HUMAN REPRODUCTION

HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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GERM CELLS:
▪Male gametes are called sperms. Sperms have tail and are motile. They are produced in large
numbers in testes.
▪Female gametes are called ova. Ovum is bigger, non-motile and only one ovary produces one
ovum/egg in a month.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

1. Pair of testes
2. Associated ducts
◦ Vas deferens or the sperm duct
◦ Urethra
3. Associated glands
◦ Seminal vesicles
◦ Prostrate gland
4. Copulatory organ called penis.
SPERM: The male gamete

▪The sperms are tiny bodies that consist of genetic material in their head, a neck, a middle piece
and a long tail that helps them to move towards the female germ-cell.
▪The middle piece contains abundant mitochondria.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

➢ A pair of ovaries
➢ A pair of fallopian tubes or oviducts
➢ A uterus/womb
➢ Cervix and vagina/birth canal.
➢ At the time of birth each girl child already contains thousands of immature ova in the ovary.
These ova start maturing only from the time of puberty.
➢ The release of an ovum from the ovary is known as ovulation.
➢ The sperms travel upwards and reach the fallopian tube where, one sperm fuses with the
ovum (if present) to form the zygote.
➢ FERTILIZATION: The process of fusion of male and female gamete to form zygote is called
fertilization. It occurs in the fallopian tube.
POST FERTILIZATION: PREGNANCY
➢IMPLANTATION: The fertilised egg, embryo gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts
dividing.
➢The uterus prepares itself every month to receive and nurture the growing embryo.
➢The endometrial lining thickens and is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
PLACENTA: ROLE IN PREGNANCY

➢The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue
called placenta.
➢It is embedded in the uterine wall, richly supplied with blood vessels and have villi for absorption.
➢This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to
the embryo.
➢The developing embryo also generates waste substances which are removed through the
placenta.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
❖SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASES:

➢Bacteria- gonorrhoea and syphilis
➢Virus- AIDS (HIV-Human Immuno Virus)
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: Used to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

Types of contraceptives:
A. Mechanical barrier method: Condoms (Male and Female)
B. Intra-uterine devices: These are made of copper and prevent implantation in uterus.
Example: Copper T
C. Physiological or Hormonal: Oral pills: act such that eggs are not released and fertilisation
cannot occur. They can cause side effects too.
D. Surgical: These include:
a) Vasectomy in males: vas deferens is blocked to prevent transport of sperms.
b) Tubectomy in females: fallopian tube is blocked to prevent transport of egg.
Gender Determination:
• Humans have 23 pair of chromosomes out of which 22 pair are autosomes and 1 pair is sex
chromosome which is responsible for determining the gender of a child.
• Male gametes are heterogametic and have 22+X and 22+Y type of chromosome in sperms.
• Females are homogametic and have only 22+X type of chromosomes in ova.
Question/Answers:
1. List the reason for the appearance of variation in the progeny during sexual
reproduction.
Ans: The two major reasons for the appearance of variation among the progeny formed by sexual
reproduction are-
a) The progeny formed due to sexual reproduction has characteristics from the mother as well as
the father. Hence because of this the characteristics differ and result in variation.
b) Mutations, Crossing-over and recombination of chromosomes during cell division in sexual
reproduction is another reason of variations.
2. Write the difference between Gamete and Zygote.

Ans:
GAMETE ZYGOTE
These sre germ cells that take part in It is the product after fertilization.
fertilization.
Gametes are haploid having n number of Zygote is diploid having 2n number of
chromosomes (23 chromosomes in chromosomes (46 chromosomes in
humans). humans).
It has characteristics of one parent only. It has characteristics of both the parents.
It is of two types- male and female gamete. It is only of one type.
3. State one drawback of each of the following-

(a) Contraceptive pills (b) Copper-T
Ans: (a) Oral contraceptive pills: It may disturb normal ovulatory menstrual cycles.
(b) Copper-T: It cannot prevent sexually-transmitted diseases.
4. Identity 1-5 and explain their functions.
Ans: 1-Oviducts: Connects uterus to the ovary and act as the site of fertlization.
2-Ovaries: Secrete two female sex hormones called oestrogen and progesterone which
control the development of female reproductive organs, ovulation and
menstruation.
3- Uterus: Nourishes the developing foetus prior to birth.
4- Cervix: Opening of uterus which allows fluids to pass from the uterus to vagina.
5- Vagina is a tubular structure and is also called birth canal because it is through this
passage that the baby is born after the completion of development inside the uterus.
5. What is sex selective abortion? How does it impact the society?

Ans: Sex-Selective abortion is a procedure that is done for female foeticide.
It adversely affects the male-female sex ratio of a society.
● ➢For a healthy society, the female: male sex ratio must be maintained at 1:1
● ➢It has led to the decline in female birth rate.
● ➢Reckless female foeticide has resulted in an alarming decrease in the child sex ratio.
● ➢Prenatal sex determination has been prohibited by law.
6. What changes occur in uterus in case fertilisation -

(a) does not occur? (b) does occur?
Ans:
(a) ➢If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about 1-2 days.
➢The uterus prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg. Thus, its lining becomes
thick and spongy.
➢So, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous.
➢This cycle takes place roughly every month (28 days) and is known as menstruation.
(b) In case the ovum gets fertilized, then the endometrium becomes thick and spongy for
nourishing the embryo and hence menstruation does not occur and pregnancy continues.
7. What is mensuration?
➢It is the loss of blood, mucous discharged out from the female body due to the rupturing of
endometrium wall of the uterus, if fertilization do not occurs.
➢It is a 28-day cycle which occurs in every reproductively active female (from puberty). The flow
of blood continues for 2 to 5 days.
8. What does HIV stand for? Is AIDS infectious disease? List any four methods for the
Spread of this disease.
Ans: HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Yes, AIDS is an infectious disease.
Four modes of spreading AIDS are as follows:
I. Sexual contact with an infected person.
II. Transfusion of blood from an infected person.
III. Through infected needles used for injection.
IV. Through the placenta from the mother to child during pregnancy.
9. What do you mean by the terms Menarche and Menopause.

Ans: The beginning of menstruation at puberty due to start of sex hormones is known as
menarche. The end of menstruation when the woman is 45-55 years of age is
called menopause.
10. State various functions of sperm.

Ans: ➢Serves as a medium for transport of sperms.
➢Helps in nourishment + activation of sperms
➢Neutralises the acidity of urine
➢Facilitates sexual act by lubrication.
11. Why testes in Scrotum are extra abdominal in position as it lies outside the abdominal
cavity?
Ans: This is so because the testes have to be maintained at 1-3 degree lesser temperature than
the body in order to produce functional sperms.
12. What is semen?

Ans: ➢Secretions of accessory glands + sperms = Semen
➢The pH of semen is 7.2 to 7.7 approx (average 7.5 i.e basic)
➢The amount of semen per ejaculate is 2.5-5 ml with sperm count of 200-300 million
sperms in it.
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

SPERM: The male gamete

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

PLACENTA: ROLE IN PREGNANCY

❖SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASES:

CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: Used to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

2. Write the difference between Gamete and Zygote.

It is of two types- male and female gamete. It is only of one type.

3. State one drawback of each of the following-

5. What is sex selective abortion? How does it impact the society?

6. What changes occur in uterus in case fertilisation -

9. What do you mean by the terms Menarche and Menopause.

10. State various functions of sperm.

12. What is semen?

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