5Migration-Handouts
5Migration-Handouts
5Migration-Handouts
- The most comprehensive recent figures have • Women made up about 48% of
been provided by a study carried out by the international migrants by 1995,
United Nation Population Division, which gives outnumbering male migrants in some
estimates on migrant stock (the number of receiving countries.
foreign-born residents) in 218 countries or • Increased independence in female
territories (Zlotnik 1999)’ migration, with more women moving as
heads of households or independently
Growth of International Migration rather than as dependents.
• Public perceptions and migration
• Migrant stock rose from 75 million in regulations often lagged behind, treating
1965 to 120 million in 1990, women as dependents despite this trend.
representing about 2% of the world
population.
• By the late 1990s, migrant numbers Migration and Development
increased to an estimated 135-140
million, including 13 million refugees
recognized by the UNHCR.
• Despite the growth, international International Migration Growth
migrants are a small minority compared
to the global population, with most Over the last 50 years, international
people remaining in their countries of migration has increased significantly and
origin. evolved in unexpected ways, creating new
challenges for policymakers worldwide.
Internal vs. International Migration
Migration and Development Impact
• Internal migration is far larger; for
example, India had 200 million internal • Migration can hinder development in
migrants in 1981. origin countries by causing "brain drain"
• In the late 1980s, around 750 million to (loss of skilled personnel) and
1 billion people (about one-sixth of the transferring human capital from poorer
world's population) migrated internally. to richer countries.
• Benefits for origin countries are realized
Regional Concentration of Migrants if migrants return with enhanced skills or
if remittances outweigh costs of
• 90% of the world’s migrants live in just upbringing.
55 countries.
• 1990 stats show that 4.6% of the Labor-Exporting vs. Labor-Importing
developed world's population were Countries
migrants, compared to 1.6% in
developing countries. • Labor-importing countries aim for a
• Highest immigrant shares by region flexible, low-cost workforce, while labor-
(1990): Oceania (17.8%), North America exporting countries seek to generate
(8.6%), Western Europe (6.1%). jobs and maximize remittance inflows.
• Some governments, particularly in Asia,
Migration Patterns have established agencies (e.g.,
Bangladesh’s BMET, India’s Office of
• Migration flows from less-developed to the Protector of Emigrants) to manage
developed countries increased in the labor emigration.
1980s-1990s. • Despite regulation attempts, irregular
• Labor migration from the least migration remains high, leading to
developed countries to newly exploitation and human trafficking
industrialized countries (NICs), issues.
especially in East Asia.
Remittances
Impact on Local Areas
• Remittances are crucial, with global
• Migration can cause local labor figures rising from $2 billion in 1970 to
shortages in sending areas and affect $70 billion in 1995, providing substantial
family and community life. financial support for many emigration
• Immigrants in destination countries often countries.
concentrate in urban and industrial • Proper channels, low fees, and special
areas, forming distinct neighborhoods investment schemes are needed to
and communities. harness remittances for productive use.
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Ethnic Homogeneity