A Mini Project Report

On

COMPUTATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF & RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Submitted to

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

PAWAN KUMAR

(2104220000037)

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

1
 DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the mini project report
entitled “COMPUTATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND RAIN WATER
HARVESTING” by “PAWAN KUMAR” in partial fulfilment of requirements
for the award of degree “B.Tech(Civil Engineering)” Submitted in the
department of “Civil Engineering” at “Bansal Institute of Engineering &
Technology” under “Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University”, Lucknow
is an authentic record of my own work.

By
PAWAN KUMAR
Roll-No. (2104220000037)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Asst Prof. Mr. Shakti Kumar
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bansal institute of engineering and technology Lucknow
(UP)India for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Md. Wasiq, HOD in Department of Civil Engineering,
BIET, Lucknow, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision
throughout the course of present work.

PAWAN KUMAR
(2104220000037)

iii
 ABSTRACT
The increasing demand for water resources due to urbanization and climate change has
necessitated effective management strategies for surface runoff and rainwater harvesting.
This study focuses on the computation of surface runoff using hydrological models,
evaluating factors such as rainfall intensity, land use, and soil characteristics. Additionally,
we explore the design and implementation of rainwater harvesting systems, assessing their
efficiency in capturing and utilizing runoff. By employing simulation tools and field
measurements, we quantify the potential water savings and highlight the environmental
benefits of integrating these systems into urban planning. The findings demonstrate that
optimized rainwater harvesting can significantly mitigate flooding, enhance groundwater
recharge, and provide a sustainable water supply. This research underscores the importance
of adaptive water management practices in promoting resilience to hydrological extremes.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1- Introduction

1.1 General.........................................................................................................................07

1.2 Objective......................................................................................................................07

1.3 Uses Of Harvested Rainwater......................................................................................08

1.4 Outdoor Uses................................................................................................................08

1.5 Scope............................................................................................................................08

Chapter 2- Literature Review..............................................................................................09

Chapter 3- Methodology

3.1 Methods Of Rainwater Harvesting....................................................................................11

3.2 Component Of Rooftop Runoff..........................................................................................12

3.3 Why Do We Harvest Rainwater.........................................................................................18

3.4 Need Of Rainwater Harvesting..........................................................................................18

3.5 Advantage Of Rainwater Harvesting.................................................................................18

3.6 Disadvantage Of Rainwater Harvesting.............................................................................18

3.7 Quality................................................................................................................................19

3.8 Cultural Acceptability........................................................................................................19

3.9 Study Area And Data Collection........................................................................................20

Chapter-4 Result And Discussion.........................................………………………………24

Chapter-5

Conclusion...............................................................................................................................26

References..............................................................................................................................27

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1.1.............................................................................................................................12

Figure 3.1.1.1..........................................................................................................................12

Figure 3.1.1.2..........................................................................................................................12

Figure 3.1.1.6..........................................................................................................................13

Figure 3.1.2.............................................................................................................................15

Figure 3.2................................................................................................................................15

Figure 3.2.1.............................................................................................................................16

Figure 3.2.2.............................................................................................................................17

Figure 3.2.3.............................................................................................................................17

Figure 3.9.1.............................................................................................................................20

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 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly pressing issue worldwide, exacerbated by rapid
urbanization, population growth, and climate change. As cities expand, the impervious
surfaces created by roads, buildings, and other infrastructure significantly alter natural
hydrological processes. This leads to increased surface runoff, which can cause flooding,
erosion, and water quality degradation. At the same time, the potential for utilizing this runoff
as a resource remains largely untapped.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) presents a viable solution to address both water scarcity and
surface runoff challenges. By capturing and storing rainwater, communities can supplement
their water supply, reduce reliance on conventional sources, and mitigate the impacts of urban
runoff. The effectiveness of RWH systems depends on various factors, including local
climate, rainfall patterns, and the design of the system itself.

This study aims to compute surface runoff using established hydrological models,
considering variables such as rainfall intensity, land use, and soil type. We will also analyze
the design and implementation of RWH systems, evaluating their capacity to effectively
capture and utilize rainwater. Through simulations and field data collection, we will assess
the potential benefits of these systems in urban environments.

With rainwater harvesting structures specifically designed for small buildings and markets
which covers most of the area of individual sectors, the additional pressure on the wells for
water pumping can be limited and various areas can be developed where the rainwater can
recharge those wells, the parks or the green areas can also be helpful in recharging with right
plant choice. This will also help in finding adequate zone for water harvesting catchment and
storage.

1.2 Objectives:
The main objective of rainwater harvesting are
i. To meet the increasing demands of water
ii. To supplement groundwater supplies during lean season
iii. To raise the water table by recharging groundwater
iv. Reducing groundwater contamination

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1.3 Use of Harvested Rainwater:

Harvested rainwater can be used in almost every way water from a well or other supply can
be used. If the water is to be used for drinking (potable), food preparation, or other direct
human consumption, it needs to be filtered to improve the flavour and remove pathogens,
grit, and other particles. At the very least, it should be boiled at a rolling boil for at least one
minute to kill disease-causing organisms.

1.4 Outdoor Uses:

• Gardens and landscaping
• Swimming pools
• Livestock water
• Household chores like car or dog washing
• Water features like bird baths or fountains
• Fire suppression or emergency water

1.5 Scope :
 Proper management of runoff (e.g., using retention ponds or permeable surfaces) can
help reduce environmental damage and harness water for agricultural, industrial, or
municipal use.
 In urban areas, it helps mitigate flooding and recharge groundwater aquifers.

 It involves collecting and storing rainwater for later use, reducing dependency on
groundwater or external water supplies.
 It's particularly useful in arid or semi-arid regions, as it offers a sustainable, low-cost
alternative.
 The harvested water can be used for irrigation, household consumption, and industrial
purposes, promoting water conservation and reducing infrastructure strain.

8
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Helmreich & Horn (2008) gave general model of the RWH in semi-arid region n of sub-
Saharan Africa where discrete water flow components are used for the rainfall partitioning.
The soil evaporation accounts for 30 50% of the losses and 10 to 25% is surface runoff
whereas the surface runoff is subsequently increased when the surface is hard and paved. It
was then combined with the statistical data depicting the demand satisfied with the tank size
and was found that the graph tends to get linear with the increase in the size of the tank.
Shrivastava et al (2019) purposed design of the rooftop harvesting system in a seacoast high
rainfall zone of south Gujarat, due to nearness to the sea the area suffers ingress water supply
and overexploitation of the groundwater. The study is a four-year extensive and the water
studied is stored for more than 2 years for physical chemical and micro bacterial quality
assurance. The roof water was collected from 6 rooftops of the campus measuring around
3085m2 in total. In the first year of study, it was concluded that the water’s physically had
peculiar rotten smell and black residue carbon from atmosphere. The chemical quality of
harvested water using RBD methods showed that the quality of water in terms of TDS is far
better than ground water i.e., 1440tds. The micro bacterial quality of the water in terms of
MPN of faecal coliform/100ml was observed to be less than municipal water supply however
it increased with the first year of storage and then decreased extensively due to enclosed
conditions of the tanks. The efficiency of different bacterial removal methods was also studied with
an achievement where E. coli bacteria was not found out in any treatment.
Mishra & Tembhurkar (2018) discussed the application of filters such as sand and foam filter in
combination for rooftop RWHS in buildings such that the water shortage and scarcity can be
minimized with sustainable approach in storing and collection of water for the needs of future. The
area selected was a girl’s hostel building in VNIT Nagpur campus covering 4980m2. The per capita
consumption of water in a day was calculated in litre/day for all activities washing, cleaning, and
flushing. According to the experiments, it was found that the dual media filter combination is
acceptable for treating rainwater with addition of little disinfectant like chlorine during its utilization.
From experiments it was found that in this dual media filter single layer of foam works better than
double layers.
Rahman et al (2010) examined the sustainability of rainwater collection by harvesting in
multi storey apartments taking a hypothetical approach to create various scenarios related to
site area and floor arrangement. The water demand was assumed that it would be only used
9
for flushing laundry and irrigation. The life cycle costing was developed assuming
material cost,

10
maintenance, and operation cost. The operation cost was estimated following pump running
time and pump operating cost. It was possible to achieve “payback” under most favourable
financial condition and the benefit to cost ratio is smaller with the BASIX approach than non-
BASIX approach.
Goel & Kumar (2004) proposed a generalization to find the best suitable economic analysis
of watershed in rainwater harvesting. The purpose was to increase the agricultural
productivity and minimize soil erosion I the mountainous region of India. With an estimated
life of water retaining structures of different sizes ageing 25 to 40 years, the ratios were found
out to be 0.41 to 1.33. The PVANR i.e., valuation of construction and maintenance for
present value was
$215/ ha. Made based on sizes and the value decreased with the increase in the size of the
structure. It was projected that the overall expenditure projected was around 15.15-2.20 m
US$ and the net income from the proposed catchment plan would be around 1.18-3.86 m.
hence it underlined that projected cost will be recovered in 13.17 years if the minimum life
span of structure is 25 years.

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 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY 3.1

METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

There are two methods of rainwater harvesting.

1. Surface Runoff Harvesting.

2. Roof Top Harvesting.

3.1.1 : Surface Runoff Harvesting.

It Surface runoff harvesting refers to the process of collecting and storing the excess water
that flows over the land surface after rainfall or snowmelt, which would otherwise be lost as
surface runoff. This collected water can be used for various purposes such as irrigation,
domestic use, or even recharging groundwater levels.

Key Features of Surface Runoff Harvesting:

1. Collection: Water is collected from rooftops, paved surfaces, or open fields that
contribute to surface runoff.

2. Storage: The water is stored in tanks, ponds, or reservoirs.

3. Usage: The stored water can be used for agricultural, domestic, or industrial purposes.

(fig.3.1.1:Surface Runoff Harvesting)

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3.1.2 Components of Surface Runoff Rainwater Harvesting.
Surface runoff rainwater harvesting involves several key components that work together to
capture, store, and utilize rainwater that would otherwise flow away as runoff. The main
components of this system are:

1. Catchment Area:
This is the surface (such as a roof, paved area, or sloped land) where rainwater collects and
flows off as surface runoff. the design and material of the catchment area influence the
quality and quantity of water that can be harvested.

(fig.3.1.1.1:Surface Runoff Harvesting)

2. Gutter/Collection System:
Gutter systems or channels are installed along the edges of the catchment area (typically
along the roof) to collect the runoff water. These gutters direct the water into the next
component of the system.

(fig.3.1.1.2:Surface Runoff Harvesting)

3. First Flush Diverter:

This component is used to divert the first flow of water from the surface runoff, which

13
 may carry contaminants like dust, debris, or other impurities. The first flush is usually not
collected, as it is typically of poor quality. After this initial runoff,Cleaner water is directed
into storage.

4. Conduits/Downspouts:
These are pipes or channels that transport the water from the gutters to the storage system.
They guide the collected water from the catchment area to the storage tank or reservoir.

5. Storage System (Tank/Pond/Reservoir):

The water collected through the gutters and conduits is stored in a tank, pond, or reservoir.
The capacity of the storage system depends on the expected rainfall and the intended use of
the
water. These storage units can be above ground or underground and need to be sealed to
prevent contamination.

6. Filtration System:
Before the water is stored or used, it is often filtered to remove smaller particles, dirt, and
debris. Filtration systems like mesh filters, sand filters, or charcoal filters ensure that the
water remains clean and safe for use.

(fig.3.1.1.6:Surface Runoff Harvesting)

7. Distribution System:
Once the water is stored, it is distributed for use. The distribution system includes pipes,
pumps, or gravity-fed systems that direct the water to various points of use, such as for
irrigation, domestic consumption, or groundwater recharge.

14
8. Overflow System:
In the event of heavy rainfall or if the storage system is full, an overflow system ensures that
excess water is safely diverted away from the storage area to prevent flooding. This can
involve directing the excess water to a stormwater drain or to a recharge pit for groundwater
replenishment.

9. Recharge Pit (Optional):

In some systems, surface runoff water is directed to a recharge pit or well to recharge the
groundwater table. This is particularly useful in areas with low rainfall or limited
groundwater resources.

3.1.2: Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting.

Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Method can be adopted at individual homes or schools where
the rainwater is captured from the roof catchments of domestic houses or commercial
buildings, diverts, and stored in tanks.

Harvested rainwater can either be stored in a tank or diverted to an artificial recharge system
to meet daily needs such as flushing toilets, washing machines, washing vehicles, gardening,
showers, sinks, and baths.

This system can be installed in the following places.

1. Residential Homes or Villas

2. Schools, Colleges, and other Educational Institutions
3. Apartments/Flats, Multi-Storey Buildings
4. Government Buildings
5. Industries, Factories, Mills
6. IT Parks, Hotels, Restaurants, Resorts
7. Swimming Pools, Stadium

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 (fig.3.1.2.:Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting)

3.2 Components of Rooftop Runoff.

Roof top runoff refers to the water that flows off a building's roof after precipitation (rain or
snowmelt). This runoff is an important aspect of stormwater management, as it can contribute
to flooding, water pollution, and erosion if not managed properly. The components of roof top
runoff typically include:

[Figure 3.2: component of rainwater harvesting system]

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a) Catchment area
b) Conveyance
c) Storage faciality
d) Filtration system

The design and installation of RWH system include following.

a) Catchment Area: The surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water
to the system is called catchment area. It can be a paved area like a terrace or
courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground.

[Figure3.2.1 catchment area]

b) Conveyance: Conveyance, in a rainwater harvesting system (RWH), carries the rain

from the roof to the storage tank. A conveyance system usually consists of gutters or
pipes that deliver rainwater falling on the rooftop to cisterns or other storage vessels.

[Figure3.2.2 conveyance system]

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c) Filtration: The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected
over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse
sand, and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the
storage tank or recharge’s structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration.

[Figure 3.2.3 Filtration System]

d) Storage Faciality: There are different options available for the construction of these
tanks in terms of form, height, construction material and tank location and they are: –
Shape: Cylindrical, Square and Rectangular.
Material of construction: Reinforced cement concrete, (RCC), ferrocement,
masonry, plastic (polyethylene) or metal (galvanised iron) sheets are commonly used.
Position of tank: Depending on space availability these tanks could be constructed
above ground, partly underground or fully underground. Some maintenance measures
like cleaning and disinfection are required to ensure the quality of water stored in the
container.

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3.3 Why Do We Harvest Rainwater?
The rainwater harvesting system is one of the best methods practised and followed to support
the conservation of water. Today, scarcity of good quality water has become a significant
cause of concern. However, rainwater, which is pure and of good quality, can be used for
irrigation, washing, cleaning, bathing, cooking and for other livestock requirements.

3.4 Need of Rainwater Harvesting:

• It reduces soil erosion, stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution
of surfacewater with fertilizers, pesticides, metals, and other
sediments.
• It is an excellent source of water for landscape irrigation with no
chemicals, dissolved salts and free from all minerals.

3.5 Advantage of Rainwater Harvesting:

The benefits of the rainwater harvesting system are listed below:

• Less cost.
• Helps in reducing the water bill.
• Decreases the demand for water.
• Reduces the need for imported water.
• Promotes both water and energy conservation.
• Does not require a filtration system for landscape irrigation.
• This technology is relatively simple, easy to install and operate.
• It reduces soil erosion, stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution of surface water
with fertilizers, pesticides, metals, and other sediments.

• It is an excellent source of water for landscape irrigation with no chemicals,

dissolved salts and free from all minerals.

3.6 Disadvantage of Rainwater Harvesting:

In addition to the great advantages, the rainwater harvesting system has a few disadvantages
like unpredictable rainfall, unavailability of the proper storage system, etc.

Listed below are a few more disadvantages of the rainwater harvesting process.
• Regular maintenance is required.
• Requires some technical skills for installation.

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• Limited and no rainfall can limit the supply of rainwater.

20
 • If not installed correctly, it may attract mosquitoes and other waterborne diseases.
• One of the significant drawbacks of the rainwater harvesting system is storage limits.

3.7 Quality:
The convergence of impurities is decreased fundamentally by redirecting the underlying
progression of spillover water to waste.[1] Further developed water quality can likewise be
gotten by utilizing a drifting drawoff system (as opposed to from the foundation of the tank)
and by utilizing a progression of tanks, with draw from the rearward in series. The put away
water might should be dissected appropriately before use in a manner fitting to guarantee its
protected utilize The nature of gathered water is by and large better compared to that of
surface water. Defilement is consistently conceivable via airborne residue and fogs, bird
faces, and other garbage, so some treatment might be important, contingent upon how the
water will be utilized

3.8 Cultural Acceptability:

In Asia, rainwater collection is a widely used technology for freshwater augmentation.
Rainwater collected from rooftop catchment systems that are regularly maintained and have
storage tanks with adequate covers and taps is generally appropriate for drinking and
oftenfulfills WHO drinking water requirements, even though the bacteriological quality of
rainwater collected from ground catchments is poor. However, compared to the majority of
traditional and many upgraded water sources in the developing countries, such water is
typically of higher quality. Contrary to common opinion, rainwater quality frequently
increases as bacteria and pathogens gradually die off, rather than becoming stale with
prolonged storage (Wirojanagud et al., 1989). As long as the rooftop is clean, impermeable,
constructed of non- toxic materials (lead paints and asbestos roofing materials should be
avoided), and situated away from overhanging trees because animals and birds may urinate
on the roof, rooftop catchment and rainwater storage tanks can supply high-quality, drinkable
water.

3.9 Study Area And Data collection:

As discussed earlier in the section of introduction- importance of rainwater Harvesting, we

clearly came to know the all the advantages which we can draw out by implementing this
small but highly efficient technique in the campus. Thus, to increase the potential, benefits

21
of this system and draw Maximum advantages from it, we need to have large surface areas

22
 which Will be going to act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be the

surface runoff, and thus more will be the amount of harvested water.

3.9.1 Rainfall Data Collection:

Normal or average rainfall is the amount of precipitation that we except per year (in a given
area). It is obtained and set by calculating the average (mean) of precipitation recorded in an
area during many years ( at least 30 Years). Annual rainfall or precipitation is the sum of
daily rainfall in a year.

[Fig.3.9.1 Intensity of rainfall ]

3.9.2 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS:

On the basis of experimental evidence ,Mr. H. Darcy, a French scientist enunciated in 1865,a
law governing the rate of flow (i.e., the discharge) through the soils . According to him ,this
discharge was directly proportional to head loss (h) and the area of cross section (A) of the
soil, and inversely proportional to the ;length of soil sample (L) ,In other words,

Q = C.I.A

Similarly, based on the above principle, water harvesting potential of the catchment area was
calculated.

The total amount of water that is received from rainfall over an area is called the rainwater
legacy of that area. And the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water
harvesting potential. The formula for calculation for harvesting potential or volume of water
received or runoff produced or harvesting capacity is given as:-

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VOLUME OF WATER RECEIVED = CATCHMENT AREA * RAINFALL * RUNOFF
COFF.

Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface
to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses due to
spillage, leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all
contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.0. In
present problem statement, runoff coefficient is equal to 1 as the surface runoff area is totally
impervious.

Method of storage of rainwater Harvested in Tank:-

Finally, we need to store the water which is obtained from the surface runoff areas of the
different buildings. The volume of tank which stores the harvested water will be directly
proportional to the total volume of water harvested.

There are two methods:-

1) Rational Method

2) Rapid Depletion Method

Rational Method

The Rational Method is a widely used approach for estimating peak surface runoff from a
small urban or rural catchment area. This method is generally used for designing stormwater
drainage systems, flood control, and estimating the runoff in urban areas with limited
information.

Key Formula

The Rational Method calculates the peak flow (Q) of runoff using the formula:

Q=C⋅I⋅A

Where:

 Q = Peak runoff (flow) in cubic feet per second (cfs) or cubic meters per second (cms)

 C = Runoff coefficient (dimensionless)

24
  I = Rainfall intensity (inches per hour or mm per hour) corresponding to the duration of
the design storm (typically 5, 10, or 15 minutes)

 A = Catchment area (in acres or square kilometers)

Rapid Depletion Method

The Rapid Depletion Method is a method used to estimate the runoff from a catchment during
or after a rainfall event, especially when dealing with urban stormwater management. It is a
simplified method often employed for small drainage areas and is based on the assumption that
runoff occurs rapidly due to the fast infiltration and storage characteristics of the catchment.

The total volume of runoff is calculated by considering the rainfall depth, the catchment
area, and the runoff coefficient (similar to the Rational Method). The formula often used in
the Rapid Depletion Method is:

Q(t)=(R−S)⋅(1/T)⋅e−t/T

Where:

 Q(t) = Runoff at time ttt

 R = Total rainfall depth

 S = Initial loss due to infiltration and storage

 T = A constant related to the catchment's characteristics (e.g., slope, imperviousness)

 t = Time elapsed since the start of the storm

 e = Base of natural logarithm

GIS ANALYSIS: -

A geographic information system (GIS) is computer software that allows our young students,
researchers and investigators to manage and manipulate interactions between data and
geographic locations. GIS technology has the sophistication to go beyond mapping as simply a
data management tool. GIS can integrate georeferenced imagery as data layers or themes and
link them to other data sets to produce geospatial representations of data. These geographical
pictures not only depict geographic boundaries but also offer special insight to students and
researchers across disciplines such as health, economics, agriculture, and transportation.

25
26
 CHAPTER-4

OPTIMISTIC DETERMINATION AND DESIGN TANK

Estimation of Surface Runoff Rainwater Harvesting Potential, Water

demond of the study area

Surface water Runoff rainwater harvesting Potential in the study area has estimated by using
Formula (1999): S = R*A*C
Where,
S = Potential of Surface water rainwater harvesting (In cum.)
R = Average annual rain falls in m.
A = Surface area in Sq. m
C = Coefficient of
Runoff Required Data
Surface Area=260.465 m2
Length of Surface Area=21.341 m
Breadth=12.195 m
Avg. Annual rainfall = 1180mm (From India Meteorological
Department) Runoff Coefficient for Ground surface = 0.9 Approx(From
IS Code) Daily Requirement of water = 20litres /day
Number of Member in family = 5
Annual water harvesting potential = Surface Area(m2)*Annual avg. Rainfall (m)*runoff
coefficient
=260.465*1.180*0.9
=276.613 m3
=276613 litres
The tank capacity has to be designed for per year when the avg. water used per person is 20
litre per day and the household has five family members.
Water demand = 20liters*5member*365days
=36500litres
As factor of safety, the tank size should be increased by 20%
Quantity of water to be stored in the tank = 1.2*36500
=43800 Litres
= 43.80 m3
Now as per our needs we have to design rectangular tank
Now assumed height of water tank = say 4m
Now find the area of water tank = 43.80/4 = 10.95 sq.m
Now we have to find out the length and width of the water tank
So take under root on the water tank area
Sqrt.10.95 = 3.31
So now dimension of the water tank So now dimension of the water tank
Height of water tank = 4m
Length of water tank = 3.31m
Width of water tank = 3.31m
The above water tank design of water is for 1 year it mean this water tank works for one year
for 5 member family.

27
 CHAPTER- 5

CONCLUSION
In this study, analysis is made to estimate the potential of surface water runoff rainwater
harvesting to meet the general demands of water in the study area. To achieve the objectives
of the study the applications of Google Earth Pro was used for digitizing the available Surface
area in the institution. Surface water runoff rainwater harvesting Potential in the study area
has estimated by using Gould and Nissen (1999) Formula. The results showed that the
volume of water can be harvested from Surface Area are observed as 276613liters to the total
annual water demand 43800liters.

Hence the total water demand is completely satisfied considering 20lpcd to meet the daily
requirement of the water demand for a household with a 5 members in a family. Thus, the
mentioned work concludes emphasizing that Surface water runoff Rainwater harvesting
system is the suitable alternative available to meet the increasing water problems, in the study
area. Rainwater Harvesting contributes to reduce the pressure on groundwater therefore; it
should be promoted to the maximum possible extent. Planning Surface Water Runoff Rain
water Harvesting is a very cost effective solution for educational institutions as its buildings
will have huge surface area and the amount of water which can be stored will give a
promising solution to the water demand.

28
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