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Preliminary (Take Note)

1) Practical classes will be conducted based on Two (2) students per group.

2) Each group will need one Student ID card to exchange a red / blue tool box with a
specified box number, please remember the same box number tol be used until the end
of the course.
* Strictly NOT ALLOW to exchange the box number and items inside without the
permission of the practical instructor / lecturer / lab assistant.

3) Examine the box items with the provided list of items, every time before the practical
class.
- Pro’sKit MT-1210 Multimeter with black & red probes x 1
- Pro’sKit SD-9857M (Screwdriver sets) x 1
- Pro’sKit CP-302G Plyer x1
- Raspberry Pi (Board and Casing) x 1
- Raspberry Pi Power Adapter x 1
- Micro HDMI to VGA converter x 1
- Breadboard(s) MB102 x 2
- NodeMCU ESP32 x 1
- USB Micro to USB Type A x1
- * Components Pack
- Connector cables (Male-Female / Male-Male / Female-Female)
- Push button switch, Buzzer, Relay 5V, LEDs,
- Resistor 1K𝛺, 10k𝛺, 560𝛺
- Transistor 2N3904
- * Grove Base Kit Board
- * Grove Base Kit Board sensor set (Practical 5 onwards)

* Not mandatory, subject to availability

All students are required to answer all the Practical Questions correctly, by referring to
the Coursework Assessment > Practical Assessment, provided in the Google
Classroom to obtain 20% practical assessment marks.
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Practical 1:

1.1 Understanding the Tools

Objective
Understand how to use the tools: multimeter, breadboard and measure the voltage and
resistance.

Procedure

Step 1: Recognizing the usage of multimeter

i) Proskit MT-1210 Multimeter is used in this practical, with black & red probes.
* Other multimeter can be utilized with similar functionality

Digital Multimeter with manual ranging selections

1. 3 1/2 digit, 7 segment, 15mm high LCD Display.

2. Back light
When this button is pushed, the Back light of the display
is on; press the Back light button once, and the
backlight is turned off.
3. Rotary switch
This switch is used to select functions and desired
ranges as well as to turn on/off the meter.
4. Hold button
When this button is pushed, the display will keep the
last reading and the ” ” symbol will appear on the LCD
until pushing it again.
5. “10A” jack
Plug in connector for red test lead for 10A
measurement.
6. “COM” jack
Plug in connector for black (negative) test lead.
7. “VmA” jack
Plug in connector for red (positive) test lead for voltage,
resistance and current (except 10A) measurement.

Online reference: https://www.prokits.com.tw/Product/MT-1210/

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Step 2: Learn to test open and short circuit using a multimeter

● OPEN CIRCUIT = DISCONNECTED

● SHORT CIRCUIT / CLOSED CIRCUIT = CONNECTED

(i) On the Rotary switch, rotate the selector to 𝛺 (Ohm) group, select 200 𝛺 range. Plug the
electrodes into the input jacks of multimeter, red electrode (+) to red jack with label of “V𝛺mA”,
black electrode (-) to black jack with label of “COM”.

(ii)
Short the red electrode to the black electrode, the multimeter
reading is _______.

Open both electrodes, the multimeter reading is _______ .

Question: What does the multimeter reading mean when both

electrodes are short and open?

* Try the Diode / Beep sounds symbol and repeat the step to
short / open both electrodes.
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Step 3: Understand the breadboard connection layout

(i) Plug copper wire numbers from 1 to 14 into the holes of the breadboard.

(ii) Rotate the selector to 200 𝛺 range. Plug the electrodes into the input jacks of multimeter, red
electrode (+) to red jack with label of “V𝛺mA'', black electrode (-) to black jack with label of
“COM”.

(iii) Using the multimeter to test if the wires are open or short according to the table given.
* Alternatively, you can search and use the sound icon on your multimeter.

Wire number Wire number Short Open

(Just tick “✓”) (Just tick “✓”)
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 8
1 8
2 7
8 9
9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
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Question: What is the connectivity arrangement of the holes on the breadboard? (Draw a line for
connected holes)

If you are unfamiliar with the breadboard, there are many resources available online that
explain how they work. We recommend this quick Breadboard Infographic from Make
Breadboarding Workshop or the longer Breadboard Tutorial from Science Buddies.
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Step 4: Learn to measure voltage using a multimeter

1) Understand the Raspberry Pi 40 GPIO pins.

Raspberry Pi PIN 2 and PIN 4 (5V DC) is able to supply 5V to external module, with the
maximum current up to 1A ~ 2A, i.e., if we use the official Raspberry Pi 4 adapter (5V 3A), and
assume that the Raspberry Pi board itself loads 1A+.

(i) Press copper wire into the breadboard as shown below. Then turn on the Raspberry board.
(1) PIN 4 (pin number 2 from top at right row) - 5 V (RED)
(2) PIN 1 (pin number 1 from top at left row) - 3.3 V (RED)
(3) PIN 9 (pin number 5 from top at left row) - GND (BLACK)
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Practical 1 and 2 DO NOT require a GrovePi+ or Grove Base Hat board. Starting from Practical
5, students are required to install the GrovePi Board on the Raspberry Pi board.

* ONLY INSTALL GROVEPI+ OR GROVE BASE HAT BOARD

STARTING FROM PRACTICAL 5.

(ii) Rotate the multimeter selector to voltage (V) range and select 20 V. Plug
the electrodes into the input jacks of multimeter, red electrode (+) to red jack
with label of “V𝛺mA”, black electrode (-) to black jack with label of “COM”.
(Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) group CANNOT used to measure voltage)

(iii) Touch the multimeter electrodes to wires and fill up the table below.
(Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) group CANNOT used to measure voltage)

Red Electrode Black Electrode Voltage (V) Reading

1 3
3 1
2 3
3 2

Question: Explain the result in table when red and black electrodes are reversed
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Step 5: Learn how to measure the resistance of resistor

(i) Pick one resistor with the color bands of brown-black-red. Rotate the multimeter selector to 2
k𝛺 (2000 𝛺). Then touch multimeter electrodes to the leads of the resistor., the multimeter
reading is ___________ .

(ii) Repeat the same process to the resistor with color bands of green-blue-brown, the
multimeter reading is __________.

Question: What is the unit of resistance for both resistors?

Reference for Register Color Code

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1.2 Construct a circuit to control the low current (< 10mA) output devices

Objective
Understand how to use a resistor to limit the flow of current into a low current device such as
Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Procedure

Step 6: Construct a resistor circuit without Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A simple circuit for LED

(i) Make sure the Raspberry board is Turned Off.

(ii) Here, we strongly suggest providing additional protection in our circuit design, by adding a
47uF 25V capacitor, a 1N5819 diode and a RXEF030 resettable fuse in the breadboard circuit, if
it is available in the laboratory.

1. The 47uF 25V Capacitor acts as a decoupling capacitor, used to: smoothing the
voltage ripples, if there are any small fluctuations or ripples in their output voltage.
These ripples can introduce noise or instability into sensitive electronic components. A
polarized capacitor acts as a low-pass filter, effectively smoothing out these
high-frequency voltage variations. This ensures a cleaner, more stable power source
for your circuit, especially rapid switching of components can create sudden spikes in
current demand. These spikes can cause temporary voltage drops on the power
supply line. A decoupling capacitor placed close to the power pin of an integrated
circuit (IC) acts as a local energy reservoir. It can quickly supply the extra current
needed during these spikes, preventing the voltage on the power line from dropping
too low and affecting the IC's operation.

2. The 1N5819 Schottky diode after the +5V source is to prevent current from flowing
back to the source (and damage it -- especially Raspberry Pi +5V). This might not be
needed if there is no other external voltage source greater than 5V on the breadboard.
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The 1N5819 (1A/40V) Schottky diode, later, is used in acrossing the pins 1 and 2 of
the relay to avoid voltage spike due to inductive kickback from the relay coil, when a
NPN transistor abruptly switches off.

3. The RXEF030 300mA resettable fuse is to mitigate damage to the +5V source due to
short circuit while our hands muck around with the breadboard. Note that prolonged
short circuit of 5V from Raspberry Pi can damage the PCB tracks and power
regulator(s) on the board.

(iii) Connect 47uF 25V capacitor, a 1N5819 diode, RXEF030 resettable fuse respectively, with
hook-up wires (about 1-2 cm length of red and black wires at line 2, 9 and 13). To have good
practices on constructing an electronic circuit on a breadboard, we will use the side two rows as
5V (red line) and GND (blue line).

(iv) Connect the Raspberry Pi PIN2 (5V) and PIN9 (GND) to the board at line 4 and the side
GND (blue line). *Notes: *Pin2 / Pin4 = 5V, Pin9 / Pin6 / Pin14... = GND

(v) Press 1 k𝛺 resistor into the breadboard on lines 9 and 13.

(vi) Double check all the connections are correctly fixed (You may want to consult your lecturer
to check if the connection is placed correctly). Then turn on the Raspberry board.

(vii) Rotate the multimeter selector to voltage (V) range and select 20 V. Turn
on the Raspberry board. Touch the multimeter electrodes to wires 1 and 2,
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the multimeter reading is _________. (Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) CANNOT used to measure
voltage)

(viii) Multimeter selector remains at the same selected 20 V, touches the multimeter electrodes
to wires 2 and 3, the multimeter reading is __________. (Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) CANNOT
used to measure voltage)

(ix) Turn off the Raspberry board if it is not in use.

Step 7: Construct a resistor circuit with Light Emitting Diode (LED)

(i) Make sure the Raspberry board is Turned Off. Pick one Light Emitting Diode (LED), press it
into the breadboard as shown below. If the LED is not turned on, pull the LED out, reverse the
LED and press it into the breadboard again. Then turn on the Raspberry board.

(ii) Rotate the multimeter selector to voltage (V) range and select 20 V. Turn
on the Raspberry board. Touch the multimeter electrodes to wires 1 and 2,
the multimeter reading is _________. (Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) group
CANNOT used to measure voltage)

(iii) Multimeter selector remains at the same selected 20 V, touches the

multimeter electrodes to wires 2 and 3, the multimeter reading is __________.
(Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) group CANNOT used to measure voltage)

(iv) Using Ohm’s Law (voltage = current x resistance) using the result in (iii),
the calculated current is __________.
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(v) Pull out the resistor and replace it with a 10k 𝛺 resistor. Make sure the leads of the resistor
are on lines 29 and 39 of the breadboard.

(vi) Rotate the multimeter selector to voltage (V) range and select 20 V, touch the multimeter
electrodes to wires 1 and 2, the multimeter reading is _________. (Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm)
group CANNOT used to measure voltage)

(vii) Multimeter selector remains at the same selected 20 V, touches the multimeter electrodes
to wires 2 and 3, the multimeter reading is __________. (Note: multimeter 𝛺 (Ohm) group
CANNOT used to measure voltage)

(viii) Using Ohm’s Law (voltage = current x resistance) using the result in (vii), the calculated
current is __________.

(xi) Observe the LED brightness, higher LED brightness is using resistor with value of
_________, the lower LED brightness is using resistor with value of _____________.

(x) Turn off the Raspberry board if it is not in use.

Question: Draw the resistor with LED circuit using standard electronic symbols.

* You can use Windows “Paint” or Draw.IO application to draw a simple circuit, save as an
image file and upload to the practical test google form .

More exploration at here:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab/latest/circuit-constructio
n-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc