EE Practical Copy
EE Practical Copy
EE Practical Copy
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To identify and observe the ratings of different capacitors, inductors, and resistors, you'll
need to have physical components and a multimeter. Here's a general procedure:
Capacitors:
1. Identify the type: Capacitors come in various types (e.g., ceramic, electrolytic,
tantalum). Look for markings or physical characteristics to identify the type.
2. Read the markings: Capacitors often have markings indicating their capacitance value
in farads (F) and voltage rating. The capacitance value might be expressed in
microfarads (µF) or picofarads (pF).
3. Measure with a multimeter: Use the capacitance setting on your multimeter to
measure the capacitance value of the capacitor. Ensure the capacitor is not charged
before measuring.
Inductors:
1. Identify the type: Inductors can be categorized as coils, toroids, or chokes. Look for
physical characteristics to identify the type.
2. Read the markings: Inductors may have markings indicating their inductance value in
henries (H). The inductance value might be expressed in millihenries (mH) or
microhenries (µH).
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3. Measure with an LCR meter: While a multimeter can measure resistance, an LCR
meter is specifically designed to measure inductance. Set the LCR meter to the
inductance measurement mode and connect the inductor to the appropriate
terminals.
Resistors:
1. Identify the type: Resistors come in various types (e.g., carbon film, metal film, wire-
wound). Look for physical characteristics to identify the type.
2. Read the color code: Resistors often have a color code that represents their
resistance value in ohms (Ω). Use a color code chart to decode the resistance value.
3. Measure with a multimeter: Use the resistance setting on your multimeter to
measure the resistance value of the resistor. Ensure the resistor is not connected to
any circuit before measuring.
Additional considerations:
Tolerance: Capacitors, inductors, and resistors have a tolerance, which indicates the
range of values within which their actual value may vary. This is often expressed as a
percentage.
Power rating: Resistors have a power rating, which indicates the maximum amount of
power they can dissipate without overheating.
Voltage rating: Capacitors and electrolytic capacitors have a voltage rating, which
indicates the maximum voltage they can withstand without breaking down.
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(Electronic components)
Materials:
Procedure:
1. Connect the battery: Attach one end of a wire to the positive terminal of the battery.
2. Connect the bulb: Attach the other end of the wire to one terminal of the light bulb.
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3. Connect the other side of the bulb: Attach another wire to the other terminal of the
light bulb.
4. Connect to the battery: Attach the other end of this wire to the negative terminal of
the battery.
5. Add the switch: Insert the switch into the circuit between any of the wires.
Diagram:
Explanation:
V = IR
where:
Materials:
Procedure:
Observations:
Voltmeters and ammeters are essential tools for measuring voltage and current in electrical
circuits. The way you connect these instruments depends on whether the circuit is in series or
parallel.
Series Circuit:
Voltmeter: Connected in parallel with the component whose voltage you want to
measure. This is because a voltmeter has a very high internal resistance, so it does not
significantly affect the circuit's current flow when connected in parallel.
Ammeter: Connected in series with the circuit. This is because an ammeter has a very
low internal resistance, so it does not significantly affect the circuit's voltage when
connected in series.
Parallel Circuit:
Voltmeter: Connected in parallel with the component whose voltage you want to
measure, just like in a series circuit.
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Ammeter: Connected in series with the branch of the circuit you want to measure the
current for. Since a parallel circuit has multiple branches, you can measure the
current in each branch individually.
Example:
Consider a simple circuit with a battery, a resistor, and a light bulb connected in series.
To measure the voltage across the resistor, you would connect the voltmeter in
parallel with the resistor.
To measure the current flowing through the circuit, you would connect the ammeter
in series with the battery, resistor, and light bulb.
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Note: Always ensure that the voltmeter and ammeter are connected with the correct polarity.
Connecting them incorrectly can damage the instruments or give inaccurate readings.
Additional Tips:
When measuring current, try to minimize the resistance of the ammeter to avoid
affecting the circuit's behavior.
For precise measurements, use high-quality voltmeters and ammeters with
appropriate ranges.
Be cautious when working with high voltages or currents to avoid electrical shock.
Variable resistors, also known as potentiometers or rheostats, are components that allow you to adjust the
resistance within a circuit. This can be useful for controlling the brightness of a light, the volume of a
speaker, or other electrical parameters.
1. Identify the terminals: Variable resistors typically have three terminals: the wiper, the input terminal, and
the output terminal. The wiper is the adjustable terminal that controls the resistance between the input and
output terminals.
Series connection: Connect the input terminal of the variable resistor to the positive terminal of the power
source. Connect the output terminal to the load (e.g., a light bulb, motor). The wiper terminal can be
connected to any point along the circuit.
Parallel connection: Connect the input and output terminals of the variable resistor in parallel with the load.
The wiper terminal can be connected to any point along the load.
Turn the knob or dial on the variable resistor to adjust the position of the wiper. This will change the
resistance between the input and output terminals.
As you adjust the resistance, you will observe a change in the current flowing through the circuit and the
behavior of the load.
Depending on the circuit and the load, you may notice changes in brightness, volume, speed, or other
parameters.
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Relays are electromagnetic devices used to control a larger current or voltage using a
smaller signal. They can be used as switches to control various loads, such as lights, motors,
or other electrical components.
1. Identify the relay's terminals: Relays typically have three or four terminals: the coil
terminals and the contact terminals. The coil terminals are used to control the relay, while
the contact terminals are used to switch the load.
2. Connect the coil terminals: Connect the coil terminals of the relay to a power source and
a control signal. The control signal can be a switch, a sensor, or another electrical
component.
3. Connect the contact terminals: Connect the contact terminals of the relay to the load you
want to control. The specific connection depends on the type of relay (normally open or
normally closed).
4. Activate the relay: When the control signal is applied to the coil, the relay will activate
and the contact terminals will close or open, depending on the type of relay.
5. Control the load: The closed or open contacts of the relay will control the flow of current
to the load. For example, a normally open relay can be used to turn on a light when a switch
is pressed.
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In this circuit, the relay is used to control a light bulb. When the switch is pressed, the coil of the relay is
energized, causing the contact terminals to close. This allows current to flow to the light bulb, turning it on.
Types of Relays:
Normally Open (NO) Relay: The contacts are open when the relay is not energized. When the relay
is energized, the contacts close.
Normally Closed (NC) Relay: The contacts are closed when the relay is not energized. When the
relay is energized, the contacts open.
Current Rating: The relay's current rating should be sufficient to handle the load you want to
control.
Voltage Rating: The relay's voltage rating should match the voltage of the control signal and the
load.
Contact Configuration: Choose a relay with the appropriate contact configuration (NO or NC) for
your application.
Transformers are electrical devices that change the voltage of an alternating current (AC) power supply.
They are commonly used in various applications, from power distribution to electronic devices.
Transformers have two or more windings: the primary winding and the secondary winding. The primary
winding is connected to the power source, and the secondary winding provides the output voltage.
Connect the primary winding of the transformer to the appropriate AC power source. Ensure that the polarity
of the connection is correct.
Connect the secondary winding of the transformer to the load or device you want to power. The output
voltage from the secondary winding will depend on the turns ratio of the transformer.
Ensure that the transformer's power rating is sufficient for the load you want to power. A transformer that is
too small can overheat and fail.
Use a voltmeter to measure the output voltage from the secondary winding. The output voltage will be
different from the input voltage depending on the transformer's turns ratio.
6. Safety Precautions:
In this example, the primary winding of the transformer is connected to a 220V AC power source. The
secondary winding is connected to a 12V light bulb. The transformer steps down the voltage from 220V to
12V, allowing the light bulb to operate safely.
Additional Considerations:
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Transformer Efficiency: Transformers are generally very efficient, but some energy is always lost
due to internal resistance.
Transformer Types: There are various types of transformers, including step-up, step-down, and
isolation transformers, each with its own specific applications.
Transformer Applications: Transformers are widely used in power distribution, electronics, audio
equipment, and many other industries.
Oscilloscopes are essential tools for visualizing and analyzing electrical signals. They display waveforms
over time, allowing you to observe voltage changes, frequency, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Basic Steps:
1. Power On: Turn on the oscilloscope and ensure it's properly connected to a power source.
2. Set Trigger: The trigger settings determine when the waveform is captured. Adjust the trigger level, source,
and coupling to match the signal you want to observe.
3. Adjust Timebase: The timebase controls the horizontal axis of the display, representing time. Adjust it to see
the waveform in detail.
4. Adjust Vertical Sensitivity: The vertical sensitivity controls the vertical axis, representing voltage. Adjust it to
match the amplitude of your signal.
5. Connect Probe: Connect the oscilloscope probe to the point in your circuit where you want to measure the
voltage. Ensure the probe is properly grounded.
6. Observe Waveform: The waveform will appear on the oscilloscope screen. You can use the cursors or
measurements tools to analyze its characteristics.
Oscilloscope Features:
DC (Direct Current):
AC (Alternating Current):
Rectified Wave:
1. Generate the signal: Use a signal generator or connect to a circuit that produces the desired DC or AC
voltage.
2. Adjust oscilloscope settings: Set the timebase and vertical sensitivity to match the characteristics of the
signal.
3. Observe the waveform: Analyze the waveform for its shape, frequency, amplitude, and other parameters.
4. Compare waveforms: Compare the waveforms of different signals to understand their differences.
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Oscilloscope Setup:
1. Power On: Turn on the oscilloscope and ensure it's properly connected to a power source.
2. Set Trigger: Adjust the trigger settings to match the frequency of the signal you'll be generating.
3. Adjust Timebase: Set the timebase to a suitable value for viewing the waveform.
4. Adjust Vertical Sensitivity: Adjust the vertical sensitivity to match the expected amplitude of the signal.
5. Connect Probe: Connect the oscilloscope probe to the output of the signal generator.
1. DC Signal:
2. AC Signal:
Square Wave: Generate a square wave and observe its sharp rising and falling edges.
Triangle Wave: Generate a triangle wave and observe its linear rise and fall.
Sawtooth Wave: Generate a sawtooth wave and observe its ramp-like shape.
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By experimenting with different signals and adjusting the oscilloscope settings, you can gain a better
understanding of how oscilloscopes work and how to analyze various electrical waveforms.
2.ELECTRICAL WIRING
10) Identify various types of electrical wires provided and develop a
table noting their current, resistance & voltage rating and
comparing these with the actual measurements.
11) Using electrician’ tools, demonstrate how to cut wires and make
proper mechanical joints. Practice how to do proper covering with
insulation tapes to ensure safety against electric shock.
Fuse indication circuits are used to visually indicate when a fuse has blown. This can be helpful in
troubleshooting electrical systems and preventing further damage.
Materials Needed:
Fuse
Resistor (appropriate value based on circuit requirements)
LED (light-emitting diode)
Battery or power supply
Breadboard
Jumper wires
Procedure:
1. Choose the Fuse: Select a fuse with the appropriate current rating for your application.
2. Connect the Fuse: Place the fuse on the breadboard and connect its terminals to the power supply.
3. Connect the Resistor: Connect a resistor in series with the fuse. The resistor's value should be chosen to limit
the current flowing through the LED when the fuse is intact.
4. Connect the LED: Connect the LED in parallel with the resistor. The LED's anode should be connected to the
positive side of the power supply, and the cathode should be connected to the junction of the fuse and
resistor.
5. Power On: Connect the power supply to the circuit.
6. Test the Circuit: If the fuse is intact, the LED should light up. If the fuse blows, the LED will go out.
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Installing a Single-Phase Energy Meter, Main Switch, and Distribution Fuse Board
Materials Needed:
Procedure:
Determine the location for the energy meter, main switch, and distribution fuse board.
Consider accessibility for future maintenance and readings.
Plan the cable routing and conduit runs.
Ensure the location is suitable for electrical installations, free from moisture and hazards.
Install conduit runs to protect the cables.
Mount the main switch in a suitable location, following the manufacturer's instructions.
Connect the incoming power cable to the main switch.
Ensure proper grounding of the main switch.
Mount the energy meter between the incoming power cable and the main switch.
Connect the energy meter according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Ensure proper grounding of the energy meter.
Connect the load circuits (outlets, lights, appliances) to the distribution fuse board.
Ensure proper wiring and grounding for each circuit.
Turn on the main switch and test each circuit to ensure proper operation.
Use a multimeter to verify voltage and current readings.
Check for any faults or errors.
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8. Safety Considerations:
A voltage-ampere protector (VAP) is a device used to protect electrical equipment from voltage surges and
overcurrent conditions. Here's a step-by-step procedure to install a VAP in an AC circuit:
Materials Needed:
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VAP device
Suitable mounting location
Conduit and cables
Electrical tools (wire strippers, crimping tool, screwdriver, etc.)
Safety equipment (gloves, safety glasses)
Procedure:
1. Choose the Appropriate VAP: Select a VAP with a voltage and current rating that is suitable for your
application.
2. Identify the Location: Determine a suitable location for the VAP installation. Consider factors like
accessibility, ventilation, and protection from environmental hazards.
3. Prepare the Location: Ensure the location is clear and free from obstructions. Install any necessary conduit or
cable runs.
4. De-energize the Circuit: Turn off the main power supply to the circuit where you will be installing the VAP.
5. Connect the VAP:
o Connect the incoming power cable to the VAP's input terminals.
o Connect the outgoing power cable to the VAP's output terminals.
o Ensure proper polarity and grounding.
6. Secure the VAP: Mount the VAP securely in the chosen location using appropriate fasteners.
7. Re-energize the Circuit: Turn on the main power supply and verify that the VAP is functioning correctly.
8. Test the VAP: Use a multimeter to measure the voltage and current at the input and output of the VAP.
Verify that the VAP is protecting against voltage surges and overcurrent conditions.
Safety Considerations:
Distribution boards (DBs) are essential components in electrical systems, providing a centralized location
for controlling and protecting circuits. Here's a step-by-step guide to designing a DB box using various
breakers, changeovers, and relays:
Load Calculation: Calculate the total power demand and current requirements for the circuits to be
connected to the DB.
Number of Circuits: Determine the number of individual circuits needed based on the application.
Protection Requirements: Identify the specific protection devices required, such as circuit breakers, fuses, or
ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs).
Control Needs: Determine if any additional control elements, like relays or switches, are necessary.
Space Constraints: Consider the available space for the DB box.
2. Select Components:
Main Switch: Choose a main switch with a suitable current rating to protect the entire system.
Circuit Breakers: Select circuit breakers with appropriate current ratings for each individual circuit. Consider
factors like overload protection, short-circuit protection, and ground fault protection.
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Changeovers: If required, select changeover switches or automatic transfer switches (ATS) to provide
redundancy or backup power.
Relays: Choose relays if you need to control specific circuits or devices remotely.
Busbars: Select busbars with sufficient capacity to handle the total current.
Draw a Schematic: Create a detailed schematic diagram showing the arrangement of components,
connections, and power flow.
Consider Wiring Paths: Plan the routing of cables and wires to ensure efficient and safe connections.
Label Components: Clearly label all components for easy identification and maintenance.
5. Mount Components:
Securely mount the main switch, circuit breakers, changeovers, relays, and busbars within the DB box.
Ensure proper alignment and spacing.
6. Connect Components:
Turn on the main switch and test each circuit to ensure proper operation.
Verify that protection devices are functioning correctly.
Check for any faults or errors.
Additional Considerations:
Magnetic contactors and timer relays are essential components in many electrical control circuits. Here's a
step-by-step guide on how to install them:
Materials Needed:
Magnetic contactor
Timer relay
Power supply
Load (e.g., motor, light)
Wiring and connectors
Enclosure (if necessary)
Procedure:
1. Determine Requirements:
o Choose a magnetic contactor with a suitable current rating and contact configuration (normally open
or normally closed) for your application.
o Select a timer relay with the desired time delay and contact configuration.
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In this example, the timer relay is used to delay the activation of the magnetic contactor. When the timer
relay's time delay expires, it energizes the coil of the magnetic contactor, causing the contacts to close and
starting the motor.
Additional Considerations:
Safety: Always follow electrical safety guidelines and wear appropriate protective equipment.
Wiring: Ensure proper wiring and grounding of all components.
Enclosure: If using an enclosure, ensure it is properly ventilated and provides adequate protection for
the components.
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Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain the magnetic contactor and timer relay to ensure
proper operation.
18) To install a solar system of 300 watt using solar panels, charge
controller (30 A) and battery (12 volts).
Installing a 300 Watt Solar System with Solar Panels, Charge Controller, and Battery
Materials Needed:
Procedure:
1. Site Selection:
2. Panel Mounting:
Connect the positive and negative terminals of each solar panel in series to form a string.
Ensure proper polarity and secure the connections.
Connect the positive and negative terminals of the solar panel string to the corresponding terminals on the
charge controller.
Configure the charge controller settings according to the battery's specifications.
Connect the positive and negative terminals of the battery to the corresponding terminals on the charge
controller.
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7. Safety Checks:
Additional Considerations:
Battery Capacity: Choose a battery with sufficient capacity to store the energy generated by the solar panels.
Wiring: Use appropriate wiring and connectors for outdoor use and to handle the current generated by the
solar panels.
Regulations: Ensure compliance with local electrical codes and regulations.
Maintenance: Regularly inspect and clean the solar panels to maintain optimal performance.
3. SOLDERING
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Components:
Explanation:
Safety Devices:
Fuse: The fuse is a crucial safety device in this circuit. It protects the components from excessive
current, which can lead to overheating and damage.
Resistor: The resistor helps to limit the current flowing to the buzzer, preventing it from being
damaged.
Safety Precautions:
Always work with a low voltage power supply to avoid electrical shock.
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Additional Considerations:
Buzzer Type: There are different types of buzzers available, such as piezoelectric buzzers and
electromagnetic buzzers. Choose the appropriate type based on your requirements.
Sound Level: Adjust the resistor value to control the sound level of the buzzer.
Power Supply: Ensure the power supply can provide sufficient current to operate the buzzer.