This type of data can be collected from various means, such as:
a) Databases storing past complaints
b) Customer interaction recordings and the speech-to-text of the recordings
c) Customer emails
2.1.3 Data Exploration
For data exploration, we shall take the data over past six months and get rid of the less
useful parts of text, identifies the text structure and labels and tags the part-of-speech.
2.1.4 Modelling
Once the text has been normalised, it is then fed to an NLP based Al model. NLP Modelling
requires data pre-processing only after which the data is fed to the machine Depending upon
the type of chatbot we try to make, there are a lot of Al models available which help us build
the foundation of our project.
2.1.5 Evaluation
To understand the efficiency of the model, the given answers by the chatbot are compared to the
actual answers.

In the below diagram, the dots show about the model’s output while the line is the actual output
along with the data samples.
1. Under-fitted: In the first chart, the model’s output does not match the true function at all.
Hence the model is said to be under-fitted and its accuracy is lower.
2. Good Fit: In the second chart, the model’s performance matches well with the true function
which states that the model has optimum accuracy and the model is called a perfect fit.
3. Over-fitted: In the third chart, model performance is trying to cover all the data samples even
if they are out of alignment to the true function. This model is said to be over-fitted and this
too has a lower accuracy.

Once the model is evaluated thoroughly, it is then used in the form of an app which people
can use easily.
3.1 Chatbots
A Chatbot (also called bot sometimes) is a computer program which mimics conversation
between users, which can be either textual or verbal, by using various chat mediums such as
mobile apps, website chat windows and social messaging services across platforms like
Facebook and Twitter. A chatbot is also known as an artificial conversational entity (ACE), chat
robot, talk bot, chatterbot or chatterbox.
The first chatbot was made in the year 1966 at the MIT AI Laboratory, named Eliza whose
purpose was to give an accurate simulation of a human conversation.
3.1.1 Types of Chatbots

There are two main types of Chatbots: Rule-based Chatbots (Script-bots) and AI Chatbots
(Smart-bots).
a) Simple Chatbots (Script bots):Script chatbots are very simple and have limited
capabilities, and are usually rule-based bots. They are task-specific where the bot
poses questions based on predetermined options and the customer can choose from
the options until they get answers to their query.
These chatbots have programmed scripts, which are based on the predefined rules
and do not use any AI to automatically learn new things. Thus, these chatbots will not
make any inferences from its previous interactions.
For example, when you order on Zomato or Swiggy, you may encounter such type of
chatbots where the chatbot may ask your preference of food type.
b) Smart-bots: An Al-chatbot or smart-bot utilizes NLP technology. It has a wide range
of functionality and it can perform the task for the customer without any human
assistance. These chatbots are flexible and learn from every human interaction,
which means that they enhance themselves with large data and expand their
knowledge.
For example, you must have interacted with Siri or Google assistant through chat.
This is an example of a smart bot, where it learns from every human interaction.
Difference between Script-bot & Smart-bot
Script-bot Smart-bot
Easy to make & less interactive Flexible & more interactive
Limited Functionality Wide Functionality
Free & easy to integrate to a messaging Learn with more data by itself as the
platform mechanism of AI is in built
4.1 Concepts of Natural Language Processing

4.1.1 Human Language Versus Computer Language
Human Language is a conjunction of grammar and vocabulary that allows humans to share
their ideas, thoughts and feelings with others in such a way that they can be easily
understood.
On the flip side, the world of computers is based on binary numbers such as 0 and 1. A
computer only understands binary numbers. Every data sent to the computer gets converted
into numbers (0 and 1) for it to be processed.
4.1.2 Arrangement of Words and Meanings

In human language like English, there is a syntax of writing sentences. Syntax refers to the
arrangement of words in a sentence. When the syntax of the sentence is correct, it becomes
easier to interpret the meaning of the sentence. The same way can be used with the
computer for making themunderstand the meaning of the sentence.
This can be done byusing the part-of-speech tagging method. This allows the computer to
identify the different parts of a speech where computer can identify the verb, noun, adverb,
adjective etc.
Along with the syntax of a language, sequencing of the words also change the meaning of a
sentence. While in a sentence, same syntax but different semantics (sequencing) can change
the meaning of the sentence.
4.1.3 Multiple Meanings of Words

Same word can have different meaning when used in a different reference. Let us understand
this with the example.
'You are absolutely right, we have to take the right turn from here.'
Now, here we can see that 'right' is used twice but its meaning is different. The former 'right'
signifies accuracy and the latter 'right' refers to direction.
4.1.4 Perfect Syntax but no Meaning

Sometimes, the syntax of the sentence is correct, but the sentence does not have any
meaning this means that along with syntax, the semantics of the sentence should also be
correct to make the sentence meaningful.
For example, "words rises up the mountain, nobody likes orange chicks", "fruit flies like a
banana are some meaningless sentences. A perfect blend of Syntax and semantics in
language is vital for better understanding.
5.1 Data Processing
Humans can interact with each other using natural language. However it becomes difficult for
the computer to interact with the human at the same pace.
The computer only understands numbers. So the very first step is to convert a language into
the number form. In this process of conversion, various sub-steps are required to finally
convert the language into a numerical form.
The first step is Text Normalization. In text normalization we need to convert a complex
sentence into its simple form to make it more understandable.
5.1.1 Text Normalization

Text normalization is the process of transforming text into a form where its complexity is
brought down to a lower level than actual data. In text normalization, we will be working on
a collection of written text which is related to text from multiple documents.
The term used for the whole textual data from all the documents is known as corpus. We
need to follow a method to simplify corpus. The steps are given below:
a) Sentence Segmentation: Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided

into sentences. Each sentence is taken as a different data so now the whole corpus
gets reduced to sentences. For example:
My books are lying on the

My books are lying on the right side of my table.
right side of my table. My
books are covered with
brown cover.
My books are covered with
brown cover.
b) Tokenization: After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then further divided
into tokens. Token is a term used for any word or number or special character
occurring in a sentence. Under tokenization, every word, number and special
character is considered separately and each of them is now a separate token.
Example:
My books are lying on the right side of my table.

My books are lying on the right side of my table .
c)
My books are covered with brown cover.

My books are covered with brown cover .
Removing Stop Words, Special Characters & Numbers: In this step, the tokens
which are not important or which do not add any meaning are removed from the token
list. Stopwords like a, an, the, are, and, for, it, or, is, to etc., are the words which occur
very frequently in the Corpus. But does not have any meaning or has no value in the
Corpus.

d) Converting Text to a Common Case: After removing the stop words, we need to
convert the whole text into a lowercase letter, if required. This is done so that the
machine does not consider same words as different just because their case is
different.Example:
booK Book
Stemming: In stemming, the word
is reduced to its BOOK BOok original form like if
book
the word is "enjoyed", then it
can be converted to "enjoy".
Stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are
converted to their base form. The root form of the word is known as stem. Example:
Word Affixes Stem

enjoys -s enjoy
enjoying -ing enjoy
enjoyed -ed enjoy
dried -ed dri
likes -s like
In the above examples, the affixes have been removed and the stem word is
extracted. Here, enjoyed, enjoys and enjoying are reduced to the stem word "enjoy"
but in case of "dried", the stem word is "dri" which is meaningless.
Stemming does not take into account if the stemmed word is meaningful or not. It just
removes the affixes hence it is faster.
e) Lemmatization: Stemming and lemmatization both are alternative processes to each

other as the role of both the processes is same-removal of affixes. But the difference
between both of them is that in lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal
(also known as lemma) is a meaningful one.
Lemmatization makes sure that lemma is a word with meaning and hence it
takes a longer time to execute than stemming.
Example:
Word Affixes Lemma

enjoys -s enjoys
enjoying -ing enjoying
enjoyed -ed enjoyed
dried -ed dried
likes -s like
Here in the above example, the output for dried after affix removal has become dried
instead of "dri".
With this we have normalised our text to tokens which are the simplest form of words
present in the corpus. Now it’s time to convert the tokens into numbers. For this,
we would use the Bag of Words algorithm.
5.1.2 Bag of Words
Bag of Words is an important feature of NLP for representing text in a numerical form. It is a
Natural Language Processing model which helps in extracting features out of the text which
can be helpful in machine learning algorithms. In bag of words, we get the occurrences of
each word and construct the vocabulary for the corpus. An example is shown below:
Depending on the occurrence of the words, we put the text into the bag of words algorithm,
the algorithm returns to us the unique words out of the corpus and the number of times they
occur in it. A list of words appearing in the corpus is created and the numbers
corresponding to it shows how many times the word has occurred in the text body, so we
can say that the bag of words has two important things:
1. A vocabulary of words for the corpus.
2. The frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the whole corpus).
The bag of words algorithm follows the steps as shown below:
a) Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it.
b) Create Dictionary: Make a list of all the unique words occuring in the corpus
(Vocabulary).
c) Create Document Vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out how many
times the word from the unique list of words has occured.
To understand the bag of words algorithm, we can take an example to understand it.
Step 1: Let us take two sentences. In this step, we will collect the data and pre-process it.
Sentence 1: "Sheetal and Mitali are friends. Mitali likes singing songs".
Sentence 2: "Sheetal likes listening to music."
After text normalization, the sentence become:
Sentence 1: [‘Sheetal', 'and', 'Mitali, 'are’, ‘friends’, 'Mitali’, ‘likes’, ‘singing’, ‘songs’]
Sentence 2: ['Sheetal', ‘likes’, ‘listening’,‘to’,‘music’]
Here, we have not removed the stop words as the sentences have very less data.
Step 2:Create a Dictionary
In this step, we will create a dictionary of all the words, i.e, list down all the words which
occur in all two sentences. In case a word has occurred more than once then also we write it
only once but mention its occurrence the number of times it occur in the document.
Dictionary of Words
Sheetal and mitali are friends likes

singing songs listening to music
Step 3: Create Document Vector
In this step, the words of the sentence are written in the top row. Now, for each word in the
sentence, if it matches with the words mentioned, mention 1 under it. If the same word
appears again, increment the previous value by 1. And if the word does not occur in that
sentence, put a 0 under it.
Sheeta and Mitali are friend likes singin songs listenin to music
l s g g
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
In the first sentence, we have words Sheetal, and, Mitali, are, friends, Mitali, likes, singing,
Songs. So, all these words get a value of 1 and rest of the words get a 0 value.
Step 4: Repeat the above step for the other sentence in the document
Sheeta and mitali are friends likes singin songs listening to music
l g
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
The above table gives us document vector table for our corpus. In this table the tokens are
not converted to numbers yet. Now we need to perform a step where we can convert the
tokens into meaningful numbers, so we will go on the next/final step of our algorithm which is
TFIDF (Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency).
5.1.3 TFIDF: Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency (Optional)

Bag of words algorithm gives us the frequency of words in each document we have in our
corpus. We come to know that if a word is occurring more in a document, then its value is
more for that document. For example, if I have a document on the topic "water plants", water
and plants, words will occur more number of times in the document Water and plants are
valuable words as they give us some context about the document.
In the above graph, we have plotted the occurrence of words versus their value.

The graph shows that if the words have highest occurrence in all the documents of the
corpus, then they are said to have minimum value. These words are mostly removed at the
pre-processing stage.
Further, when we move towards frequent words occurring in the document, then we observe
that they have some amount of value and are termed as frequent words.
Going further in the graph, we observe that when the occurrence of words drops down have
higher value. These words are termed as rare or valuable words. These words occur the
least but add the most value to the corpus.
To identify the value of each word, we use Term Frequency and Inverse Document
Frequency (TF-IDF).
Term Frequency
Term frequency refers to the frequency of a word in one document. Term frequency can
easily be found from the document vector table as in that table we mention the frequency of
each word that occur in each document.
Sheetal And Mitali Are Friends Likes Singing Songs Listening To Music
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
These numbers are the Term Frequencies.
Document Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency

Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs irrespective of
how many times it has occurred in those documents.
The Document frequency for the two sentences is given below:
Sheeta And Mitali Are Friend likes singin songs Listenin To music
l s g g
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
In Inverse Document Frequency, we need to put the document frequency in the denominator
while the total number of documents i.e., 2 is written in the numerator.
IDF= Term Documents / Document Frequency
Here, the total number of documents are 2, hence inverse document frequency becomes:
Sheeta And Mitali Are Friend likes Singin songs Listenin To music
l s g g
2/2 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/2 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
Finally, the formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:
TFIDF(W) = TF (W) * log (IDF (W))
Here, log is to the base of 10. We can check the value of log in log table. Now, we will
multiply the IDF values to the 17 values. The TF values are for each document while the IDF
values are for the whole corpus so, we need to multiply the IDF values to each row of the
document vector table.

Sheetal And Mitali Are Friends Likes Singing Songs Listenin To music
g
1*log(1) 1*log(2) 1*log(2) 1*log(2) 1*log(2) 1*log(1) 1*log(2) 1*log(2) 0*log(2) 0*log(2) 0*log(2)
1*log(1) 0*log(2) 0*log(2) 0*log(2) 0*log(2) 1*log(1) 0*log(2) 0*log(2) 1*log(2) 1*log(2) 1*log(2)
The IDF values for some words in each row is the same and similar pattern is followed for all
the words. After calculating all the values, we get.
Sheetal And Mitali Are Friends Likes Singing Songs Listenin To music
g
0 0.3010 0.3010 0.3010 0.3010 0 0.3010 0.3010 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3010 0.3010 0.3010
Finally, the words have been converted to numbers. These numbers are the values of each
for each document. Here, you can see that since we have less amount of data, words like
'are and "and" also have a high value. But as the IDF value increases, the value of that word
decreases. That is, For example:
Total Number of documents: 5
Number of documents in which ‘and’ occurs: 5
Therefore, IDF (and) = 5/5 = 1
which means: log(1) = 0. Hence, the value of ‘and’ becomes 0.
Onthe other hand, number of documents in which ‘water’ occurs: 3
IDF (water)= 5/3 = 1.6666...
which means: log (1.6666) = 0.2218, which shows that the word water has
considerable value in the corpus.
5.1.4 Applications of TFIDF

TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain. Some of its
applications are:
1. Document Classification: TF-IDF helps in classifying the type of a document. The

category of the document can be given after observing the corpus.
2. Topic Modeling: TF-IDF helps in predicting the topic for a corpus based on the
occurrence of the words.
3. Information Retrieval System: TF-IDF was performs document search and can be used
to deliver results that are most relevant to the words we are searching for.
4. Stop Word Filtering: TF-IDE helps in removing the unnecessary words out of a text body
in case the document is very big, then we remove the stop words as for computer the
stop words are of no value.
5. Keyword Extraction: TF-IDF is also useful for extracting keywords from text. The highest
scoring words of a document are the most relevant to that document, and therefore they
can be considered keywords for that document.

CLASS X COMMUNICATION SKILLS
UNIT- I COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1.1 COMMUNICATION PROCESS

A communication process is the one where a message or idea originates at the end of the person
sending it (the sender) and travels to the receiver via a communication channel. The receiver
decodes the received message and tells if he understood the message (feedback).
1.2 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Sender - The communication process begins with the sender, who is known as the
communicator or source. Sender is the person who sends the message.
2. Receiver - The person to whom a message is sent is called the receiver or the interpreter.
3. Feedback - The communication process gets completed when it reaches its final point
when the message is successfully transmitted, received, and understood. The receiver in
turn informs the sender that the message has been received and understood properly.
4. Message - The information that the sender sends to the receiver.
5. Channel - The method or means of communicating the message.
6. Encoding - It is the process of converting the ideas into a message form by using words,
symbols, voice-tone or gestures.
7. Decoding - It is the processing to interpret the received message to get to the idea/feeling
shared by the sender.
1.3 METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication can be done through various methods:
1. Face to Face Communication - Here two people communicate when in close proximity.
2. Letters/Memos/Emails - Here, the message is delivered in a specific written
Structure/format.
3. Posters/Infographs/Charts - Using this method, an important information is conveyed
using much text with the help of images and pictures.
4. Meetings/Seminars - This is a method of communication wherein discussion among a
group of people with similar interests is to be carried out
5. Print/Analog/Digital Media - This method includes conveying information using social
media or through phone calls, newsletters, newspapers, blogs etc.
1.4 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

There are various types of communication:
1. Verbal Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts by speaking
or orally, it is known as verbal communication.
2. Non-Verbal Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts by using
body language, gestures or facial expression, it is known as non-verbal communication.
3. Visual Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts through
pictures, postures, charts, animation, etc. It is known as visual communication.
4. Written Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts by
handwritten or printed information, it is known as written communication.
1.4.1 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. It saves time in communication as it is a direct communication between sender and
receiver.
2. Quick feedback can be taken once the communication is completed.
3. It provides clarity in communication as any further explanation if required can be given by
the speaker.
4. It is flexible and effective for all.
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Disadvantages
1. It can lead to emotional problems.
2. It has no legal validity.
3. It lacks any means of permanent storage of record.
4. Difficulty in communicating with distant people.
1.4.2 TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. Intrapersonal communication
2. Interpersonal communication
3. Small group communication
4. Public communication
1.4.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. Very easy to demonstrate.
2. Very useful for conveying message.
3. No language barrier.
4. Very fast.
Disadvantages
1. Not suitable for lengthy messages.
2. An incomplete form of communication.
3. Chances of misinterpretation.
1.4.4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. It can explain things in the way which are not possible through words.
2. It clears the barrier of qualification or language.
Disadvantages
1. Comparatively expansive.
2. Time-consuming.
3. Not a complete form of communication.
1.4.5 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. Permanent storage.
2. Suitable for lengthy messages/information.
3. Identical
Disadvantages
1. Costly
2. Time consuming
3. A barrier of qualification/languages
1.5 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Effective communication is the one where both parties participate in a constructive way.
1.5.1BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
1. Linguistic Barriers: The language barrier is one of the main barriers that limit effective
communication .The fact that each major region has its own language is one of the barriers
to effective communication.
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2. Psychological Barriers: There are various mental and psychological issues that may be
barriers to effective communication. Some people have stage fear, speech disorders,
phobia, depression, etc.
3. Emotional Barriers: The emotional IQ of a person determines the ease and comfort with
which they can communicate. A person who is emotionally mature will be able to
communicate effectively.
4. Physical Barriers: They are one of the most important barriers to effective communication.
They include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication,
closed cabins, etc.
5. Cultural Barriers: Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of
society. Dressing, religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets, and the general behaviour
will change from one culture to another.
6. Organisational Barriers: If in an organisation, there is no clarity about the roles,
structures, responsibilities, it will hinder effective communication among the members of the
organisation.
7. Attitude Barriers: Certain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or who are
not very social. Others Like to be social or are extroverts. Both these cases could become a
barrier to communication.
8. Perception Barriers: Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact
which we must consider during the communication process.
9. Technological Barriers: Technology is developing fast and as a result, it becomes difficult
to keep up with the newest developments. Hence sometimes the technological
advancement may become a barrier.
1.5.2 HOW TO OVERCOME BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION

1. Clarify the Ideas before Communication: Any issue to be communicated to a receiver
should be clearly and completely studied and analyzed by the superior.
2. Communicate According to the Need of the Receiver: The level of understanding and
education of the receiver must be very clear to the sender.
3. Language, Tone & Content of Message should be carefully chosen: The language
should be clear, simple and easily understandable. Similarly, the tone and content of the
message should not provide any harm to the sentiments of listeners, rather it should
stimulate them to give response.
4. Convey Things of Help and Value to Listeners: It is always better to know the needs and
interests of the listeners before communicating the message.
5. Ensure Proper Feedback: Proper feedback helps in improving the communication
process.
6. Overcome the barriers of culture and language: To overcome the problem of language.
Use nonverbal communication skills along with verbal communication. For cultural barriers,
try to find the culture of the people to whom you are sending the message and prepare
accordingly so that the receiver doesn’t feel offended.
2.1 IMPACT OF BODY LANGUAGE

Body language is your unspoken communication that is used to show your true thoughts and
emotions. It includes your gestures, facial expressions and posture.
2.1.1 DO’S OF BODY LANGUAGE

1. Sit Straight and make eye contact.
2. Always keep a smile on your face.
3. Offer a gentle handshake showing confidence.
4. Place your feet firmly on the ground while walking.
5. Keep your shoulder relaxed down.
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6. Listen to the speaker attentively.
7. Nod while listening to the speaker.
2.1.2 DONT’S OF BODY LANGUAGE

1. Don’t look away while conversing.
2. Do not drop your shoulders.
3. Don’t lean forward or backward while sitting.
4. Do not touch your face often.
5. Do not lean on wall or any other object.
6. Do not get close to your listener.
3.1 FEEDBACK
The receiver’s response or reply to the sender’s message is called feedback. Feedback ensures a
proper understanding between sender and receiver. Feedback provides information about the
success of the communication.
3.2 IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK

1. Feedback helps to achieve goals of the communication.
2. Feedback is a good basis of collecting information for planning on what next to be done
Especially statistical report.
3. Feedback is a basis for measuring the effectiveness of communication.
4. Feedback ensures better understanding between sender and receiver.
3.3 TYPES OF FEEDBACK

Feedback of communication can be of various types.
1. Formal & Informal Feedback : Formal feedback is planned and systematically scheduled
into the process. It has predefined points and format. Informal feedback can occur at any
time as it is something that emerges spontaneously in the moment or during action.
Examples:
Informal feedback : ”Good job! Congratulations!”
Formal feedback : “Congratulations on scoring A+ in your final test performance. You are
promoted to your next class.”
2. Descriptive & Non-Descriptive Feedback : Descriptive feedback is given with the

meaningful information in a detailed manner . Non-Descriptive feedback gives meaningful
information but is not given in a detailed manner.
Examples:
Non- Descriptive feedback : “I only liked your 2nd paragraph. Others need improvement.”
Descriptive feedback : “All paragraphs should cover basically one idea. Only one paragraph
was as per this specification, other paragraphs covered multiple ideas and the information
was also not cohesively linked.”
3. Specific & Non-Specific Feedback : Specific feedback usually gives the main points of
the feedback instead of giving a general review. Non-specific feedback gives a general
overview instead of talking about the main points or specific points.
Examples:
Non-Specific feedback: “I like your story. It’s good.”
Specific feedback: “I like the way you described your grandpa’s character. It makes me feel
like I know him too.”
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4.1 WRITING SKILLS
Writing skills is an important part of communication.
4.2 PHRASES
A phrase is a group (or pairing) of words in English. Some examples of phrases are :
In the air, Beside the bed, Along the road, To live and breathe
All the above examples make a sense but do not convey the full meaning.
4.3 KINDS OF SENTENCES

1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences: These are the sentences that state facts, or declare
statements. For example, India is a secular country. The sun rises in the east, etc.
2. Interrogative Sentences: The sentences that ask questions or inquire about something
are interrogative sentences. For example, Is she serious? Are you going to the party? Etc.
3. Imperative Sentence: These sentences convey orders, pieces of advice, orders, requests,
Etc. For example, Shut the door.
4. Exclamatory Sentences: They express the strongest emotions of fear, excitement,
happiness, sorrow, shock, etc. The exclamatory sentences often end in an exclamatory
mark ‘!’. For example, Alas! I forgot my phone.
4.4 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

A sentence is a group of words that are put together to make a complete thought. The two most
important parts of a sentence are subject and predicate:
1. The subject of a sentence is the person, place or thing that is performing the action of the
sentence.
2. The predicate expresses action related to that person, place or thing
4.5 PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Noun: Nouns are a person, place, or thing. They are normally capitalized while writing. For
example: Pirate, Caribbean, Ship, Captain Jack, Sparrow, Chennai.
2. Pronoun: Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence, ie, the words used at the place of
noun. For example: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves.
3. Verb: Verbs are what happens in a sentence. They’re either action words or show the state
of being (is, was) of the subject of the sentence.
For example: sing, dance, believe, seem, finish, eat, drink, be, become.
4. Adjective: Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. They specify which one, how much, Or
what kind.
For example: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth.
5. Adverb: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or even other adverbs. They specify when
something happened, where, how, why, and how much.
For example: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, sometimes.
6. Preposition: Prepositions show a relationship between a noun (or a pronoun) and the
other words in a sentence. They come at the start of a prepositional phrase.
For example: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, etc.
7. Conjunction: Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. For example:
and, but, or, so, yet, with.
8. Interjection: Interjections are expressions that can stand on their own as complete
sentences. They are words that often carry emotion.
For example: ah, whoops, ouch, Wow!
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4.6 ARTICLE WRITING
Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news, items of
General interest or specific topics.
The following figure represents the format of Article writing:
Format of Article Writing

Topics of Article
By: XYZ
1. Introduction of the topic (Meaning + Present Status).

2. Causes of the topic (If it is a problem).
3. Statistics of the topic (Problem) (If Known).
4. Advantages/Disadvantages of the topic (Problem).
5. Conclusion with warning/message/advice/steps required.
4.7 PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a set of sentences grouped together. It all begins with one idea and everything
familiar that is related to the idea fits into one paragraph. These ideas should not be random
rather they are arranged into a logical chronological order that flows in one direction making it
easier to read.
4.7.1 WRITING GOOD PARAGRAPHS

Steps for Writing a Paragraph:
1. The first step is the introduction. It is an introduction about the main topic that you are writing
about in that paragraph. It should not be in detail.
2. The second step is the body of the paragraph which has the information or ideas you wish to
convey. They need to follow your introduction and make it logical in sequence.
3. The third and last step is to use your concluding sentence, or series of sentences, to finish
off this particular fragment of subject matter.
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CLASS X Self- Management Skills
Unit – 2 Self-Management Skills
INTRODUCTION
Self-management skills are those abilities that allow an employee to feel more productive while
doing daily routine tasks regardless of the working environment. Well-developed self-management
skills will help you efficiently communicate with co-workers, senior management, and customers,
make right decisions, maintain a work-life balance, and keep your body and mind healthy.
The skills that are needed for self-management:
 Self-awareness: You should be self aware of your positive and negative traits. Look at
your personality insight and work proficiencies.
 Responsibility: Taking responsibility of what we do is very important. Taking responsibility
is a way to move towards self-development.
 Time management: Make priorities of the task list we have to do. Remove unnecessary
and duplicate work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.
 Adaptability: Always stay updated with the current changes and practices and read only
new information available.
SESSION 1: STRESS MANAGEMENT
1.1 STRESS
A famous psychologist and professor Richard Lazarus explained ‘Stress’ as a condition or feeling
experienced “when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources
the individual is able to mobilize.” This means that we experience stress if we believe that we don’t
have the time, resources, or knowledge to handle a situation.
1.2 NEED FOR STRESS MANAGEMENT

Effective stress management is important for all of us as it provides the following benefits:
 Improves health
 Makes you mentally strong
 Improves productivity
 Boosts immune system
 Improves mood
1.3 STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

The techniques that are useful in handling and minimizing the physical and emotional effects of
pressures and tensions in everyday life are stress management techniques. Most common and
useful stress management techniques are as below:
 Physical exercise: Physical exercise can be a key method for bringing you out from stress.
Physical exercise not only promotes overall fitness, but also helps you to manage emotional
stress and tension as well.
 Healthy Diet and Lifestyle: To keep our body and mind stress free, healthy eating habits
and healthy diet play an extremely important role.
 Yoga: Yoga is bringing together the mind, body and spirit. The controlled breathing,
meditation, physical asanas and stretching relax us and provide relief from stress and
increase productivity.
 Meditation: Meditation is being relaxed inside and outside and clearing our mind of all
thoughts. The mind stops following every new thought it comes across.
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 Taking Breaks and Good Sleep: Taking break from your regular routine is a useful
technique of lowering stress, especially if the stress is being caused by your work or
routine.
 Positive Thinking and Outlook: Positive outlook and thinking refers to looking for the
good and opportunities in a situation, rather than the bad.
 Organising Life: For you students, one major cause of stress is your mismanaged studies.
For keeping yourself stress free, make sure that you are always organized in terms of your
belongings (books, notebooks, other material) and never delay your work and learning.
1.4 INDEPENDENT WORKING

Proper stress management helps you develop an important ability if working independently.
Important things about independent working are:
 You should take initiatives.
 You take full responsibility of the work.(Full commitment)
 You take the ownership of it, i.e., you make yourself accountable for it.
 You are ready to do unsupervised work, i.e., you do not require constant supervision.
 You are capable of completing the work within stipulated time and budget and that too as
per stated objectives and deliverables.
 You should maintain work life balance.
1.5 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the
emotions of others. It is generally said to include at least three skills:
 Emotional awareness: The ability to identify and name one’s own emotions.
 Harnessing emotions: The ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and
problem solving.
 Managing emotions: The ability to regulate one’s own emotions when necessary and help
others to do the same.
SESSION 2: SELF-AWARENESS - STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS ANALYSIS

Self-awareness is the ability to see ourselves clearly and objectively through reflection and
introspection. If we are self-aware then we can identify our strengths and weaknesses. Self-
awareness will help you in converting our weakness into strength and strength into an exceptional
talent.
2.1 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS ANALYSIS

Understanding who we are means looking outside our usual characteristics, such as your name,
qualification and interpersonal relationships. Being self-aware actually means knowing our inner
strengths, hidden talents, skills and even weaknesses.
SESSION 3: SELF- MOTIVATION

Self-motivation is the force inside you that drives you to do things. Self-motivation is what forces
us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life. It is our ability to do the things
that need to be done without someone or something influencing us.
Self motivation is our internal drive to achieve, produce, develop and keep moving forward. When
you think you are ready to quit something, or you just do not know how to start, your self-
motivation is what pushes you to go on.
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3.1 TYPES OF MOTIVATION
There are multiple reasons, which motivate people. The reasons could come from within or from
outside. So, motivation can be External or Internal.
 If an external factor, such as a reward, is responsible for motivation, it is called External or
Extrinsic Motivation. Some other factors responsible for external motivation are incentives,
promotion, punishment, criticism, failure etc.
 If an internal factor, such as having peace of mind, is responsible for motivation, it is called
Internal or Intrinsic Motivation. Some other factors responsible for internal motivation are
love, joy, belonging, fear etc.
3.2 THE TRAITS OF SELF-MOTIVATED PEOPLE

There are some traits or qualities, which the self- motivated people have. These are:
 Belief:
(i) Self Belief: Self-motivated people believe in their ability to achieve their goals.
(ii) Self-Aware: They are aware of their strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and
triggers, along with what they want and what is really important.
 Grounded and Focused:
(i) Live in Reality: They stay real and have self-belief without arrogance, ego or
excuses.
(ii) Focused: Self-motivated people never lose focus.
 Keen Learners:
(i) Ever ready to learn: They are prepared to acquire the knowledge, skill or resource(s)
necessary to achieve their goal.
 Consistent Action:
(i) Dedicated: They take action dedicatedly, every single day towards their goals.
(ii) Tiny Steps: Even if they don’t feel like it, they still take a step, no matter how tiny,
towards their goal, every single day.
3.3 BUILDING SELF–MOTIVATION

There are four steps for building self-motivation, which are as given below.
 Find your strength: We should know our positive points.
 Set and focus on your goal: We need to set our goal and focus it with concentration.
 Develop a plan to achieve goal: We need to make a road map to our goal.
 Stay loyal to your goals: We need to be dedicated towards our goal for achieving it.
SESSION 4: SELF- REGULATION – GOAL SETTING

Self-regulation is concerned with how you control and manage yourself and your emotions, inner
resources and abilities. It also includes your ability to manage your impulses.
Self-control is NOT masking or hiding your emotions but recognizing and controlling them
appropriately.
4.1 SETTING GOALS

Goal refers to an objective that you wish to achieve within some specific time. Goal-setting is the
process of planning and taking active steps to achieve the desired outcome.
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4.2 SMART GOALS
SMART is an acronym used for goal setting. To make sure that the chosen goals are clear and
reachable, they should be SMART, i.e.,
 Specific (simple and sensible)
 Measurable (meaningful)
 Achievable (attainable)
 Relevant (reasonable, realistic)
 Time bound (timely)
Let us discuss what each of the SMART term means:

 SPECIFIC: Goal should clearly specify what is to be achieved or accomplished.
To set a specific goal you must answer the six “w” questions:
 Who: Who is involved?
 What: What do I want to accomplish?
 Where: Identify a location.
 When: Establish a time frame.
 Which: Identify requirements and constraints.
 Why: Specific reasons, purpose or benefits of accomplish the goal.
Example: A general goal would be, “Get in shape”. But a specific goal would say, “Join a
gym or yoga class and workout 3 days a week.”
 Measurable: Goal should have concrete criteria for measuring progress toward the
attainment. To determine if your goal is measurable, ask questions such as….How much?
How many? How will I know when it is accomplished?
Example: “I should lose weight of 4-7kgs in 45 days”.
 Attainable: Goals should be attainable and achievable.
Example: “To lose 4-6kgs, my daily aim of losing weight is 250-300g”.
 Realistic: To be realistic, a goal must represent an objective toward which you are both
willing and able to work.
Example: “I should lose weight of 4-7kg in 45 days.”
 Timely: A goal should be grounded within a time frame.
SESSION 5: SELF- REGULATION – TIME MANAGEMENT

Producing expected results in a timely manner determines the success of our effort. Time
management is an extremely important self-management skill that makes an employee to be more
productive.
Self-regulation allows us to manage our emotions, behavior and body movement when faced with
tough situations. Self-regulation is not only controlling yourselves but also managing time so that
you can do smart work. “Time management” is the process of organizing and planning how to
divide you time between specific activities.
5.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT

Time management is important as it gives these benefits:
 It improves performance.
 It delivers better work quality.
 Timely delivery.
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 Brings more efficiency
 Reduces Stress
5.2 STEPS FOR EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT

Effective time management can be summarized in the form of following four steps:
 Organize: Planning out your time in advance is the most important element of good time
management. In this step, you divide your project in tasks, subtasks and activities and then
plan out a time for them.
 Prioritize: In this step, you need to look at this list prepared in step 1 and determine what
tasks are the most urgent and important and make those your top priority for the whole day.
 Control: This step is about controlling and monitoring how the tasks are carried out as per
the plan and priority.
 Track Time: For efficiency and enhanced productivity, it is important to monitor and track
how time is spent and this final step is about tracking time.
PRACTICE SESSION
1. _________ refers to ‘self-control’ means the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts, and
behavior effectively in different situations. (Ans. Self-Management)
2. Which of the following is one of the self-management skills?
a) Motivating Oneself
b) Setting Goals
c) Work Independently
d) All of the above
3. Asking about honest feedback, gathering personality traits, think about daily interactions are
related to which of the following skills?
a) Responsibility
b) Adaptability
c) Time management
d) Self-awareness
4. If an employer has assigned a task to an employee with a specific timeline. But due to a few
reasons, the employee couldn’t complete his work. The employee must
a) Ignore to report
b) Must report it
c) Remains absent for that day
d) Ask for additional time without a report
5. When an individual is prioritizing the work, it is considered as ___________ (Ans. Time-
management)
6. Staying with the current situation with new updated information and preparing yourself for new
challenges is called _________.
a) Responsibility
b) Adaptability
c) Time management
d) Self-awareness
7. _________ can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical, and social reaction to any
perceived demands or threats. (Ans. Stress)
8. Stress can be impacted positively also in our life. (True/False)
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9. Which of the following is the most effective technique of stress management?
a) Healthy Diet
b) Exercises and Yoga
c) Positivity
d) Time Management
10. Which of the following technique help you to become more active physically?
a) Exercises and Yoga
b) Sleep
c) Healthy Diet
d) Sleep
11. Which of the following technique provide you with the strength to do your daily work
efficiently?
a) Healthy Diet
b) Sleep
c) Holiday with family or friends
d) Completing work on time
12. Which of the following help to recharge your brain and your body to function better?
a) Healthy Diet
b) Sleep
c) Holiday with family or friends
d) Completing work on time
13. Becoming self-aware, self-monitoring, and self-correcting, knowing what you do, taking
initiative rather than being told, recognizing your own mistakes, not blaming others, and the
ability to learn continuously referred to as ____________.
a) Self Dependent
b) Ego
c) Self Controlled
d) Emotional Intelligence
14. The ability to understand and identify their own emotions and other emotions as well is known
as emotional intelligence. (True/False)
15. The ability to identify and name our emotions is called ____________
a) Emotional Awareness
b) Harnessing Emotions
c) Managing Emotions
d) All of the
16. The ability to apply emotions to tasks like thinking and problem-solving is referred to as
harnessing emotions. (True/False)
17. Managing emotions refers to the ability to regulate our own emotions when necessary and
help others to do the same. (True/False)
18. Being emotionally intelligent enhances your chances of failure and an imbalanced life.
(True/False)
19. Which of the following technique help you to keep calm?
a) Meditation and Yoga
b) Watching TV and Web Series
c) Playing mobile games
d) All of these
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CLASS X GREEN SKILLS
UNIT- V GREEN SKILLS
1.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
In our daily life we can contribute to create a Sustainable Society by following 4Rs' and 1U of
Sustainability.
These are REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE and UPCYCLE.
1. Refuse: We must first REFUSE to use products that may harm the environment. This will
help in creating sustainable environment.
2. Reduce: REDUCE comes after REFUSE. In this step, we minimize the use of the products
that may cause harm to environment.
3. Reuse: Next Step is REUSE. In reusing we can use that resources in another way and
keeps them out of the trash.
4. Recycle: Next step after REUSE is RECYCLE. After reusing the product, we must try to
recycle it, so that the leftover resource is used properly again.
5. Upcycle: UPCYCLING of products could be done manually as well as with the help of
machines, giving a new look to the old product and making it look desirable.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. To keep a check on the over exploitation of natural resources
2. To regenerate the renewable energy resources
3. To ensure safety for human beings
4. To stop environmental degradation
5. To find alternative sources of energy
6. To utilize the resources to the optimum level
1.3 DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs. It has three main pillars: economic, environmental, and social
These three pillars are informally referred to as people, planet and profits.
1. The Environmental Pillar: The Environmental pillar is one of the most important pillars among
all three. The environmental pillar refers to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms
concerning environmental issues These issues include air and water pollution, solid waste
management, ecosystem management. maintenance of biodiversity, and protection of natural
resources, wildlife and endangered species.
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CLASS X GREEN SKILLS
2. The Social Pillar: Social Sustainability is the ability of a social system, such as a country,
family, or organization, to function at a defined level of social well-being and harmony. Problems
like war, endemic poverty, widespread injustice, and low education rate are symptoms of a system
that is socially unsustainable. Social pillar involves development of the workers or weaker section
of the economy, welfare of the local communities of the society.
3. The Economic Pillar: The economic pillar of sustainability is where most businesses feel they
are on firm ground. To be sustainable, a business must be profitable. Activities that fit under the
economic pillar include proper governance and risk management. This pillar is also referred to as
the governance pillar, referring to good corporate governance.
1.4 MEASURES TAKEN FOR IMPLEMENTING SDGS IN INDIA
Many programmes were introduced by the government of India like Swachh Bharat, Make in India,
Digital India and Skill India for promoting the SDGs.
Some other measures taken by India are as follows:
1. The ministry of statistics and programme Implementation (MOSPI) has been made, which is
engaged in the process of making national indicators for the SDGs.
2. State Governments have been asked to pay keen attention on visioning, planning,
budgeting and developing monitoring system for SDGs.
3. States have been directed to implement and ensure the action, implementation and
monitoring of centrally sponsored schemes for implementing SDGs.
1.5 MEASURES TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Various measures have been taken to overcome the challenges are:
1. Organization with proper leadership to be made responsible: Government should

clearly specify an organization which should look after the implementation of SDGs.
2. Society to be included as a part and parcel of development: Societies at the state level
should be included in the proper execution of the SDGs.
3. Scope should be defined properly: A well-defined outline of the SDGs should be

introduced so that the policy approach and execution should be done in a clear manner.
4. Indicators should be clearly stated: Clear indicators should be mentioned in the policy
planning.
5. Collection of correct and huge data to be made: Progress can be monitored only when
the large data collected is correct.
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CLASS X UNIT-II AI PROJECT CYCLE
UNIT-II AI PROJECT CYCLE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Project refers to set of operations carried out with given resources within a specific schedule
to achieve defined objectives. A project cycle refers to the life cycle of any project that
describes different project stages, with each stage being separate from one another and
delivering or meeting a certain objective.
1.2 AI PROJECT CYCLE
An AI Project Cycle refers to clearly defined different stages from initiation to closure of an AI
Project to achieve defined project objectives in specified time schedule.
The Artificial Intelligence project cycle is all about how to convert a real life problem or a
challenge into a computer based AI model. The AI model works on the problem solving area
and collects the data required for solving the problem. The data collected is then arranged in
systematic order and then based on this data a Modeling technique is decided and later
evaluated for the successful implementation of the AI model. Once the successful model is
made then it is implemented in the real world.
1.3 STAGES OF AI PROJECT CYCLE
An Artificial Intelligence based project undergoes broadly five(below given) stages. The stages
of an AI Project Cycle are:
(i) Problem Scoping
(ii) Data Acquisition
(iii) Data Exploration
(iv) Modeling
(v) Evaluation
a) Problem Scoping:
In this stage, broadly the aim and scope of the project undertaken are decided.
b) Data Acquisition:
This stage is a crucial stage of AI project cycle. In this stage, the data are acquired keeping
in mind the scope and parameters of the previous stage.
Standardized forms of data are extracted from dissimilar sources of data (bulk of sources)
and produced in the most appropriate input form, most suitable form to produce the desired
form of outcome.
c) Data Exploration:
The purpose of the third stage is to explore data and its patterns so as to:
 Choose the types of models for the project that can solve the problem.
 Clean and normalize the data to standardized and correlate the data.
 Data from multiple sources is aggregated into a format suitable for the AI project’s
model.
d) Modeling:
The next phase of an AI project cycle is to model the data that will be used for the
prediction.
 The most suitable AI-model is chosen that matches the requirements of the project.
 Once the most efficient model is chosen, AI algorithm(s) is developed around it.
 During this stage only, the training data and testing data are decided.
e) Evaluation:
 In this final phase, now the developed model is actually evaluated for accuracy and
performance using new data. Then the results are evaluated to determine if the model
can be deployed or requires some improvement prior to the final deployment.
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1.4 PROBLEM SCOPING
Problem Scoping is the initial stage of the AI project cycle. It refers to the process of
identifying or framing a problem in such a way that it can be visualized in order for it to be
solved.
1.4.1 Define Problem Statement And Set Actions
Setting goals for aproject is not enough. In order to solve a problem, the problem statement
must be clearly defined. It is very important to know how this problem is affecting whom;
what is the cause and why should it be solved? For this purpose, a useful tool- 4Ws
Canvas is used.
1.4.2 4Ws Canvas
The 4Ws Canvas tool is a problem framing method that helps in describing and interpreting
a problem to arrive at a problem statement. Framing a problem is all about identifying the
right problem to solve and to understand it perfectly. The 4Ws Canvas is a useful tool that
helps us critically explore a problem from various angles and bring clarity about the problem
to be solved.
The 4Ws Canvas tool (also known as problem statement template) explores four W-
based questions – WHO, WHAT, WHERE and WHY- in the context of problem to be solved
to clearly understand various aspects of the problem.
a) Who Block
The “WHO” block helps in finding the people who are getting affected directly or
indirectly due to the problem under analysis. Under this, we need to find out who are the
‘Stakeholders’ to this problem. We also need to find what we know about these
stakeholders. Stakeholders are the people who are currently facing the problem and
later they would be benefitted with the solution as well.
b) What Block
The “WHAT” block is used for finding the kind of problem we are facing. At this stage we
need to find the nature of the problem. Under this block, we also gather various
evidence to show that the problem we have found does actually exists. Newspaper
articles, Media, announcements, etc., are some examples through which we can get the
information regarding the problem.
c) Where Block
This block will help us to look into the situation in which the problem arises or the
context of the problem and the area where the problem is prominent.
d) Why Block
In this “Why” canvas, we think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from
the solution and how would it benefit them as well as the society.
1.4.3 What are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

In 2015, a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as Global
Goals were formulated in the United Nations General Assembly and were adopted by all
the United Nation Member States including India to combat poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure peace and prosperity for all by 2030. Here are the 17 SDGs.
1) No Poverty 10)Reduced Inequalities
2) Zero Hunger 11)Sustainable Cities & Communities
3) Good Health And Well-Being 12)Responsible Consumption
4) Quality Education &Production
5) Gender Equality 13)Climate Action
6) Clean Water And Sanitation 14)Life Below Water
7) Affordable And Clean Energy 15)Life On Land
8) Decent Work & Economic Growth 16)Peace, Justice &Strong Institutions
9) Industry, Innovation And 17)Partnerships For the Goals
Infrastructure
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1.4.4 Choosing a Theme and Topic of AI Project
As your aim is to develop an AI based solution for a problem, look for problems around you
that require a novel solution. For this, firstly choose a theme and then choose a problem
from the domain of chosen theme.
You may choose a theme from one of the following:
a) Environment f) Agriculture
b) Healthcare g) Infrastructure
c) Education & E- Education h) Women Safety
d) Transport i) Wellness
e) Cyber Security
You can even choose a theme from the 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals).
We are choosing an AI Project based on Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health
and Well- Being, which emphasizes upon the goal: Ensure healthy lines and promote well-
being for all at all ages.
1.4.5 Identify The Problems Around The Selected Topic
After choosing the theme (SDG3: Good Health and Well being) and its subtopic (Face –
Mask Detection System), let us first identify the issues and problems around it so that AI
can help with it.
1.4.6 Writing Problem Statement
Let us now try to write the problem statement for our AI project of Face Mask Detection.
Problem Statement of AI project of Face Mask Detection
Government and Non – Government agenciesresponsible for public health and wellbeing
(WHO) ensure that a safe and healthy environment is made available to people. For this,
certain rules and laws are in place – one such rule by law is to wear face masks on public
places, especially during pandemic times.
But, some people violate this law and do not wear face masks (WHAT) at public
places (WHERE) or wear them wrongly (WHAT).
It is important to ensure that face masks are worn properly to ensure a safe, infection-
free public environment for people (WHY).
1.5 DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition is a process of collecting data from various sources for the purpose of
analytical operations like training and predictions.
1.5.1Significance of Data
Data plays a crucial role for an AI project to behave intelligently as the AI project is trained
using data to behave in a specific way. Data is raw facts and figures. It is the statistics
collected together for reference or analysis.
To build an AI system, you would need to source large amounts of data and create data sets
for training, testing and evaluation, and then deployment of the AI project. This process is
repeated through several rounds of training, testing and evaluation until the desired outcome
is achieved and data plays an important role at each step.
 For Training, previously existing data with specific outcomes is fed into an AI system and
the system is trained using the data.
 Then Evaluation takes place where validation data, which is new data, is fed to evaluate
the working system. Validation data provides the first test against unseen data, to evaluate
how well the AI model makes predictions/ decisionsbased on the new data.
 Then Testing happens when the AI system is fed with some data whose outcomes are
known beforehand and produced outcomes of AI system are compared with the expected
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outcomes to test if the system is working efficiently or not. Testing data once again
validates that the developed AI model can make accurate predictions/decisions.
For example, If we want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the
weather of any geographical area based on the previous weather analysis, then we would
feed the weather data of previous years into the machine. This is the data with which the
machine can be trained. Now, once it is ready, it will make the weather forecast. The
previous weather data is known as Training Data while the predicted weather data set is
known as the Testing Data.
The training data should be relevant and reliable. This is because AI systems work on a
principle called GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out).The concept of GIGO implies that the
quality of output depends upon the quality of input.
“For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic, accurate and
relevant to the problem statement scoped.”
1.5.2 Type of Data used in AI Projects
Artificial Intelligence (AI) projects are required to process the vast amounts of data produced
as a result of the increase of Internet-based technologies in areas such as stock exchanges
and financial services, industry and manufacturing, telecommunications and transport,
healthcare, academia and so forth.
Data of AI systems broadly belongs to one of the following two categories:
a) Structured Data:
Structured data is data that has a purposely designed, pre-defined structured as per
some existing data model, such as simple 2D spreadsheet arrays, complex relational
databases or knowledge graphs etc. The structured data has well-defined relationships
among its elements.
b) Unstructured Data:
Unstructured data is data that is not organized according to any pre-existing data model.
Unstructured data is unprocessed and is often generated by machine-led systems for
example, social media posts, surveillance camera footage, or satellite imagery etc. The
unstructured data can have its own internal structure, which may not fit in some well-
defined format.
1.5.3 Data Features
Both structured and unstructured data have certain data features.Data features refer to the
type of data you want to collect. For example, for an AI system analyzing social media posts,
the data features required would be social – media post, platform, time-posted etc.
1.5.4Finding Reliable Data Sources
Data can be acquired from various sources but these sources should be reliable, correct and
authentic. There are various sources from which the data can be acquired.
Some of the data acquisition sources are:
a) Surveys: Surveys is one way in which we can collect the information directly by asking
the customers. Survey can collect either quantitative or qualitative data or both. A
survey consists of a list of queries respondents can answer in just one or two words. We
can conduct surveys online, over email, over the phone or in person for collecting data.
b) Web Scrapping: Web data extraction (also known as web scraping, web harvesting,
screen scraping, etc.) is a technique for extracting huge amounts of data from websites
on the internet using a web browser. The data collected from website is arranged in an
organized format such as table, CSV file or spreadsheet.
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c) Sensors:Sensors, often called Transducers, convert real-world phenomenon like
temperature, force, and movement to voltage or current signals that can be used as
inputs.
d) Cameras:Camera is an important part of data collection in the form of images. Live data
can be acquired using the web-camera, CCTV, chat-bot interface, etc.
e) Observation:Observation means the careful and systematic viewing of facts as they
occur. Observation requires movement of the eyes and carefully listening through ears.
Observation serves the purpose of: (i) studying collective behavior and complex social
situations; (ii) following up of individual elements of the situations; (iii) understanding the
situation in their interrelation; (iv) getting the details of the situation.
f) API(Application Program Interface):Application programming interfaces are the piece
of codes which help one application to connect to another. API are used to collect data
from other application.
We should keep in mind that the data which we collect is open-source and it should not
belong to anybody. On internet the most reliable and authentic sources of information, are
the open-source websites hosted by the government. Some of the open-sourced
government portals are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in
1.5.5 Primary Data & Secondary Data
There are two terms associated based on who collects the data:
a) Primary Data is the type that you gather by yourself. It means you are actively involved
in the sourcing of information.
b) Secondary Data is all around us. It is easily accessible on the internet and requires
fewer resources to gather, unlike Primary Data. In this case, the collection of primary
data has been done by someone else before getting uploaded to the internet.
Secondary Data comes in the form of search results.
1.5.6System Maps
System Maps help us to find relationships between different elements of the problem which
we have scoped. It helps us in strategizing the solution for achieving the goal of our project.
A system map shows the components and boundaries of a system at a specific point in time.
With the help of System Maps, one can easily define a relationship amongst different
elements which come under a system. The use of ‘+’ signs and ‘-‘ signs in the loops indicate
the nature of the relationship between elements. The arrow-head depicts the direction of the
effect and the sign (+ or -) shows their relationship. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a +
sign, it means that both are directly related to each other. That is, If X increases, Y also
increases and vice versa. On the other hand, If the arrow goes from X to Y with a – sign, it
means that both the elements are inversely related to each other which means if X
increases, Y would decrease and vice-versa.
1.6DATA EXPLORATION
Data exploration is the phase after data acquisition wherein the collected data is cleaned by
removing redundant data and handling missing values and then analysed using data
visualization and statistical techniques to understand the nature of data before it can be
converted into AI models.
1.6.1Data Visualization
Data visualization refers to the process of representing data visually or graphically, by using
visual elements like charts, graphs, diagrams and maps etc.
The importance of data visualization is summarized as follows:
 Data visualization is a powerful way to represent a bulk of data in a collective visual form.
 It is a way to explore data with presentable results.
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 It becomes easier to see the trends, relationships and trends of data through data
visualization.
1.6.2Visualisation Tools
Some of the Data Visualisation Tools are:
a) Scatter Chart (Used with numeric type of data):
An XY (scatter) chart either shows the relationships among the numeric values in several
data series or plots two groups of numbers as one series of XY coordinates.
How to draw?
The scatter chart is drawn by plotting the independent variable on the horizontal axis X,
the dependent variable on the vertical axis Y and then by marking data points as per their
XY values.
b) Bubble Chart (Used with numeric type of data):
A bubble chart is primarily used to depict and show relationships between numeric
variables with marker size as additional dimension. Bigger marker means bigger value.
How to draw?
The bubble chart is drawn by plotting the independent variable on the horizontal axis (X),
the dependent variable on the vertical axis(Y) and then by marking bubbles at their XY
values. The Y values will determine the bubble size.
c) Line Graph(Used with numeric type data):
A line chart shows trends in data at equal intervals. Line charts are useful for depicting
the change in a value over a period of time.
How to draw?
The line chart is drawn by plotting the independent variable on the horizontal axis (X), the
dependent variable on the vertical axis(Y) and then by marking data points as per their
XY values. Then a line is drawn by joining the marked data points.
d) Pie Graph(Used with numeric type of data):
A pie chart shows the proportional size of items that make up a single data series to the
sum of the items.
How to draw?
The pie chart represents single data series, whole of which represents full circle (360).
Each data value is calculated as a percentage of whole and drawn as a pie of the circle.
e) Bar Graph (Used with numeric type of data):
A bar chart illustrates comparisons among individual items, mainly of number types.
How to draw?
The bar chart is drawn by plotting the independent variable on the horizontal axis(X), the
dependent variable(s) on the vertical axis (Y) and then by marking bars for their Y values.
f) Histogram (Used with numeric type of data):
A histogram is used to summarize discrete or continuous data by showing the number of
data points that fall within a specified range of values (called “bins”). Unlike a bar chart,
there are no gaps in between in a histogram.
How to draw?
Like bar chart, rectangles of varying height are used to represent the frequency of
different values of the continuous variable (Y values). There are no spaces between the
rectangles.
1.7 MODELLING
Modelling is a process in which AI-Enabled algorithms are being designed as per the
requirements of the system and later the model is implemented.
Modeling is the stage where we select the technique required for building the model using
prepared data. The model built is can be trained using various learning algorithms. To build an
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AI based project, we need to work around Artificially Intelligent models or algorithms.Training a
model is required so that it can understand the various pattern, rules and features.
1.7.1Modelling Approaches
AI Modelling refers to developing algorithms, also called models which can be trained to
getintelligent outputs. That is, writing codes to make a machine artificially intelligent.In
Modeling, there are two approaches taken by researchers while building AImodels. Now let
us understand this modeling technique.
Rule Based
Decision Tree
Approach
Classification
Supervised
Modeling Learning
Regression
Learning Based Clustering

Approach
Unsupervised
Association
Learning
Reinforcement Dimensionality
Learning Reduction
1.7.2Categories of AI Models
The AI models can either be data driven or model driven. The model driven AI models are
mainly rule based while data driven AI models are mainly learning based.
a) Rule-based Approach:
A Rule based Approach is generally based on the data and rules fed into the machine,
where the machine reacts accordingly to deliver the desired output. Rule Based Approach
refers to the AI modeling where the relationship or patterns in data are defined by the
programmer or the model developer. The machine is trained using the rules laid down by
the developer. The machine has to follows the rules or instructionsmentioned and then
performs its task accordingly.
Decision Tree is an example of a Rule based approach.
 It is a tree-structured classifier, where internal nodes represent the features of a
dataset, branches represent the decision rules and each leaf node represents the
outcome.
 In a Decision tree, there are two nodes, which are the Decision Node and Leaf
Node. Decision nodes are used to make
any decision and have multiple branches,
whereas Leaf nodes are the output of
those decisions and do not contain any
further branches.
 The decisions or the test are performed on
the basis of features of the given dataset.
 It is a graphical representation for getting
all the possible solutions to a
problem/decision based on given
conditions.
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 It is called a decision tree because, similar to a tree, it starts with the root node, which
expands on further branches and constructs a tree-like structure.
 A decision tree simply asks a question, and based on the answer (Yes/No), it further
split the tree into subtree.
We can understand decision tree with the help of the example given below:
We can draw the decision tree for those people who are interested in buying a new house
based on income. The decision of the house type whether 1BHK, 2BHK, 3BHK or 4BHK is
taken.
Drawbacks of Rule Based AI Models
Although the rule based AI models are comparatively easier to maintain and implement, they
also suffer from the following drawbacks:
(i) Lot of manual work. The rule based system requires a lot of manual work as all the
rules governing the decisions must be pre-coded and made available to the system.
(ii) Consumes a lot of time. Creating all possible rules for a system requires a lot of time.
(iii) Suitableonly for less complex domains.Complex systems would require large
number of rules.
b) Learning-based Approach:
A Learning based approach is that the machine is fed with data and the desired output is
achieved when the machine designs its own algorithm (or set of rules)to match the data to
the desired output fed into the machine. Learning based approach refers to the AI modeling
where the relationship or patterns in data are not defined by the programmer or model
developer. In this approach, random data is fed to the machine and it is left on the machine
to figure out patterns and trends out of it.
Generally this approach is followed when the data is unlabelled and too random for a
human to make sense out of it. Thus, the machine looks at the data, tries to extract similar
features out of it and clusters same data sets together. In the end as output, the machine
tells us about the trends which it observed in the training data.
Why Machine Learning (ML) fall under the category of Learning-Based AI?
Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of AI that enables machines to automatically learn and
improve at tasks with experience and by the use of data.ML based machines undergo lots
of repetitions of taking data and testing it; these then keep track of when things went wrong
or right, and keep improving their results.
The ML systems can automatically learn and improve without explicitly being programmed.
The recommendation systems on music and video streaming services are example of
ML.Machine learning finds patterns in data and uses them to make predictions.
1.7.3 Unlabelled and Labelled Data
Before we proceed to the discussion of different learning based approaches, it is important
to talk about labelled and unlabelled data first.
a) Unlabelled Data:Unlabelled data is a description for pieces of data that have not been
tagged with labels identifying characteristics, properties or classifications of data. Some
examples of unlabelled data might include photos, audio recordings, videos, news
articles, tweets, x-rays (in case of some medical application), etc. There is no
“explanation” for each piece of unlabelled data – it just contains the data, and nothing
else.
b) Labelled Data: Labelled data is a group of samples that have been marked with one or
more labels. Labelling puts meaningful tags to data so that it gives some information or
[8]
explanation about the data, e.g., if some X-ray images are labeled as “tumour” then
those X-ray images are not unlabelled any more, rather, now they belong to a category
of images that show tumors of some type.
1.7.4 Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a machine learning approach in which a machine, with the help of an
algorithm(called the model), learns from a labeled dataset and desired outputs. Using this
dataset, it learns to identify the type or class of the data given to it. Later some data is
shown to it to test if it can clearly identify the
data or not. It applies the same concept as a
student learns in the supervision of the
teacher.
For example, a labelled dataset of shapes
would contain photos of triangle tagged as
triangle, photos of square tagged as square
and so on for other shapes. When showna
new image, the model compares it to the
training examples to predict the correct label. The model gets feedback about its result as
per the desired outputs and this way, it learns to classify correctly and that is why it is
supervised learning.
1.7.4.1 Types of Supervised Learning
a) Classification: This is type of Supervised Learning. In
general, classification refers to the process of classifying
something according to its features. Similarly, in AI models,
classification algorithms are used to classify the given
dataset on the basis of rules assigned to it.
Let us understand with the help of a simple example.
Suppose you have a dataset consisting of 100 images of
pears and pomegranates. Now, you want to train a model
to recognize whether an image is of a pear or a
pomegranate. To do this, you must train the model with
discrete datasets along with their labels. After training with
a particular dataset, your model will be ready to classify the images on the basis of the
labels and predict the correct label for test data.
A classification problem is when the output variable is a category, such as “Red”
or “blue”, “disease” and “no disease”, spam or no
spam in email.
b) Regression:Regression refers to a mathematical

approach used to find the relationship between two or
more variables. Regression works with continuous data.
For example, if we want to predict the result of a student’s
final assessment, we can use marks of his/her past
assessment as training data. A regression problem is when
the output variable is real value, such as “dollars” or
“weight”.
1.7.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Supervised Learning

Let us now talk about some advantages and disadvantages of supervised learning.
Advantages
 It is computationally less complex.
 It is a highly accurate and trustworthy method.
[9]
 It is very useful in cases when a user has an exact idea about the class of projects.
Disadvantages
 Computation time is very high for supervised learning.
 Enough knowledge about the classes of subjects is a necessity, otherwise the training
of the system may go haywire.
1.7.5 Unsupervised Learning
In Unsupervised learning, as the name suggests, there is no supervision, no feedback,
nopre-known/desired outputs and not even any labelled data. Unsupervised Machine
Learning discovers patterns within an existing set of
unlabelled data, i.e., the data without having any
pre-existing labels or categories. Unsupervised
learning based AI model (the algorithm) finds the
patterns, trends and features, and clubs the data
having same patterns in one group(or cluster). For
every new input (also unlabelled), it tries to put it in a
cluster as per its pattern or characteristics and then enabling new data to be categorized
into an existing cluster.
1.7.6 Types of Unsupervised Learning

There are many areas where unsupervised learning is useful. However, the three most
common ones are: Clustering problems, Association and Dimensionality Reduction
problems.
1.7.7 Clustering
Clustering an unsupervised learning approach of AI
models, which groups unlabelled data based on their
similarities or differences. Thus, we can say that it is
because of clustering algorithms, an AI model without
even being an expert ornithologist (bird specialist),
can take a collection of bird photos and separate them
roughly by species, relying on cues like feather color,
size or beak shape.
Some examples of clustering problems/applications are:
 Pattern recognition.
 Document analysis.
1.7.8Dimensionality Reduction
Dimensionality reduction broadly means representing an object in smaller dimensions.
For example, a 3-dimensional object requires more variables to represent all its sides and
dimensions. For visualization purposes, we may
need to view it in 2-dimensional views
In other words, we may need to represent it in
lesser number of variables for visualization
purposes. Thus, dimensions reduction is required in
cases where the goal is to summarise the data in a
reduced number of dimensions, i.e., by using a
reduced number of variables.
An important aspect of dimensionality reduction is to ensure that the meaning and sense of
actual dataset is retained even while dimensions are being reduced. This is important as
when we reduce the dimensions, the information starts getting distorted.
Some examples of dimensionality reduction applications are:
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 Data visualization applications
 Video & satellite observation compression
1.7.9 Association
Association is another unsupervised learning
technique that finds important relations between
variables or features in a data set.
For example, if you pick some home decor items
such as lamps or shelves in an online shopping cart,
it will start suggesting the related items such as
furniture, rugs and even interior designing firms.
This is an example of association, where certain
features of a data sample correlate with other features. By looking at a couple key attributes
of a data point, and unsupervised learning model can predict the other attributes with which
they’re commonly associated.
Some examples of association problems/applications are:
 As Recommendation Systems, based on people’s own personality/habits.
 People that buy a new home are most likely to buy new furniture and thussuggesting
furniture items and stores
1.7.10Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based Machine learning technique in which an agent
learns to behave in an environment by performing
the actions and seeing the results of actions. For
each good action, the agent gets positive
feedback, and for each bad action, the agent gets
negative feedback or penalty.
In Reinforcement Learning, the agent learns
automatically using feedbacks without any labeled
data. Since there is no labeled data, so the agent is
bound to learn by its experience only.
Example:
The problem is as follows: We have an agent and a reward, with many hurdles in
between. The agent is supposed to find the best possible path to reach the reward.
The following problem explains the problem more easily.
The image shows the robot, diamond, and fire. The goal of the robot is to get the
reward that is the diamond and avoid the hurdles that are fired. The robot learns by
trying all the possible paths and then choosing the path which gives him the reward
with the least hurdles. Each right step will give the robot a reward and each wrong
step will subtract the reward of the robot. The total reward will be calculated when it
reaches the final reward that is the diamond.
Neural Networks
 Biological Neural Network
 In living organisms, the brain is the control unit of the neural network, and it has different
subunits that take care of vision, senses, movement, and hearing.
 The brain is connected with a dense network of nerves to the rest of the body’s sensors and
actors.
[11]
 There are approximately 10¹¹ neurons in the
brain, and these are the building blocks of the
complete central nervous system of the living
body.
 Working of Biological Neural Network
 The neuron is the fundamental building block of
neural networks.
 A neuron comprises three major parts: the
synapse, the dendrites, and the axon.
 Dendrites: It receive signals from surrounding
neurons.
 Axon: It transmits the signal as electric impulses along its length to the other neurons. Each
neuron has one axon.
 Synapse: At the ending terminal of the axon, the contact with the dendrite is made through
a synapse.
 Artificial Neural Network or Neural Network
 The term "Artificial Neural Network" is
derived from Biological neural networks that
develop the structure of a human brain.
 Similar to the human brain that has neurons
interconnected to one another, artificial neural
networks also have neurons that are
interconnected to one another in various layers
of the networks.
 These neurons are known as nodes.
 A neural network is essentially a system of organizing machine learning algorithms
to perform certain tasks.
 The key advantage of neural networks, are that they are able to extract data features
automatically without needing the input of the programmer.
 It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which the dataset is very large, such as in
images.
 Working of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
 A Neural Network is divided into multiple layers and each layer is further divided into
several blocks called nodes.
 Each node has its own task to accomplish which is then passed to the next layer.
 The first layer of a Neural Network is known as the input layer. The job of an input layer is
to acquire data and feed it to the Neural Network. No processing occurs at the input layer.
 Next to it, are the hidden layers. Hidden layers are the layers in which the whole processing
occurs. Their name essentially means that these layers are hidden and are not visible to the
user. Each node of these hidden layers has its own machine learning algorithm which it
executes on the data received from the input layer.
 The processed output is then fed to the subsequent hidden layer of the network. There can
be multiple hidden layers in a neural network system and their number depends upon the
complexity of the function for which the network has been configured.
 Also, the number of nodes in each layer can vary accordingly. The last hidden layer passes
the final processed data to the output layer which then gives it to the user as the final
output.
 Similar to the input layer, output layer too does not process the data which it acquires. It is
meant for user-interface.
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CLASS X Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1.2.1 Types of Intelligence

Page 1 Mayoor School, Ajmer

1.3 Decision Making

1.3.1 How do you make decisions?

1.4 What is Artificial Intelligence?

1.4.1 What Actually AI is?

Page 2 Mayoor School, Ajmer

1.4.2 What is not an AI?

1.5.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1.5.2 Machine Learning (ML)

1.5.3 Deep Learning (DL)

Page 3 NEED TO UNDERSTAND DIFFRENCE BETWEEN ML AND DL Mayoor School, Ajmer

1.6 Domains of Artificial Intelligence

Page 4 Mayoor School, Ajmer

Page 5 Mayoor School, Ajmer

1. AI _____ refers to an irregularity/abnormality in the result produced via an AI based

Page 6 Mayoor School, Ajmer

Page 1 Mayoor School, Ajmer

2.1.1 Sample NLP Problem-The Scenario

Customer complaints are mainly of two types:

Thus, the GOAL of our NLP based project is:

Page 2 Mayoor School, Ajmer

too has a lower accuracy.

3.1.1 Types of Chatbots

Difference between Script-bot & Smart-bot

4.1 Concepts of Natural Language Processing

4.1.2 Arrangement of Words and Meanings

4.1.3 Multiple Meanings of Words

4.1.4 Perfect Syntax but no Meaning

5.1.1 Text Normalization

a) Sentence Segmentation: Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided

My books are lying on the

My books are lying on the right side of my table.

My books are covered with brown cover.

Page 5 Mayoor School, Ajmer

Word Affixes Stem

e) Lemmatization: Stemming and lemmatization both are alternative processes to each

Word Affixes Lemma

1. A vocabulary of words for the corpus.

The bag of words algorithm follows the steps as shown below:

a) Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it.

Sentence 2: "Sheetal likes listening to music."

After text normalization, the sentence become:

Sentence 2: ['Sheetal', ‘likes’, ‘listening’,‘to’,‘music’]

Step 2:Create a Dictionary

Sheetal and mitali are friends likes

Step 3: Create Document Vector

5.1.3 TFIDF: Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency (Optional)

Page 8 Mayoor School, Ajmer

Document Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency

The Document frequency for the two sentences is given below:

IDF= Term Documents / Document Frequency

TFIDF(W) = TF (W) * log (IDF (W))

Page 9 Mayoor School, Ajmer

Total Number of documents: 5

Number of documents in which ‘and’ occurs: 5

Therefore, IDF (and) = 5/5 = 1

which means: log(1) = 0. Hence, the value of ‘and’ becomes 0.

Onthe other hand, number of documents in which ‘water’ occurs: 3