MS AMARSINGH (ULEI) F2 - INTEGRATED SCIENCE

ULEI Vacation Class 2021

(F2) Integrated Science – Session 1

1) Balance Diet:

A diet is all the things that a person eats and drinks.

Foods are placed into groups which are divided into 7 Nutrients.

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Some foods are particularly rich in certain nutrients

The table shows why we need each nutrient, and some good sources of each:

Nutrient Use in the body Good sources

Cereals, bread, pasta, rice and

Carbohydrate To provide energy
potatoes

Fish, meat, eggs, beans, pulses

Protein For growth and repair of cells
and dairy products

To provide energy. Also, to store energy in the

Lipids (fats and oils) Butter, oil and nuts
body and insulate it against the cold.

Salt, milk (for calcium) and liver

Minerals Needed in small amounts to maintain health
(for iron)

Vitamins Needed in small amounts to maintain health Fruit, vegetables, dairy foods

To provide roughage to help to keep the food

Dietary fibre Vegetables, bran
moving through the gut

Water Needed for cells and body fluids Water, fruit juice, milk

NOTE:
There are Health and Unhealth Fats –
Healthy fats are called unsaturated fats, examples of unsaturated fats are
some nuts, olive oil, peanut oil, avocado, omega 3 & 6 from fatty fish and eggs.
Unhealth fats are called trans fats, example if trans fats are grease or deep-
fried foods.
It is important to know, fats must be consumed in small amounts to avoid
negative effects to the body. (see pg 5, Health Problems Associated with POOR
DIET)

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 MS AMARSINGH (ULEI) F2 - INTEGRATED SCIENCE

Factors Affecting your Diet:

A balance diet contains all of the nutrients the body needs and in the correct
amounts to keep us healthy. Each person dietary needs are different
depending on the amount of energy required base on factors such as:

• Sex– man and women need different dietary needs especially pregnant
women
• Age– each age group has different dietary needs, (eg) babies, toddlers,
seniors etc
• Amount of daily activity – a office assistant and a construction worker
dietary needs work be different base on the amount of energy needed
per day

The diagram (1) and (2) below the average amount of nutrients needed per
day for a balance diet –

Diagram (1) shows the percentage of nutrients needed per day

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Diagram (2) shows the servings of nutrients needed per day

Class Activity
On a sheet of paper write down what you had for dinner last night (eat and
drink). Now write down your meals for the entire day yesterday.
Did it content the nutrients of a balance diet in the correct amounts?
Think about the meals you had for the week. Are you eating and drinking
healthy or not?

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 MS AMARSINGH (ULEI) F2 - INTEGRATED SCIENCE

Health Problems Associated with POOR DIET

If you do not have enough of these essential nutrients, you can become
malnourish.
You only need small amounts of the different minerals and vitamins in your
diet to stay healthy, but mineral deficiencies and vitamin deficiencies can make
you ill. For example:

• iron (mineral) deficiency can cause anaemia, where there are too few
red blood cells
• vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness
• vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, which makes the gums bleed
• vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, which makes the legs bow
outwards in growing children

If you eat too much of these nutrients in unhealthy amounts, you can develop
• tooth decay.
• being overweight or obese.
• high blood pressure.
• high cholesterol.
• heart disease and stroke.
• type-2 diabetes.
• osteoporosis.
• some cancers.

This is the reason a low-saturated fat, high-fibre, high plant food diet with
exercise can substantially reduce the risk of developing unhealthy disease.

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The main factors affecting the Caribbean due to Poor diet are heart disease,
obesity and diabetes –

Poor Diet is an important risk factor in coronary heart disease. Heart

disease refers to any condition affecting the heart and mainly leads to heart
attack and stroke.
Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. If you
consume high amounts of fat and sugars, but do not burn it off through
exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus fat and sugars will be stored
by the body as fat.
Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process food for
use as energy. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our
bodies to use for energy. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach,
makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies.
Over time, high blood glucose levels can damage the body's organs. Possible
long-term effects include damage to large (macrovascular) and small
(microvascular) blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack, stroke, and
problems with the kidneys, eyes, gums, feet and nerves.

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 MS AMARSINGH (ULEI) F2 - INTEGRATED SCIENCE

2) The Digestive System

The Digestive system is a system of organs that work together to obtain

nutrients and water from the foods we eat.

The diagram below shows the parts of the digestive system –

Diagram (3) shows the structure of the Digestive system

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MS AMARSINGH (ULEI) F2 - INTEGRATED SCIENCE

The Function of the parts of the Digestive System

• Mouth – this is where digestion begins. In the mouth, the teeth chew
the food and begin mechanical or physical digestion. The tongue moves
the food around to help break it down and mix it with saliva. Saliva is
secreted by the salivary glands to begin chemical digestion by chemically
breaking down of carbohydrates and starches. Food is chewed and
rolled into a bolus (lump) to be swallowed into the esophagus.

• Esophagus – is a long, muscular tube about 10 inches long. The muscles

of the esophagus contract to squeeze the food downward into the
stomach. This motion is called peristalsis.

• Stomach – the lining of the stomach has slimy mucous to protect the
stomach from the powerful acids used to digest food. Gastric juice is a
mixture of the chemicals that digest food such as hydrochloric acid and
pepsin. Note: Hydrochloric acid is used to kills bacteria on the foods you
eat and helps the other chemicals work), and pepsin is the chemical that
digests proteins. The stomach is where protein digestion begins.

The stomach does both mechanical and chemical digestion. It churns the
food and mixes it with the gastric juices. By the time it leaves the
stomach, the food is broken down into a creamy paste called chyme.
Now it is ready to move on to the small intestine.

• Small Intestine – The chyme empties into the duodenum (the beginning
of the small intestine). It is here that the pancreas gland sends its
pancreatic juice into the food. Bile made in the liver and stored in the
gall bladder enters here as well. Bile helps break down fats. The liver
cleans alcohol and drugs from the blood, stores vitamins and reuses the
iron in old, worn out red blood cells. The gall bladder stores bile made in
the liver.

The small intestine is about 6 feet long in adults. It is divided into 3 parts:
the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. Inside the small intestine,
the lining has tiny fingers called villi. Villi absorb the nutrients from the
food passing through the small intestine. The nutrients pass into the
capillaries in the villi and are transported around the body to supply all
our body systems. The small intestine is where digestion is completed
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and all the food nutrients are absorbed into the blood. Once all nutrients
are extracted from the chyme, it is passed into the large intestine.

• Large Intestine – is about 4.5 feet long and wider than the small
intestine. It is mainly made up of the appendix, rectum and anal canal
(anus). Food waste passes from the small intestine into the large
intestine where it is passed out of the body, through the anus as faeces.
The large intestine absorbs any left-over water, vitamins and electrolytes
in the food waste passing through it.

NOTE:
During digestion food goes through both Physical and Chemical Digestion –
Physical Digestion are physical changes that involve the breaking down of food
into small pieces through biting, chewing in the mouth and crushing in the
stomach.
Chemical Digestion are chemical changes that involve the action of enzymes to
break down large molecules into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed
into the blood by the body

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The diagram below shows a summary of the functions of each part the
digestive system –

Diagram (4) shows the functions of the parts of the Digestive system

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