C12yuwakbhartiSindhiDev

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Io Vmbr_r gmb 2020-21 Im§ _wp™Vga Vm¡a _ÝµOyar {Sš>Zr doB© Amho.
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_hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR²>`nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>b, nwUo
n§qhOr ñ_mQ>© µ\$moZ _| DIKSHA APP µOarE Xgu {H$Vm~ Oo n{h[aE§ gwµâho dmao
Q.R. Code µO[aEo Digital Xgu {H$Vm~ E| g~µH${Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S>
n‹T>U / n‹T>mBU bmB H$mamB{V`y§ qbŠg {_b§{X`y§.
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n{h[a`m| N>mnmo 2020 : © _hmamï´> amÁ` nmR²>`nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ © _§S>b, nwUo - 411004
_hmamï´> amÁ` nmR²>`nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>b, d{Q> {hZ {H$Vm~ Om
g^w hµH$ dmñVm _hµ\y$µOw Am{h{Z. {hZ {H$Vm~ Omo H$mo {~ Qw>H$é S>mòaŠQ>a, _hmamï´> amÁ`
nmR²>`nwñVH$ _§S>b Or {b{I`b BOmµOV Im§ gdmB IUr ZWmo g{KOo.
qgYr ^mfm g{_{V E| Aä`mg JQ> g{_{V

· S>m°. X`mb "Amem' (g^mnVr) · lr JmodY©Z Zm_Xod e_m© "Km`b', _oå~a
· lr AemoH$ H$_bXmg _wŠVm, _oå~a · Hw$_mar amOolr OšoR>mZ§X Q>oH$M§XmUr, _oå~a
· lr_Vr _ram§ _hoe {JXdmUr, _oå~a · lr A{_V JmoqdXam_ am_M§XmUr, _oå~a
· S>m°. H$mOb AZrb am_M§XmUr, _oå~a · S>m°. d§XZm AemoH$ am_dmUr, _oå~a
· lr {dO` amOHw$_ma _§JbmUr, _oå~a · S>m°. ~šbXod ~˜VamB _Q>bmUr, _oå~a
g§`moOH$ : lr_Vr Ho$VH$s OmZr, BÝMmO© {deof A{YH$mar, qgYr

g§`moOH$ ghm` : lr_Vr JrVm JUoe R>mHw$a, H$m°nr amB©Q>a, qgYr
Q>mB©n goqQ>J : gV²Zm_ gmIr, CëhmgZJa, Hw$_mar _ram§ Mmdbm
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àH$meH$ : lr {ddoH$ CÎm_ Jmogmdr

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VBbr_ Om _µµŠgX ~agdm~ {WÙ bmB _mñVa Or ^y{_H$m Ah_² Amho. VBbr_ Omo dmñVmo {gYmo
{µOÝXJrA gm§ Amho. Bhm C_oX Wr H$Oo V em{J©X hm{gb H$`b B{b_ E| OšmU n§qhOr {µOÝXJrA _| _wZm{g~
Z_yZo H${_ AmUo. n§qhOr {µOÝXJrA _| VaµH$s H$ao g_mO Sš>m§hþ§ n§qhOo µ\$µO©{Z Omo nmbZw H$ao. BZ H$ao _mñVa
Io Bhmo _yb _µH$gX nyamo H$aU _| BãVXmB© {hgoXma {WÙw Kw[aOo.
XOm} ~šmhm], `wdH$^maVr qgYr {H$Vm~w ZE§ Aä`mg H«$_ _yOw~ R>m{h`mo d`mo Amho. VBbr_r g¥îVo _| Bhmo {Q>`m|
Sš>mH$mo Amho. àmB_ar E| goH§$S>ar Im§ nmoB em{J©X hmà goH§$S>ar _| Xm{˜b {W`{Z Wm. {O{Z n§qhOo ñHy$br Xm¡a _|
H$Sš>qh {~ qgYr ~šmobrA Omo Aä`mg Z H$`mo hþOo, BÝh{Z em{J©X{Z Sš>m§h§ _mñVa{Z Or ˜mg {µO_odmar ah§Xr. XO} ~šmh]
Oo {H$Vm~ _| {Sš>Zbw _dmXw em{J©X ML>rA Vah g_wPo, {Sš>Zb _eµJy{b`y§ ny[a`y§ H$aU _| µH$m{~b hþO{Z, VBbr_ Omo
{hHw$ ZAm| AmµO_yXmo dR>{Z, BÝh{Z g{^Zr H«$`mC{Z _| _mñVa{Z Io AJšamo ahUmo Amho. {hZ {H$Vm~ _| Hw$Pw h§Y{Z Vo
{MÌ {Sš>Zb Am{h{Z OoHo$ JyJb Or _{ha~mZrA gm§ daVb Am{h{Z. em{JX© {df` Or drMmaYmam dYrH$ g_PU
bmB nmU {~ BÝQ>aZoQ> Omo BñVo_mb H$ao gK{Z Wm.
Am{h‹S>m ~šma OoHo$ qgYr ~šmobr H$Sš>qh {~ Z {g{I`m Am{h{Z `m A{h‹S>m ~šma {O{Z Omo qgYr ~šmobrA
_| KUmo dmhnmo {W`bw Z hþOo, BÝh{Z ~šma{Z Io goImaU bmB _mñVa ho{R> {Sš>Zb {hXm`Vy§ AVmV H§$Xm.
1. ~šmb^maVr qgYr XOm} n{h[a`m| E| {gÝYw ^maVr XOm} n§Om| (Aa~r E| XodZm{Jar) BÝh{Z {H$Vm~{Z Or
_XX dR>r ~šma{Z Io qgYr hµ\©$, gm¡bm bµµâµO g_Pm`mo.
2. gm¡bm bµµâµO, gm¡bm Ow_bm goImao nmoB n‹T>U E| {bIU Omo Aä`mg H$am`mo.
3. amoµOmZo dqhdma _| H$_w BªX‹S> bµµâµO{Z Or OšmU {Sš>`mo.
4. qgYr {Sš>U{Z Or OšmU {Sš>`mo.
5. qgYr ImYm, arVy§ añ_y§ nwN>mo E| CÝh{Z Vo Šbmg _| ~hg H$am`mo.
6. ^m{Oš`y§, OmZda, Sš>th§, _hZm, AmoµOma, dmhU, a§J BÝh{Z ~m~{V OšmU {Sš>`mo.
7. {gÝYr AX~ Oy§ em˜y§ {_gmb boI, H$hmUr, ZmQ>H$, emBar BÝh{Z ~m~{V OšmU {Sš>`mo. `wdH$ ^maVr
{H$Vm~ _| {hHw$ ˜mgw ^mL>mo "AX~' {gao gm§ {Sš>Zb Amho O§qh _| ~šmobr E| H$hm{U`w{Z$~m~{V KUo µH$Xwa
kmZ {Sš>Zb Amho. O§qh Omo A_br Aä`mgw H$aUmo Amho.
8. ha g~µH$ Im§ nmoB {Sš>Zb _íµJy{b`y§ nmU g_wPmE em{JX©{Z Im§ H$am`mo. gm{JšE dµµŠV J«wn R>hamE
em{JX©{Z Im§ Z`y§ _eµJy{b`y§ Omo‹S>m`mo.
9. Z§T>r {gVh Vo JšmëhmBU Oo bµµâµO{Z Or OšmU {Sš>`mo.
10. ˜mgw bµµâµO{Z Vo µOê$a Aä`mgw H$am`mo. Ah{‹S>`y§ _íµJy{b`y§ gwµ\o$ 85 Im§ 94 VmBª "qdXwa' {gao ho{R>
"AIa Or am§{X' {Sš>Zb Am{h{Z. {_gmb : \$, µ\$, H$, µH$, ~, ^ gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S> bµµâµO.
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ß`mam em{JX© XmoñVmo,
Vìhm§ g{^Zr Omo XO} ~šmh] _| gwdmJVw Amho. qgYr `wdH$^maVr, XOm} ~šmhm], Bhmo {H$Vm~ Vìhm§ Oo hW{Z _| Sš>tXo Agm§ Io
~oh{X ˜wer Wr ahr Amho.
~X{b`b Aä`mg H«$_ Omo _µµŠgXw Amho V AOšx Or MoQ>môQ>rA dmao µO_mZo _| em{JX©{Z Omo Mm¡Vaµ\$s {dH$mg {WE E| OwXm
OwXm {b`mµH$Vw{Z _| hÿ µH$m{~b ~UO{Z OrA§ hÿ kmZdmZ ~UOr E| g§ñH$mar {dMma aIr Xoe Om AmXe© ZmJ[aH$ ~UOr gK{Z.
H§$qh {~ g_mO Or gä`Vm CZOr _mÌ^mfm µO[aò µOm{ha WtXr Amho, ~šmobr g{^Zr {df`{Z Omo _w»` _aH$µO Amho.
{gIU-goImaU VaVr~ _| kmZ Omo‹S>OH$ dmX, _íµJy{b`w{Z Vo _Xma aI§X‹S> emZXma Aä`mg H«$_ Om Sš>mH$m Ü`mZ _|
aI§Xo BZ Xgu {H$Vm~ Or aMZm H$B© doB© Amho.
Xgu {H$Vm~ _| {Sš>Zb g~µH$ n‹T>r, CÝh{Z A§Xa g_m`b _w™Vbµ\$ {df`{Z Io g_Pr kmZ hm{gb H$ao V˜brµH$s gmoMo
n§qhOr ~šmobrA _| drMma µOm{ha H$aU Omo _m¡µH$mo {Sš>Zbw Amho.
Xgu {H$Vm~ _| amoµOmZmo {gIU Io {h_WmBU bmB bmB~«oar, BÝQ>aZoQ>, àMma \$hbmC _mÜ`_, BÝh{Z _m§ hm{gb WtX‹S>
kmZ Io _wZm{g~ Z_yZo BñVo_mb H$aU, OwXm OwXm {b`mµH$Vy§ dYmBU, Abh¡{X`y§ _íµJy{b`y§, àmooOoŠQ>, {bIU Or µH$m~{b`V
dYmBU A{h‹S>m {df` ~˜y~r {Sš>Zb Am{h{Z.
gmJšo Z_yZo dYrH$ OšmU hm{gb H$aU bmB Xgu {H$Vm~ Oo n{ha| gwµ\o$ Vo Š`y.Ama H$moS> µO[aE {S>OrQ>b Xgu {H$Vm~ _|
g~µH${Z hdmbo {gIU-goImaU VaVr~ bmB H$_mBVmo AmS²>`mo-{dµµÁ`yAb gm{hË` {~ _w`ga Wr gK§Xmo OoH$mo ˜mVarA gm§
Aä`mgw H$aU _| H$mam`Vmo WtXmo.
BZ Xgu {H$Vm~ Omo Aä`mg H$ao ˜y~ AmZ§X dR>mo E| {H$Vm~ ~m~{V n§qhOm am`m Agm§ Io µOê$a ~šxYmBªXm. Vìhm§ g{^Zr Io
V_m_ K{U`y§ ew^ H$m_ZmD§$.
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Vmar˜ : 21 \o$~«wdar 2020 ({ddoH$ Jmogmdr)
^maVr` gy`© : 2 µ\$JšxUw 1941 g§MmbH$
_hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR²>`nwñVH$ {Z{_©{V d
Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>b, nwUo
Bb_r {b`mµH$V
 ~šxYUw
· Am{S>`mo Q>on, Q>r.dr., ao{S>`mo dgrbo _mXar ~šmobr E| µJ¡a _mXar ~šmo{b`w{Z _| Zdm§ bµµâµO ~šxYUw.
· Ka, nm‹S>mo, ~mµOma, _w˜Vbµ\$ h§Y{Z Vo WtX‹S> dmµH$m, Jwµ\$VJy, OšmVb Vmo‹S>o AUOšmVb _mÊhþ{Z Om drMma,
ZoVmC{Z, gm§BgXmZ{Z Oy§ VµH$arê§$ ~šxYUw.
· Xgu {H$Vm~{Z _| Am`b AX~ Oo _w»` Bñ_{Z Zgwé E| ZµµÁ_ _| BñVo_mb {W`b bµ\$µO ML>rA Vah ~šxYUw E|
~šxYb CMma Ü`mZ _| aIUw.
· µJ¡a Xgu {H$Vm~ Am{S>`mo dgrbo hm{gb H$aU E| CÝh{Z _| g_m`b boI, H${dVmD§$ Ü`mZ gm§ ~šxYUw.
· Abh¡X{Z gmhdma{Z Om AmdmµO ~šxYUw, µHw$XaV _| WtX‹S> KQ>ZmD§$ O{h‹S>moH$ ZXrA Omo dhUw, ~agmV ndUw
dµJ¡ah hmbVw{Z _| AmdmµO ~šxYUw.
· AbJš AbJš g§JrV Oo gmµO{Z Om AmdmµO ~šxYUw E| gwÄmmUUw.
· AX~r E| µJ¡a AX_r ~šmobrA _| µ\$µH©$ g_PUw.
· ~šxYb AmdmµO _m§ JšmëhmBªX‹S> Om OµO~mV g_PUw.
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 JšmëhmBUw
· AmdmµO Or bmhr Mm‹T>r g_Pr JšmëhmBUw.
· AmdmµO Omo _mXmo E| _µH$Xma Ü`mZ _| aIr JšmëhmBUw.
· _w˜Vbµ\$ {df`{Z Vo ~hg _w~m{hg H$aU _| gKmamo Wr ~hamo dR>Uw.
· OšmVb Vmo‹S>o AUOšmVb {df`{Z Vo n§qhOm drMma JSšx> H$ao JšmëhmBU _| H$m~{b`V hm{gb H$aUw.
· JšmëhmBU _| ~rhH$ Oy§ {Zem{Z`y§ Ü`mZ _| aI§Xo _wZm{g~ JšmëhmBUw.
· ghr Z_yZo Ý`mnm g_Pr, {~Zm \o$a Koa Oo Cho nhþMmBUw.
· Q>obr\$moZ, _mo~mBb Vo _mµHy$b JšmëhmBUw.
· C_«, ZmVmo, {OÝg E| AXX g_Pr JšmëhmBUw.
· n§qhOo e™gr AmµO_yX{Z I| ~šxYmBU Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
· OwXm OwXm {df`{Z Vo VµH$ara H$aU Or {b`mµH$V hþAUw.
· ZµHw$b H$aU Omo hþZé hþAUw.
· OwXm OwXm AmdmµO H$T>U _| _m{haV hm{gb H$aUw.
· S´>m_mo `m ZmQ>H$ _| AXmH$marA Or OšmU hþAUw.
 n‹T>Uw
· Xgu {H$Vm~ Omo _dmXw ML>rA Vah n‹T>U,w em§V n‹T>Uw E| Sš>m{T>`m§ n‹T>U _| \µ $µH$w© g_Pr _wZm{g~ Z_yZo drMma noe H$aUw.
· Zmå`ma{Z boIH${Z E| emBa{Z Oo aMZmC{Z Io n‹T>r OšmU hm{gb H$aUw.
· Xgu {H$Vm~ _| Am`b _eµJy{b`y§ ML>rA Vah n‹T>r H$ao g_PUw.
· A˜~mê§$, agmbm, _¡µ½µOZy§ XñVmdoµO dµJ¡ah n‹T>U Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
· H$måß`yQ>a _m°ZrQ>a, _mo~mBb ñH«$sZ, b¡nQ>mn Vo ZµOa BªX‹S> bµµâµO n‹T>r gKUw.
· _wµH$aa dµµŠV _| {Sš>Zbw _dmXw n‹‹T>r gKUw.
· ghr E| µJbV gm{hË` Or OšmU hþAUw.
· VH$ZrH$ Omo ghr BñVo_mb H$ao B©.~wH$ (e-book) n‹T>Uw.
· {S>ŠeZarA BñVo_mb H$ao Zdm§ bµµâµO {gIUw E| n‹T>U Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
 {bIUw
· AmImUr, boI, Jwµ\$VJy, {dkmZ-Aµ\$gmZm, H${dVm, AmË_H$Wm, OrdZ H$Wm, gµ\$aZm_m, dµJ¡ah ~m~V
{bIU Or µH$m{~{b`V hþAUw.
· nw{N>`b gdmb{Z Om Odm~ ghr Z_yZo {bIUw.
· OwXm OwXm µ\$m_© âUw, n§qhOmo ˜mH$mo R>m{hUw, Xa™dmgV H$aUw, B©-_ob V¡`ma H$aUw, OwXm OwXm {H$Vm~{Z _m§
H$mamBVmo gm{hË` JSšx> H$aUw, [aH$S>© {W`bw _gm¡Xmo JSšx> H$aU Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
· bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> bµµâµO Vmo‹S>o µJ¡a bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> bµµâµO BñVo_mb H$ao AmImUr {bIU Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
· OwXm OwXm A{hdmb {bIU Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
· {bIU _| _wZm{g~ h§Y{Z Vo nhmH$m, Md{U`y§, BñVbmh, a§JrZ {µO~mZr, dSš>{Z boIH${Z Om H$WZ BñVo_mb
H$aU Or µH$m{~{b`V hþAUw.
· S>màr {bIU Or AmXV {dPUw.
· {bIU _| ghr J«m_a BñVo_mb H$aUw.
· ~šxYb, OšmVb e™gr AmµO_yXm `m dmµH$m n§qhOo bµµâµO{Z _| AgamBVo Z_yZo noe H$aU Or µH$m~{b`V hþAUw.
· gyaV˜VrA Sš>m§h§ Ü`mZ {Sš>Ùw.
· "{~š`m AIa n‹T>r gK{Z' {bIU dµµŠV Bhm Jšmpëh Ü`mZ _| aIUw.
 J«m_a
· {µOX, {OÝg ~XbmBUw, gmJšrA _mZm dmam bµµâµO, h_ AmdmµOr bµµâµO, BñVbmh Ow_b{Z _| H$_w AmUUw,
µ O_mZ E§ CZ Om {µH$ñ_, AXX ~XbmBUw, Zgwar ê$n _| {bIUw.
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Z§. Zmbmo boIH$ gwµ\$mo
1) em¡µHw$ E_.Q>r. ^m{Q>`m 1
2) AmnXm - ˜mgw OšmU> gånmXHw$ _§S>bw 6
3) _Z Or emÝVr!$ VrW© g^mUr 16
4) Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C! am_ n§OdmUr 20
5) AMmo V nmUr ~Mm`y§ gånmXHw$ _§S>bw 26
6) AXmo AãXwb ah_mZw A_abmb {hL>moamUr 32
7) AmH$me H$Ý`m - H$ënZm Mmdbm _`mam_ Hw$H$aoOm 38
8) boh-bXm˜ Omo g¡é gånmXHw$ _§S>bw 43
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1) JrVw à^y "dµ\$m' 49
2) {nat ngw nmU _| XënVw 52
3) qgYw E| qgYr H¥$îU "amhr' 54
4) _m§ {~ {hHw$ ~mµJr! n[agam_ "{µO`m' 58
5) ~¡Vw gMb gmBª 61
6) Zm{ghmUmo H$bm_w emh AãXwb bVrµ\w$$ {^Q>mB© 64
AX~w
B{b_w AX~w : Aµ\$gmZmo --------- 68
1) {hHw$ eV©w _Zmoha MwK 71
2) ì`mHw$bw Z{µOê§$ ì`mHw$bw dmUr H$bm àH$me 77
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_wµH$s_w Amho. hþZ Oy§ aMZmD§$ _w™Vbµ\w$$ A˜~mé{Z E| agmb{Z _| em`m Wt{X`y§ Am{h{Z.
eb Z H§$qh Io em¡µHw$ Jbo Im§ nH$‹S>o, nmoB V dSš>mo Jd`mo nE {Sš>gU _| Am`w{g. amoµOw [a`mµOw {~
CZhrA Io N{Sš> Uw Sš>mT>mo _wpíH$b Amho. AŠga H$ao H§$Xmo hmo{g. nm‹S>o dma{Z Or qZS> {\$Q>r noB©. amoµO ~šm{hat
B©E§ M`mo d|Xmo Amho V "em¡µH$ Omo H$mo {~ _wëhþ H$moÝho;' Vah Z V A§{Xat Vah Jm[a`y§ Sš>tXm hÿ§Xm. Zo{R> JmZmo
gmo _y§Io {~ Z§T>o hÿ§Xo Im§ dR>r H$mo Z H$mo em¡µHw$ Amho B© {gI`w{g. {hH$‹S>o Sš>thþ§ H$moR> {_br V AMr n§qhOo
Amho. n{h[a`mBª em¡µHw$ Om{Jš`mo V Kmo‹S>o gdmar {gIm§. gwarbo Jbo gm§ gwarbmo AmdmµOw ~šxYmB. _m§ {~ n§qhOo
Jm§JQ> Oo{Sš>`y§ d{Sš>`y§ _wNy>§ aIm`{_. B©E§ nE {Sš>gU _| gmµO{Z dma{Z gm§ JSšx> d`w{g. gmµO{Z dma{Z gmµO
Am`mo OšUw H$mo dSš>mo n{hbdmZw Am{h`m§. {Xb V dOšmBUw ewê$ H$`m E| _y§ {~ n§qhOmo Jbmo \$m{‹S>`mo.
A{h‹S>r _µµÁ~yV Amho Omo Hy$Amo Wmo {Sš>gm§ V {S>Ošr _w§qhOmo Jbmo \$m{‹S> Uw E| _mÊhþ{Z Oy§ Vm{‹S>`y§ dOšmBUw.
dÄmm§. _m§ g_wPU bJšx{g V npãbH$ _w§qhOmo gwdmJVw Wr
H$ao. na nVmo VSš>qh n`mo OSš>qh A§S>{Z E| Q>_mQ>{Z Omo
~šm{hat Vah ~hmXwar Sš>oImaU bmB dR>r _wNy>§
_y§ _Wm§ dgH$mamo H$`mo d`mo. _mÊhþ{Z Io KUmo B©
aIm`{_ E| Kmo‹S>o gdmar H$aUw {g{I`w{g. Kmo‹S>o gdmar
g_Pm`w{_ E| M`w{_, ""^mCamo _m§ A§S>m H$moZ ImBªXmo
H$aU _hb nmU Io OšUw H$ßVmZw g_P§Xmo hþ`w{g.
Am{h`m§. _mÊhÿ§ _w‹S>{Z N>mo Wm! _w§qhOmo _w§hþ§ {~ gOšmo
{hH$‹S>o Sš>th§ H§$qh `ma gm§ AMr {µOXw {W`mo V `mé
A§S>{Z gm§ W{\$Or n`mo. OrA§ VrA§ n§qhOmo gwarbmo
n`mo Mdo, ""_w§qhOmo Kmo‹S>mo hbmB V _m§ VmoIo {Xb
Jbmo ~§{X H$ao Ka ^r‹S>mo {W`w{g.
Kw[a`mo BZm_ Sš>tXw{g.''
K[a AMr Xé I‹S>H$m`w{_. ~šma{Z Xé Imo{b`mo.
_y§ {~ Z H$B© h_ Z V_, gmo {Q>>nw Sš>oB© Kmo‹S>o Vo M‹T>r
~šma{Z _w§qhOr {e{H$b {Sš>gr dR>r a{‹S>`y§ H$`y§! MdU
doRw>{g. _w§qhOmo Kmo‹S>o Vo dohUw E| Kmo‹S>o Omo ÔšUw. Kmo‹S>mo
bJšm, ""_å_r! ^yV ‹S>o ^yV.'' H$moB© ~šmé gwÄmmUo B©
B©E§ hdm gm§ Jšmpëh`y§ H§$Xmo nE h{b`mo, Omo KUmo B©
H$moZ g{K`mo. Oo{gVmBª _w§h§ _m§ AIé H$T>m§ B© H$T>m§,
Kmo‹S>o Io amo{H$`w{_ na `mé éH$Oo N>mo Wmo! nN>m‹S>rA
V§qh Im§ AJšx Kadmar {hHw$ _moQ>mo Sš>§S>mo ^yVw H$T>U
A{h‹S>mo hmbw {W`mo Omo Y‹S>m_ gm§ Kmo‹S>o Vm§ {H$ar AMr
bmB IUr AmB©. OrA§ KadmarA _moQ>mo Sš>§S>mo _Wo
n{Q> n`w{g. hSšx> JwSšx> Ôšr n`mo. Nh _hrZm BñnVmb
I§`mo V _y§ a{‹S> H$ao M`mo_m§g, ""_m§ Am{h`m§ Vw§qhOmo
_| n`mo hþ`w{g. dar eV© Z a{I`{_ E| Z dar Kmo‹S>mo
nVr dm§Xmo_b.'' KadmarA Sš>§S> mo IUr nQ> Vo a{I`mo.
hbm`w{_.
{XbXmar Sš>oB© MdU bJšr, ""Vìhm§ Io hr N>m {W`mo
Md§Xm Am{h{Z V dm§Xo_b Io H$mo Z H$mo H$_w Amho!'' M`mo_m§g, ""npãbH$ _w§qhOmo gwdmJVw H$`mo
Ino. gmo `ma{Z M`mo V Vw§qhOmo Jbmo Sš>mT>mo gwarbmo Amho.'' am{V Om Sš>h bJšm hþAm. W{Y Om Sš>th§ hþAm.
Amho, N>mo ZWmo JmZmo {gIt! `ma{Z Oo Q>rH$é{Z {~ _y§ WYmo nmUr IUr doRw>{g _w§hþ§ _Wmo gmµ\w$$ H$aU. nVmo
Io \y§$S>m`mo. _y§ {~ IUr bIZdr {b~mgw R>{ham`mo, VSš>qh n`mo Omo gw~wh Omo CWm§ V A{I`w{Z E| ZH$ _m§
1
nmUrA Om Zogmam n`m dh{Z. S>m°ŠQ>a Am`mo. MdU Or XjUm KUr?'' _y§ M`mo_m§g, ""_y§ V em¡µH$`m Vw§qhOmo
bJšmo, ""{Z_mo{Z`m Amho.'' hWw {Sš>R>mo. _m§ n§{S>V H$moZ Am{h`m§.'' M`mBª, ""gmBª
Hw$Pw V dR>mo.'' _y§ M`mo_m§g, ""OoH$m Vw§qhOr _µOu
KadmarA ˜µ\o$ Wr M`mo, ""Vìhm§ Io H§$qh M`mo
hþOo gm Sš>IUm Sš>o.'' `ma gwarbo_b Z H$B© h_ Z
V Jd`m {W`mo! H${h‹S>mo AQ>mo IwQ>mo hþ`wd! hþZ Omo ~wamo
V_, R>H$mC dR>r M_mQ> h§`mBª. _w§qhOm V dmOšQ> dOšr
^bmo ~šxYw{_. _hrZmo IQ> n{H${‹S>`{_. S>m°ŠQ>a{Z Om
d`m. {Xb _| gmo{M`w{_, N>m! hrC hWw {Sš>gU Omo
{~b {Sš>Z{_, Jdò {WÙ Omo em¡µHw$ {Xb _| B© a{hOr
BZm_ {_b`mo. _y§ Io{g M`mo, ""AXm! _y§ Vw§qhOmo
d`mo. dar Jd`mo Z {W`w{g.
H${h‹S>mo Sš>mohþ H$`mo!'' M`mBª, ""Vmo gMw ~šxYm`mo,
H§ $ qh _hamO _w § q hOr A_‹ S > Io M`mo hmo , CZhrA Omo BZm_ Amho.'' _y§ {~ Io{g _moQ> _| W\y§$
""dm§Xmo_b {hHw$ dSš>mo Á`mo{Vfr WtXmo.'' Cho AIa hUr H${T>`y§ E| M`mo_m§g, {hHw$ V Vy§ gM Io Wmo {YH$mat
_w § q hOo _µ J µ O _| h_o e h Kw _ § X m ah§ X m hþ A m. CZhrA Or W\$, ~šr VmoIo Amerdm©X Or W\$.''
{hHw$$Á`mo{Vf {dÚm Omo OšmUy {~ {_br d`mo. V§qh {~ {~šÝhr Oo {dM_| Vy§ N>m Vy§ N>m Wr noB©. Po‹S>mo dYr d`mo.
dR>r n{~š`y§ {Sš>{Z`y§, ""Vy§ e{V©`m gwR>mo Á`mo{Vfr WtX|.'' nmobrg AmB© E| {~šÝhr Io nH$‹S>o gOšr amV IUr A§Xa
_m§ {~ H$n‹S>{Z _| Z n`mo _mnm§. {dhm[a`mC§. ~šma gOšr amV naoemZ {W`m V S>¡S>r Ho$Sš>m§hþ§
ewê$ H$`{_ Á`mo{Vf {dÚm. amoµO n`mo _mÊhþ{Z d`mo! _m§ {nUw naoemZw {W`w{g Omo _w§KU gwåhU Z
Om hW {Sš>g§Xmo hþ`w{g. {hH$‹S>o Sš>thþ§ hmoQ>b _| Mm§qh n`m {Sš>`{Z. doR>o n§qhOo H$_©{Z E| _hamO Io {n{Q>`w{_,
nrA§Xo H§$qh _mÊhÿA Omo hWw {Sš>gU doRw>{g. _mÊhÿ hmo O§qh _w§qhOr A_‹S> Io _w§qhOr AJšH$Wr ~šxYmB© V
gwarbmo, gmo doR>mo hWw Sš>oIm[aU. OSš>qh hWw {Sš>gr Vw§qhOmo nwQw> dSš>mo Á`mo{Vfr WtXmo.
˜V_w H$`w{_ V gwarbo_b M`mo, ""n§{S>V Or Vìhm§
bµµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

[a`mµOw = Aä`mg n{~š`y§ {Sš>Ùw = AOm`mo _Wo Mm‹T>Uw
AQ>mo IwQ>Uw = em_V AMUw Q>rH$a {Sš>Ùw = Hy$‹S>r gmamh H$aUw
dmOšQ> dOšUw = hmoe {dÄmmBUw H$n‹S>{Z _| Z _mnUw = KUmo ˜we {WÙw
2
Aä`mgw
gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- (3) {OÝg _Q>m`mo.
1) dm§Xo_b Io n{h[a`m| em¡µHw$ H${h‹S>mo Om{Jš`mo? S>m°ŠQ>é .....................
2) dm§Xo_b Oo XmoñV Io{g N>m M`mo? nVr .....................
3) ~šma{Z dm§Xo_b Or {e{H$b {Sš>gr a{‹S>`y§ N>mo Kmo‹S>mo .....................
H$`y§? A_{‹S> .....................
4) gwarbo_b AJšH$Wr ~šxYU Im§ nmoB dm§Xo_b
gm§ N>m H$`mo? (4) AXXw ~Xbm`mo.
a{‹S> .....................
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- _{N>`y§ .....................
1) dm§Xo_b Io H${h‹S>m em¡µH$ Om{Jš`m? Q> _ mQ> m o .....................
2) "em¡µH$ Omo H$mo {~ _wëhþ H$moÝho' g_wPm`mo. n{hbdmZw .....................
3) n§qhOo em¡µH$ ~m~V n§O Ow{_bm {bImo.
gwdmb 3. H§$qh, H§$qh Io M`mo :- _íµJybr - 1

1) ""_w§qhOmo Kmo‹S>mo hbmB V _m§ VmoIo {Xb Kw[a`mo
BZm_ Sš>tXw{g.''
2) ""^mCamo! _m§ A§S>m H$moZ ImBªXmo Am{h`m§.''
Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) ""Vìhm§ Io hr N>m {W`mo Amho!''
""Md§Xm Am{h{Z V dm§Xo_b Io ....................
4) ""_å_r! ^yV ‹S>o ^yV.''
M`mo_mÝg, npãbH$ _w§qhOmo ñdmJVw H$`mo Amho.''
5) ""AXm! _y§ Vw§qhOmo H${h‹S>mo Sš>mohþ H$`mo!''
(1) Ow{_b{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> {gQy>§ Qw>H$a _m§

gwdmb 4. (1) {µOX {bImo.
Jšmpëh`mo :-
ewê$ .....................
1. _m§ dofZy Am{h`m§.
ho{R> .....................
2. XmoñV{Z Hy$‹S>r gmamh H$ao {h_W dYmB©.
{g`mUmo .....................
3. OZVm _w§qhOmo AmXwa^mdw H$`mo Amho.
WYmo .....................
4. ha Sš>th§þ Aä`mgw H§$Xmo hmo{g.
(2) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo.

(2) "{gµ\$V' E| "Bñ_' Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo :-
em¡µHw$ .....................
{gµ\$V Bñ_
gMw .....................
{_gmb : gwarbmo AmdmµOw
Sš>thþ§ .....................
_moQ>mo Jd`mo
Oš m U .....................
bIZdr Jbmo
gwarbmo {b~mgw
dSš>mo Sš>§S>mo
3
(3) {Sš>Zb {gQy>§ {gb{gbodma {bImo :-
1. ~šma{Z boIH$ Or {e{H$b {Sš>gr a{‹S>`y§ H$`y§. _íµJybr - 2
2. boIH$ Or µOmb _moQ>mo Sš>§S>mo IUr AmB©.
3. boIH$ amoµOw [a`mµOw ewê$ H$`mo. (1) Ow{_bmo g_Pr Mm¡Hw§$S>{Z _| "em¡µHw$' `m "ãm~
4. XmoñV{Z boIH$ Oo Jbo Or gmamh H$B©. AmXV' {bImo.
(4) {_gmb g_Pr Ow{_bm R>mho {bImo. 1. amOoe amoµO Hw$Pw Xoa g§JrVw ~šxY§Xmo Amho.
{_gmb : _w§qhOmo Jbmo \$m{‹S>Uw E| _mÊhþ{Z Oy§ Vm{‹S>`y§
dOš m BUw .
Odm~ : _m§ Jbmo \$m{‹S>`mo E| _mÊhþ{Z Vm{‹S>`y§ dOšm`y§. 2. hfm© Z¥Ë` Omo [a`mµOw H§$Xr Amho.
1. XmoñV{Z Or gmamh H$aUw E| _w§qhOmo Aä`mg ewê$

{WÙw . 3. gmoh_ h_oeh dm§XH$mB©A _| dmV gm§ Z§h§ n`mo H$VatXmo
2. ~šma{Z Omo Xé ImobUw E| CÝh{Z Oy§ a{‹S>`y§ H$aUw. Amho .
3. _w§qhOmo JšmBUw E| _mÊhþ{Z Omo A§S>{Z E| Q>_mQ>{Z
gm§ dgH$mamo H$aUw.
4. H$moR> {_bUw E| _w§qhOmo gmµO{Z dma{Z gm§ JSšx> 4. amHo$e ~weQ>© gm§ _w§hþ§ CK§Xmo Amho.
dÄmUw.
(5) ghr _wV~Xb My§S>o {bImo. 5. Agm§ Omo XmXm amoµOw A˜~ma n‹T>§Xmo Amho.
1. 1) boIH$ Omo AmdmµO g{^Zr Io Sš>mT>mo d{U`mo.
2) boIH$ Omo ñdmJVw Jwb{Z gm§ {W`mo.
3) boIH$ Oo AmdmµO Vo _mÊhÿ ZmamµO {W`m. 6. _rZm {JQ>ma dOšmBU Omo Aä`mgw H§$Xr Amho.
2. 1) boIH$ Io {H$Vm~ {bIU Omo em¡µHw$ n¡Xm {W`mo.

2) boIH$ Io JrV JšmBU Omo em¡µHw$ n¡Xm {W`mo. 7. {Z_©bm Ka Oo ImYo Im§ ~šmh[a`m§ Vm_ dYrH$ ng§X
3) boIH$ Io {gŠH$m O_m H$aU Omo em¡µHw$ n¡Xm H§$Xr Amho.
{W`mo .
3. 1) ~šma boIH$ Oo {e{H$b {Sš>gr {Sš>Ošr d`m. 8. hfm© ~mµJ _| dU{Z ~šzQ>{Z Omo ˜`mb H§$Xr Amho.
2) ~šma{Z boIH$ Oo {e{H$b Or gmamh H$B©.
3) ~šma boIH$ Or {e{H$b {Sš>gr ZMU bJšm.
9. gm{dÌr h_oeh a{‹S>`y§ H$ao JšmëhmBªXr Amho.
4. 1) boIH$ Or µOmb _W{g Sš>§T>mo I§`mo.
2) boIH$ Or µOmb gmU{g h_XXu Sš>oImar.
3) boIH$ Or µOmb _Wm§C{g H$md{‹S>Or.
4
(2) dhH$ V˜Vmo (2) _ehÿé ŠbmgrH$b g§JrVH$ma
drMma 1. n§{S>V a{d e§H$a - {gVma
2. µOm{H$a hþgoZ - V~bmo

bµµâµO
3. h[aàgmX Mm¡a{g`m - ~må~y ~m§gwar
H«$`mD§$ 4. AH$~a ˜mZ - gamoX
5. A_OX Abr ˜mZ - gamoX

AmXVy§, em¡µH$
6. {edHw$_ma e_m© - g§Vya
M[aÌ 7. n§{S>V OgamO - g§Vya Jm`H$
dYrH$ OšmU
(1) _ehÿé {MÌH$ma
1. A_¥Vm eoa{Jb - goë\$ nmoQ´>©oQ>
2. aqdÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa - ^maV _mVm
3. amOm adr d_m© - eHw§$Vbm
4. Z§Xbmb ~mog - ~mny O r
5. VmB~ _hVm - _§emgwam

aqdÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa

5
2. AmnXm - ˜mgw OšmU gånmXHw$$ _§S>bw
{hZ _µµÁ_yZ _| AmnXm E| CZ Om {µH$ñ_ ~šxYmBªXo CÝh{Z Im§ Vhµ\w$µOw hmgwbw H$aU Or _w™V{gé OšmU {Sš>Zb
Amho. AmnXm AMU Im§ AJšx CZ Oo gaµOX {WÙ _{hb E| CZ Im§ nmoB H${h‹S>r ˜~aXmar dR>Uw KwaOo, CZ
Om Vµ\$grb ~šxYm`b Am{h{Z.
AmnXmC{Z Om ~š {µH$ñ_ Am{h{Z : (2) _hmamîQ´> {H$bmar _| {µOb{µObmo

(30 goßQ>å~a 1993 B©.) O§qh _| 7928 _mÊhþ
1) µHw$XaVr AmnXmD§$
AµOb Omo {eH$mé {W`m.
2) BÝgmZr H$maJwµOm[a`w{Z g~{~ WtX‹S> AmnXmD§$
µHw$XaVr AmnXmC{Z Om {_gmb :

· ~šmoSšz>§, {µOb{µObm, P§Jb Oy§ ~m{h`y§ E| ~mXb{Z
Omo \$mQ>Uw dµJoah.
· BÝgmZr H$maJwµOm[a`w{Z g~{~ WtX‹S> AmnXmD§$
O{h‹ S >mo H $: ~m{h`y § , añVo Om hmXgm, (3) ^wOšx (JwOamV) _| YaVrA Omo YwSš>Uw
H$ma˜mZ{Z _m§ {ZH$a§X‹S> µOhar{b`y§ J¡gy§, (26 OZdar 2001 B©.) CZ hmXgo _| 19,727
B_maVw{Z Omo {H$aUw dµJoah dm{µH$Am. _mÊhÿ JwµOmao d`m, 1,66,000 _mÊhÿ µO™_r {W`m
E| A{Q>H$b 30 bI _mÊhþ{Z _Wm§ Agé n`mo.
Hw$Pw {_gmb :
(1) H$mo`Zm _| YaVrA Omo YwSš>Uw
(11 {S>gå~a 1963 B©.) A{Q>H$b 200 _mÊhÿ
_m¡V Omo {eH$mé {W`m.
(4) Vm{_bZmSy> _| 26 {S>gå~a 2014 B©. Vo gwZm_rA

µH$ha H$`m. qhX _hmgmJa _| g_w§S> Oo bhé{Z
amL>m H$`m. ˜m¡ µ \ $ZmHw $ $ bhé{Z `mah{Z
_wëH${Z _| V~mhr Am§Xr. Hw$bw 1,50,000 _mÊhÿ
AµOb Omo {eH$mé {W`m.
6
(5) CVamI§S> _| 16 OyZ 2013 B©. Vo ~mXb \$mQ>U
g~{~ ~šmoSšz>§ Am`y§. CZ _| 12000 H$amo‹S> én`{Z
Omo _mbr ZwµŠgmZw {W`mo. 1000 Im§ dYrH$
_mÊhÿ AµOb Omo {eH$mé {W`m.
(6) JwOamV Oo gyaV eha _| {hH$ H$moqMJ goÝQ>a _|

24 _B© 2019 B©. {hH$ Mma _m‹S>m {~pëS>¨J _|
K{Q> _| K{Q> 20 OšUm ~m{h Omo {eH$mé {W`m.
Chmo ^`mZHw$$ hm{Xgmo BÝgmZr bmnadm{h`w{Z
Omo ZVrOmo hmo.
AmnXm ~§Xmo~ñV _| em{JX©{Z Omo {H$aXmé

"ZoeZb BÝgQ>rQ>çyQ> Am°\$ {S>µOmñQ>a _¡ZoO_|Q>',
{_pÝgQ´>r Am°µ\$$ hmo_ Aµ\o$Ag© E| {dkmZ àgma, ^maV
gaH$ma Vaµ\$m§ {hHw$ ˜mgw {H$Vm~ em`m H$`mo d`mo.
Chmo "EŠQ>{dQ>r ~wHw$' g{^Zr _mBQ>{Z, CñVmX{Z E|
em{JX©{Z Io n‹T>U KwaOo. AmnXm dµµŠV H${h‹S>m µH$X_
IUr OmZ _mb Omo ZwµŠgmZ KQ>mE gKOo Wmo. Bhm
OšmU g{^Zr bmB µOê$ar Amho.
7
dYrH$ OšmU
"EŠQ>{dQ>r ~wHw$' {H$Vm~ Om Ah_² {hñgm
FIRE: Do’s and Don’ts
BEFORE :
• The schools to be given license only after checking up its safety.
• The schools must have sufficient exit routes.
• Identify the fire hazards and where fires might start.
• Teachers/school staff to have training in fire safety.
• Students to be made aware about the do’s & don’ts.
• School to have an emergency plan and put up fire notices.
• Keep electrical inspection and testing up to date and carry out repairs.
• Kitchen has to be in secured and safe location only.
• Check the adequacy of fire fighting apparatus and its maintenance.
• Ensure fire escape routes and fire exit doors/ passageways are unobstructed and doors
open
correctly.
• Have first aid kits.
Conduct fire drills.
• Consult with and implement recommendations of the local fire brigade.
DURING :
• Exit from the school to an open area.
• Contain the fire if possible. If not , get outdoors immediately.
• Execute evacuation plan and practiced fire drills.
• Call the Fire Brigade.
• Do not allow children and teachers to panic.
• Do not let anyone hide. Teachers to ensure that nobody is trapped in toilet/indoors.
• If the room is filled with smoke, ask children to stay low to the ground during exit.
• Feel any closed door to see if they are hot before they are opened.
• If the door is hot, use the nearest window or another exit.
• Children and teachers should go to pre – arranged locations, teacher to take roll call.
• Teachers should comfort distressed children.
• Nearest hospital/authority to be alerted.
• Do not allow children to leave on their own , or to be taken home by strangers.
8
AFTER :
• DON’T Re- enter or permit anyone to enter the school building , unless the fire officials have
given permission to enter.
• Teachers to confirm that all students have reached their homes safely.
• Review the fire risk management plan and evacuation plan.
• Implement / execute recommendations by Fire Department and /or building professional before
reopening school for classes.
EARTHQUAKE: Do’s and Don’ts for Protection
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE :
Most human lives in earthquakes are lost due to collapse of houses. Styles of making houses
depend on local climate, construction material available and on local traditions.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a sudden shake of the earth, which lasts for a short time, within a very imited
region. Most earthquakes last for less than a minute, but sometimes shock may last, for as long
as 3 to 4 minutes. The place where an earthquake originates inside the earth is called the focus
of the earthquake. The point vertically above this, on the surface of the earth, is called its epicenter.
WHY DO EARTHQUAKES HAPPEN
The entire surface of the earth is made up of several wide, thin and rigid plate like blocks. These
are in constant motion with respect to each other. This causes most earthquakes at edges of
plates and a few earthquakes within the plate. The movement is very slow but in some places it
is as much as about 5 cm per year. Earthquakes occur almost everywhere in
the world. Some regions have more earthquakes than other parts of the globe. Earthquakes can
be caused by other reasons too. Volcanic activity can shake the ground. Blasting, quarrying
and mining can cause small earthquakes.
Underground nuclear explosions are also man made earthquakes.
Tremendous amount of energy is released during an earthquake. This can cause widespread
damage. Human dwellings have to be protected from earthquakes. Collapse of buildings in an
earthquake, specially in congested areas, can cause havoc.
If you are caught indoors at the time of an earthquake,
• Keep calm.
• Stay away from glass windows, doors, almirahs, mirrors etc.
• Stay away from falling plaster, bricks or stones.
• Get under a table or a sturdy cot so that you are not hurt by falling objects.
• Do not rush towards the doors or staircase. They may be broken or jammed.
If you are outdoors at the time of earthquake,
• If open space is available nearby, go there.
• Keep away from tall chimneys, buildings, balconies and other projections.
• Do not run through streets; hoardings or lamps may fall on you.
9
After an earthquake
• Check if you or anyone else is hurt. Use first aid at least on the cuts and bruises.
• Keep the streets clear for emergency services.
• Switch off all appliances like the refrigerator, TV or radio Turn off the gas.
• Wear shoes to protect your feet from debris.
• A battery operated radio will help you to get important messages.
• Be prepared for more shocks. These aftershocks always follow an earthquake.
Avoid the following in an earthquake
• Do not crowd around damaged areas or buildings.
• Do not waste water. It will be needed for fire fighting.
• Do not move the seriously hurt people.
• Wait for medical help to arrive.
• Do not spread rumors. They lead to panic and worsen the situation.
FLOOD: Do’s and Don’ts for Protection
Do’s
• Switch off all electrical and gas appliances, and turn services off at the mains.
• Take your emergency kit and try to let your friends and family where you are going.
• Avoid contact with flood water - it may be contaminated with sewage, oil, chemicals or other
substances.
• If you have to walk in standing water, use a pole or stick to ensure that you do not step into
deep water, open manholes or ditches.
• Stay away from power lines - electrical current can travel through water. Report power lines
that are down to the power company.
• Look before you step - after a flood, the ground and floors are covered with debris, which may
include broken bottles, sharp objects, nails etc. Floors and stairs covered with mud and debris
can be slippery.
Don’ts
• Don’t walk through flowing water - currents can be deceptive, and shallow, fast moving water
can knock you off your feet.
• Don’t swim through fast flowing water - you may get swept away or struck by an object in the
water.
• Don’t drive through a flooded area - You may not be able to see abrupt drop-offs and only half
a metre of flood water can carry a car away. Driving through flood water can also cause
addi- tional damage to nearby property.
• Don’t return to your property until the “All Clear” has been given.
• Don’t reconnect your power supply until a qualified engineer has checked it. Be alert for gas
leaks - do not smoke or use candles, lanterns, or open flames.
• Don’t eat any food that has come into contact with flood water.
10
A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or an extinguisher,
is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control
small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for
use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached
the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke,
explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of
a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a
hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent
which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
• Class A fire extinguishers, for example, have the green

triangle on them and also the special numerical rating, showing
the amount of water this extinguisher holds and the amount of
fire it is able to extinguish.
• Class B fire extinguishers are marked with the red square
and have the numerical rating indicating the approximate area
of fire (in square feet) it is able to extinguish.
• Class C fire extinguishers are marked with the blue circle,
but they don’t have any numerical rating. As a rule they contain
the non-conductive extinguishing agent, because they are
often used for electrical fire fighting.
• Class D fire extinguishers have the yellow decagon on
them and are mostly regarded as the part of chemical
laboratory firefighting equipment. They also don’t have any
numerical rating on them. There are also class K fire extinguishers,
marked with the black hexagon. They are intended for the fighting
the fire, caused by any cooking oils, fats or trans-fats combustion
and are highly recommended for restaurant or cafeteria kitchens.
11
DISASTER EMERGENCY KIT
When a natural disaster occurs, we can’t always rely on police or governments to provide help.
The grocery store might be so badly damaged that you can’t go into it. The supplies in the store
might be quickly depleted or you may not be able to get to the store.
The six basic supplies you need in a disaster kit are:
Water Food First aid supplies
Clothing, bedding and sanitation supplies Tools Special items
Water
You should have a three-day supply of water on hand, or about one gallon per day per person. If
your water is not already treated with chlorine, add some household bleach to the bottles. It
should be stored in a cool, dark place for no longer than six months
Food
Put aside at least three-days worth of food in your disaster kit that is non-perishable and don’t
need refrigeration.
Also, choose foods that don’t need heating. Avoid foods with a high salt content as they will
make you thirsty. Foods that are recommended are:
Candy, chocolate, tea, coffee Sugar, salt, pepper Canned juice, milk, soup Canned fruits, meat,
vegetables Peanut
butter, jelly, crackers Baby food if necessary Vitamins Pet food for those of us who have pets
Assemble a first aid kit for your home and one for each car. A first aid kit should include:
(1) Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes. (2) 2-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6)
(3) 4-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6) (4) Hypoallergenic adhesive tape
(5) Triangular bandages (3) (6) 2-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls)
(7) 3-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls) (8) Scissors (9) Tweezers
(10) Needle (11) Moistened towelettes (12) Antiseptic (13) Thermometer
(14) Tongue blades (2) (15) Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant
(16) Assorted sizes of safety pins (17) Cleansing agent/soap
(18) Latex gloves (2 pair) (19) Sunscreen Non-prescription drugs
(20) pain killer (21) Antacid (for stomach upset) Clothing
(22) Bedding and Sanitation Supplies
Make sure your disaster kit contains clothes that will protect you from cold and from heat. You
should include at least one change of clothing per person, including footwear. Make sure you
bring soap, detergent, toilet paper, feminine supplies, garbage bags (to dispose of personal
waste), a plastic bucket with lid, disinfectant and household bleach.
12
Tools
• Mess kits, or paper cups, plates and plastic utensils.
• Emergency preparedness manual.
• Portable, battery-operated radio or television and extra batteries.
• Flashlight and extra batteries.
• Cash or traveler’s checks, change.
• Nonelectric can opener, utility knife.
• Fire extinguisher: small canister, ABC type.
• Tube tent.
• Tape.
• Plastic storage containers.
• Paper, pencil.
• Needles, thread
• Whistle.
• Plastic sheeting.
• Map of the area (for locating shelters).
Special Items :
Special items include family documents such as birth certificates, passports, wills, photo id,
bank account numbers, credit card numbers, household inventory, cash, books and other
entertainment, batteries, extra glasses and prescription drugs.
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13
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_íµJybr - 1
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1) qhXr ~šmobrA _| "dSš>mo' bmB H$_w BªX‹Sx> H${h‹S>mo
_m¡Vw -
bµµâµOw Amho?
ZwŠµ gmZw - 2) nmUrA Omo µHw$XaVr ^§S>ma H${h‹S>mo Amho?
K{Q> - 3) {hHw$ BñVbmhþ Jšmoëho {bImo.
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14
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15
3. _Z Or emÝVr! VrW© g^mUr
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XñVya', "B©ída Amho' E| "ghr qµOXJr'.
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ê$hmZr ZwµŠV{Z Vo amoeZr {dYb Amho.
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16
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dmam Am{h{Z. ~mµH$s Oo g_yamo dµµŠVw dohr Bhmo drMma ~m~w g_PUw KwaOo.
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d|{X`y§.''
˜wer dR>U _| Z, na {Sš>Ù _| Amho. _Zwfw
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H$ao nmU Io Sšx>I{Z Sš>mobmA{Z _| {d{POo! BÝgmZw
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OrdZ hþZ Io har âr ^mgo Wr.
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ML>mo `m bL>mo, CZ Vo dohr Jšmo‹T>m Jšm{‹S> U _m§ H${h‹S>mo

~X~™Vw = ãm~ Zgr~w _mR>mB© = _§Xr
H$mam|^ma = D§$Xmhr {˜µOmZ = gaC gV² H$ao ^moJšUw = ghUw
AVm {W`b = {_{b`b EVµH$mXw = {dídmgw {Xb{eH$ñVmo {WÙw = {Zamgw {WÙw
17
Aä`mgw
gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr
1) BÝgmZ Io dmao \o$ao gm§ Ho$é _w§hþ§ Sš>oIm[a{Z
Wm?
2) BÝgmZ Io gwI{Z _{hb N>m H$aUw OwJšmE?
E_agZ {g`mUo _| {g`mUmo Am_arH$Z ...............
3) H$ma˜mZo Om EO§Q> {Xb{N>H$ñVm N>mo Wr
................... {h_W E| EVµH$mX nmU _| g_P~mo.
n`m?
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(1) ha{hH$ ~`mZ _| brH$ {Sš>Zb bµµâµO ~Xam§ _wZm{g~
g_Pmo d|Xmo Amho?
_wV~Xb Odm~ Jšmoëho {bImo.
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1) Zma_Z dÝg|Q> nob n§qhOo {H$Vm~ _| N>m _| g_P~mo.
{b{I`mo Amho? 1. Vmµ H $V
2) _¡ZoOa EO§Q>{Z Io N>mo gSš>m`mo? 2. {dídmgw
3) bm`S> Om°O© Omo H${h‹S>mo {Z`_ hmo?
3. Sšx>Iw
4) E_agZ H${h‹S>r gbmh {Sš>Zr Amho?
gwdmb 3. {hH$ Ow{_bo _| Odm~w {bImo :- 2) BZ H$ao Bhmo gwR>mo {Z`_w Amho.
1) Šb~ _| Jmoëµ\$ am§X H$aU Ho$é Am`mo? 1. XñVya
2) Zma_Z dÝg|Q> nob Oo {H$Vm~ Omo Zmbmo {bImo. 2. ZmVmo
3) EO§Q> Xm§hÿ§ N>mo H$aU bJšm?
3. µ H $mZy Z
4) _¡ZoOa Am°µ\$sg Or Xrdma Vo N>m bJšm`mo?
gwdmb 4. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 3) CÝh{Z Oo AMU Omo Io{g éJšmo A§Xoemo a{h`mo.
1) {˜µOmZ Im§ nmoB ........... AMo Wmo 1. ~šbw
2) H$mamo Qw>~šH$mo ............. _mÌ OJšh Wmo 2. AmXwé
dmbmao . 3. IwQ>H$mo
3) ˜wer .......... _| Z, na {Sš>Ù _| Amho.
4) dR>U Im§ .......... dYrH$ _w~maH$ Amho.
4) amV Omo gwåhU dob Bhmo {Sš>gr nmoB Amam_r {WOo.
gwdmb 5. BñVbmh{Z Or _mZm {bIr Ow_b{Z _| H${_ 1. dµµŠVw
Am{U`mo :- 2. amB
Wmoam _ÄmUw gV² H$ao ^moJšUw 3. Sš>m§h§þ
{Xb{eH$ñVmo {WÙw {XbXmar {Sš>Ùw
gwdmb 6. {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :-

BÝgmZ nhm‹S>
AN> m U _mR> m B©
18
(2) "dob' bµµâµO Om OwXm OwXm CMma E| OwXm OwXm gmJšo Z_yZo ho{R> {Sš>Zb ha{hH$ bµµâµO bmB ~«¡Ho$Q> _m§ ~š
_mZmD§$ Am{h{Z. _wZm{g~ _mZmD§$ Jšmoëho {bImo.
d¡bw 1) éJšmo .............. ..............

(µ\$µµH${V, Sš>mT>mo, N>‹S>mo)
_wgr~V, em_V, µH$hé, Sš>mT>, ZmhµHw$ 2) Jš { UVr .............. ..............

VH$brµ\$, µOmoamdar (˜wer, {µ\$H«w$$, AmoZmo)
3) H$mµJµO .............. ..............

d`bw (H$mJša, {H$Vm~, nZmo)
4) {g`mUmo .............. ..............

admZmo {W`bw, Jw_w {W`bw, ~oH$ma (_yIw©, Am{µH$bw, g_Py)
(3) ""_Z Or em§Vr AOm`w{Z JšU{V`w{Z H$ao ˜Ë_

dob {WE Wr.'' g_Pm`mo.
(4) {µOX{Z Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo.

_hb, dµµŠVw, K‹S>r, Q>mUmo, _moµH$Amo, dPw 1) {g`mUmo 1. gwR>mB©
2) ãm~r 2. h¡dmZw
3) BÝgmZw 3. nH$
4) A§Xoemo 4. A`mUmo
19
4. Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C! am_ n§OdmUr
am_ àVm~amB n§OdmUr (OÝ_ 20-11-1911, dµ\$mV 31-03-1987 B©.) qg{Y`V Or OmoV ObmBªX‹S>{Z _|
Ah_w OJšh dmbmao Wmo. gm{hË` E| g§JrV Oo joÌ{Z _| n§qhOmo `wJmZmo AmñWmZ µH$mB_w a{I`mo AmW{g. gwR>mo
Zm{db Zdrgw, _µO_yZ {ZJmé E| g§JrVH$mé Amho. "AZmoIm AmµO_yXm' {H$Vm~ Vo hþZ Io gm{hË` AH$mX_rA
Omo BZm_ {_{b`mo. g§X{g Zm{db{Z _m§ "µH¡$Xr', "Amho Z Amho' E| "YrAé Z Oš_{Z' _ehÿé Am{h{Z.
(Oadma Omo JšmoRw> - ^JšV H§$daam_ Or AmoVmµH$ V Amho a~ Omo ê$n! _{h~y~w AMo Ka _| V
^JšV H§$daam_ ^JšVmUo S´>og _| - ~šm{ham§ ~§XyµHw${Z CZ Omo AmXé {~ Z H$[a`y§?
Omo AmdmµOw) ""gmOZ Am`m _¢ g{Z`m, H¡$gr OwJšV H$ê§$,
(_wIr gmh~w = _wIr, H§$daam_w = H§$dé) Wmëh âo gM _mo{V`m§, Adoa Z¡Z Yê§$.''
_wIr : ^JšV gmh~w! ^JšV gmh~! AMr d`m gmBª gaXmé: A‹S>o H$m haµ\$V V H$mZ Wmo hbmBª?
AMr d`m! H§$dé : Xadoe{Z Oo Xa Om Xa~mZ, {haµ\$V _m§ N>m
H§$dé : OrC Am`m! {ZMw Am`m! OšmU{Z! hþOV nmE Vìhm§ AMU Omo BVbmC
""ga Vo nIr hoH$‹S>mo, _mar ~rR>{g bI {Sš>Zmo V Agr Am{O`m§ bmB V¡`ma {~ Z hþOy§!
O§qh Vo gm{h~ Or aI, gmo ga _| Kw_o gahmo.'' gaXmé: nmobrg _| BVbmC H$moZ {Sš>Zmo AWd?
hbmo V hbr _ah~m H$[a`y§. H§$dé : a~ Or gaH$ma Io N>Sš>o JšmoR> Oo gy~oXma VmBª
(XadmµOmo Iwbo Wmo - Ym‹S>ob A§Xa YyH$s¨Xm Wm Ho$é dÄmo! n{hat ImBªXm nrA§Xm `m Jar~mUr
AM{Z - H§$daam_ A{JšVo dYr) gm¡µJmV µH$~yb H§$Xm!
H§$dé : gaXma, Vìhm§ Oo hþHw$_ Or Vm_rb Wr MwH$s gaXmé: N>m ImamBªX|, N>m nrAmatX|!
Amho. _wIr : XoJš ~šmo‹S> Or V`mé Am, XoJš nwbmd Or V`mé
(_wIrA Io) _wIr gmh~, ~šxYm`mo{Z V N>m N>m V`mé Am! ea~V Om erem hmµOwé Am{h{Z! {~š`mo
Amho . OoH$s hþHw$_ H$`mo, gmo V`mé H§$Xmgt gaXma!
_wIr : JšmoR> Oo {hH$ {hH$ Ka _m§ µOa µOoda, H${n‹S>mo gaXmé: E| Vìhm§ Oo ~šmo‹S> nwbmd E| ea~V _| Oo µOhé
bQ>mo H$T>r no{V`w{Z _| aI`mo AWD§$! {_{b`bw hOo V!
H§$dé : C_oX Amho V ZµOamZmo µH$~yb nd§Xmo. WH$m H§$dé : {Xb~a AM{Z Ka _| E| Agt H$[a`y§ XmoImo!
_m§Xm Am`m hÿ§Xm. Hw$Pw Mnmo Myamo H$`mo. e~©Vw ""_y§ Ka AMr Oo {WE _|Yamo _{h_mZ,
nmUr nrAmo V Vìhm§ Io YZw {Sš>`y§. AmUo {dPm§ AmJšx _| Mrao hUm§ OšmU,
gaXmé: dm{U`m, JšmëhmBª V B©E§ Wmo OšUw Ka _| goU hmUo VZya{Z _| ôao hUm§ nmU,
Am`m AWoB©! noH${Z gyYmo nmU Ka V‹S>x Kmo[a`m§ {natA Vm§.''
H§$dé : goU Z MAmo gmBª, ZoU MAmo ZoU! _{h_mZ
20
gaXmé: {_R>mo {_R>mo JšmëhmE Z _mo{h, \w$[aU Am`m (~š {Jbmg H§$da E| _wIrA Io {Sš>`{Z Wm. e~©Vw
Am{h`y§, \w$ao d|Xmgt! nrA{Z Wm)
H§$dé : {hgm~w bhUmo AWd. Mw H $mBU Am`m gaXmé: hm{U ~šxYmB H$bm_w!
Am{h`y§. ˜werA gm§ n`m {Sš>`y§. ^§Oé ^w[a`b (H§$dé H$bm_w ewê$ H$ao Wmo)
Z {Sš>g§XC. nbHy§$ {n{g`b Z ng§XC. {Sš>Zmo
""H$sA§ arPm`m§ VmoIo H$sA§ naMm`m§ -
V Sšx>Iw N>m Omo?
Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C,
gaXmé: A‹S>o H§$da, ImamBª nrAmat, V§qh Im§ AJš _|
H$mo H$bm_w ~šmYmB! [aH$mS>© Vw§qhOm KUm (nm`b Or P§H$ma - \o$amo nmE)
~šxYmgt. na ê$~ê$ Vw§qhOo amJš ~šxYU Omo _m¡µH$mo `m {W`m§ qhXy ny{Oš`m§ ~wV ˜mZo,
Z {_{b`mo Am!
H$mer Ûmao J§Jm BeZmZo
H§$dé : Vìhm§ d{Q> _w§qhOmo _wOamo µH$~yb nE V OšUw
O{U`mo nm`m§ {H$Z {VbH$ bJšm`m§,
_wOam {_br doB©!
Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C.''
gaXmé: na n{hat e~©V nrAma.
gaXmé: Agm§ qhXw{Z Io \w$aU H$moZ Am`m Am{h`y§.
H§$dé : _wIr gm{h~, e~©V Am{U`mo.
H$mµ\$a{Z Io bw{Q>>Uw Agm§ Omo Cgyb Amho.
(_wIr dÄmo Wmo) Agm§ ˜we, Abmhþ {~ amµOr! qhXy qhXy MdU
(^JšV H§$daam_ Kw§Kê$ IUr n§qhOo Q>§Jw{Z _| ~šYo Wmo. _m§ Hw$Pw {~ hmgwb Z WtXwd.
CWr Wmo ~rho V e~©Vw AMo Wmo) (H§$daam_ ~šr VwH$ Mdo Wmo)
gaXmé: Agt n§O OšUm Am{h`y§. hr gV {Jbmg N>mo? ""`m {W`m§ _mo{_Zw nmHw$$ Z_mµOr -
H§$dé : _Vm§ Vìhm§ Io Jw_mZ ndo V H§$da Hy$‹S>mo Amho! O§qh _| Om{Z~ Vy§ {WE§ amµOr
OoHo$ {~ ~š {Jbmg dUod, go _y§Io E| _wIrA
OmZ Omo‹S>m`m§, {H$Z {ga‹S>mo {Z_m`m§,
Io nrAm[a`mo.
Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C.''
gaXmé: JšmëhmBU _m§ bJšo Wmo V Vy§ Hy$‹S>mo Zmht. hmH$
V Sš>mT>r ~šxYr AWD§$ na ˜~a AWoB© V Vw§qhOo gaXmé: _mo{_Zw _mo{_Zw H$ao Agm§ Or {Xb Io _mo_w
JšmoR> _| N>mo Am`m Am{h`y§? H$ao Z gK§X|! qhXy qhXy WtXmo, _mo{_Zw _mo{_Zw
WtXmo. A{JšVo dYw.
H§$dé : {Z_mUo Vo Zdm{µOe H$B© AWd! gmoZ Mm§Xr
noVr`w{Z _| n`mo g‹S>o, V§qh Im§ H§$qhOo H${_ H§$dé : `m {W`m§ ZmMy, nh[a`m§ noedmµOr,
AMo V ML>mo Z! YwH$‹S> Y_Ma gmµO AmdmµOr,
\o$a‹S>r nm`m§, {H$Z N>oa {N>>_H$m`m§,
gaXmé: Bhmo V Vw§qhOmo MdUw AOm`mo Amho. Agm§
Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C.
g^w Hw$Pw Wm g_Py§. na Md§Xm Am{h{Z V
Vw§qhOo {Sš>Ù _| ~aH$V hÿ§Xr Amho! OoH$s {hVm§ (H§$daam_ C_§J _| AMr H$m doa_ n`mo \o$a{‹S>`y§ Wmo nmE.
IUr d|Xmgy§, gm OšUw Agm§ Oo bmB XwAm Amo{MVmo ~šm{ham§ ~mXb Wm JaO{Z E| {~ObrA Om
Wr! M_H$mQ> {W`{Z)
21
(H§$daam_ ~o-gwY ~o gwa{V n`mo \o$[a`y§ nmE. K{‹S>`y§ gaXmé: Agm§Or Vmo~h! ~™e! ~™e!
JwµOa§{X`y§ {W`y§ dÄm{Z) H§$dé : _m§ Ho$é Am{h`m§ ~p™eU dmamo. _m§ V h_oeh
gaXma Oo A§Xa Omo AmdmµOw (AmH$medmUr) - Md§Xmo Am{h`m§ :
H§$qh Io \w$[aU Am`m Am{h`mo! OoH$mo Z qhXyA Omo ""Zmbo AbI Oo ~šo‹S>mo Vm[a _w§qhOmo,
ôXw aIo Z _wñb_mZ Omo â_! ea_w, ea_w, hµOma {ZYa Am{h`m§ _m§ {Z_mUr,
~ma ea_w!
Amho AmYma Vw§qhOmo.''
(H$H$a{Z Or µOmoaXma JO©Zm - _th§ Omo dgH$mamo)
gaXmé: Vw§qhOmo V ~šo‹S>mo V[a`b Amho, hmUo Agm§ Omo
(H§$dé n`mo \o$[a`y§ nmE) Vma! ~p™e! ~p™e!
gaXma Oo µO_ra Omo AmdmµO - OoH$mo Pmob âo µJar~{Z H§$dé : (H$Q>tXo) ~™em`mo CÝhrA Im§ OoH$mo Xw{Z`m
_| {dahmE, _w{R>`y§ âo {_ñH$sZ{Z E| _whVmO{Z Or Io ~™eo!
dmha H$ao, OoH$mo ˜ëµH$ _| ˜m{bµHw$ {Sš>go, V§qh Io
gaXmé: Agm§ Om JwZmh dSš>m Am{h{Z. H$moZ ~™etXmo.
\w$aU Am`m Am{h`mo! O§qh Ym‹S>ob{Z Or EoSš>r _ah~m
H$B©! JšmoR> Io gwÄmmo H$ao Vìhm§ Io gmE H$aU Omo g~~w H§$dé : JwZhJma Io Z ~™eo V Io{g ~™eUhmé
~Um`mo! V§qh Io \w$aU Am`m Am{h`mo! h¡µ\$ Am Vìhm§ Ho$é H$moR>tXmo!
Oo hmb Vo! OoHo$ g§X{g JšmoR> _m§ IUr d|Xm, gm ~aH$V (hW Omo‹S>o)
Z hÿ§Xr! Vìhm§Oo h`mVrA bmB haH$V WtXr!
""AmC V ß`mab H$[a`y§ naMmC -
(H§$daam_ n`mo ZmM ZMo \o$[a`y§ nmE)
gmUw gw bo _ mZ H$[a`y § gaMmC,
""\o$a{‹S>`y§ nm`m§ {H$Z N>oU {N>>_H$m`m§.
bmBµHw$ Z Am{h`m§ na Vw§qhO‹S>r Am{h`m§.''
Sš>gw H$mo Sš>m§C!''
gaXmé: _wIr gm{h~, ^JšV gm{h~w OmXyJa Am -
AmdmµO : _m°µ\$s Kwamo! _m°µ\$s Kwamo! _moQ>r dÄmmo! nËWa Io nmUr H$ao N>{Sš>`mo AW{g! _moQ>mE
(gaXmé H§$daam_ Oo µH$X_{Z _| {H$[a`mo n`mo Amho) {Sš>`mo _mbw {_ñH$sZ{Z JšmoR>mU{Z Io. Agm§
Vagr Wm nD§$... Agm§ Io nmobrg Oo hdmbo
gaXmé: _m°µ\$s, ^JšV gm{h~ _m°µ\$s!
H$`mo!
H§$dé : (H§$dé ~rho Wmo. A{I`y§ Imobo Wmo) N>m {W`mo
H§$dé : Vìhm§ H$`mo gdm~ Omo H$_w, Agm§ H$`y§ nmn
~m~m N>m {W`mo!
Omo H$_w ! Bhm Agm§ O r _`m© X m Amho V
gaXmé: ~šmh[a V {Zhm[a ^JšV, ~šmh[a V {Zhm[a - _{h_mZ{Z Io µH¡$X H$am`y§!
VmoIo V n§qhOr _ñVrA _| ˜~a B© H$mZ Wr
gaXmé: H§$daam_ hÿ§A {~ V {hVm§ {gYmo nmobrg WmUo
ndo. ~šmh[a µH$`m_V AMr doB© Amho! hrA
Vo d|Xmgt E| nmUw nmobrg Oo hdmbo H§$Xmgt!
_w§X _th§ Or Amho?
{ddoH$ Om dT> n`m Am{h{Z, µO_ra Or bmZV
H§$dé : ~m~m, hrA ~agmV a~ Or ah_V Amho. Vìht
noB© Amho! {hZ Im§ nmoB Z Mmoar! Z Ym‹S>mo! Z
H$moB© CbH$mo Z H$[a`mo!
˜yZw! ... na ^JšV, Abmhþ Agm§Io ~™etXmo!
22
H§$dé : [aT> OoH$m _§S>r hÿ§Xr Amho, V§qh Io aoT>mé Hw$ëho gaXmé: µ J ar~{Z Io {Sš > OmB§ , OrA§ {~Zm ô X Oo
Vo IU§Xmo Amho. ~šH$ar OoH$m Jw_w Wr d|Xr {_ñH$sZ{Z Oy§ _w{R>`y§ Ja_ H§$Xmo Amht, VrA§
Amho, V§qh Oo nw{R>`m§ ~šH$amé d|Xmo Amho. hmUo {~ H$OmB§.
dmë_rHw$$ Ym‹S>obw hmo, nN>VmC H$`mBª V dSš>mo H§$dé : _wIr gmh~, _{h_mZ{Z Or _{h_mZ ZdmµOr
emBé ~UOr n`mo. gm{XµH$ µ\$µH$sé bwQ>oamo Wr dÄmo.
hmo, µ\$µH$sa{Z Or gw{h~V _| A{h‹S>mo gwYar
gaXmé: ^JšV gmh~, _{h_mZ ZdmµOr {WE V§qh Im§
n`mo Omo PmoH$ earµ\$ _| AOšx {~ "gm{XµHw$$'
AJš _| hÿ H$bm_w ~šxYmB. Zmbo AbI Oo
"gm{XµHw$$' n`mo ndo. AOm_ob O{h‹S>mo nmnr
~šo‹S>mo Vma _w§qhOmo...
Var d`mo. OrdV O{h‹S>mo S>mHy$ H§$S>>‹S>rA Omo
H$bVmé ~UOr n`mo V VmoIo N>mo Z ~™etXmo? H§$dé : ""Xw{Z`m g^w Xa`mh, H$mo H$mo Vmê§$ V§qh _|,
dÄmr IoVr H$`mo! dÄmr AZw Cnm`mo! _wëH$ {hH$‹S>r bha bmo^ Or,
Io Am~mX H$[a`mo! {~š`{Z Io XwIr H$aU Oo
{~š`mo Am{Ve Omo Am‹S>mhþ,
~{Xam§ Io{Z gwIr H$[a`mo. Vmo~h Oo Vwaho Vo
Var d`m Vyµ\$mZ. Vm{b~{Z VZmC,
gaXmé: ML>mo! amV {hVo Wm ahÿ§! gw^mUo Om ^mJš gw^mUo _mo‹S>o Mm{‹T>`y§ _H${‹S>`y§.
gm§. Vw§qhOr _{h_mZr Me_{Z Vo MmBªXmgt. ... Zmbo AbI Oo
OoH$s ImamBªX|, gmo ImBªXmgt. \w$[aU Am`m ~šo‹S>mo Vma _w§qhOmo ...''
hþAmgt, hmUo Hw$Pw {Sš>Ùw Wm Mm{h`y§! A‹S>o
(nXm} {H$ao Wmo)
Cñ_mZ, H$Tw> Bhm JšmoWar... OoH$m dmQ>h‹Sz>A
Im§ \w$ar AWoB©!
H§$dé : Z gaXma, Agm§ Io Bhm ZmhµH$ Or H$_mB© Z
Ino!

_ah~m H$aUw = ñdmJVw H$aUw / Am{O`m§ H$aUw dmha H$aUw = _XX H$aUw CbH$mo = IwQ>H$mo
Vm_rb H$aUw = nmoBdmar H$aUw Vm{b~w = KwaOmD$ VZmC = {N>H$VmU
Zdm{µOe = _{ha~mZr {haµ\$V = qSš>JmB© Am‹S>mhþ = _Mw _H$‹S>r = ~šo‹S>r
23
Aä`mgw
1) JšmoR> dmam{Z gaXma bmB H${h‹S>r V`mar Ho$B©?
_íµJybr
2) gaXma, H§$da Io H${h‹S>r JwµOm[ae Ho$B©?
3) H§$daam_ H${h‹S>mo H$bm_w ~šxYm`mo?
4) gaXma {gYmo nmobrg WmUo dÄmU Omo µ\o$gbmo
H$ : [aT> OoH$m _§S>r hÿ§Xr Amho .....................
N>mo H$`mo? VrA§ hmUo {~ H$OmB§.
1) {_gmb g_Pr ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :-

1) ^JšV H§$daam_ Ym‹S>ob{Z gm§ H${h‹S>mo daVmC
gm{XµHw$ gm{XµHw$ -
H$`mo? bwQ>oamo gm{XµHw$
2) gaXma Oo _Z _| \o$amo H$sA§ Am`mo?
3) ^JšV H§$daam_ gaXma Io H${h‹S>mo CnXoe
{Sš>Zmo? Ym‹S>obw
dmpë_H$
gwdmb 3. H§$qh, H§$qh Io M`mo :-
1) ""JšmëhmBª V B©E§ Wmo OšUw Ka _| goU Am`m
AWo B © . '' OrdVw
2) ""_{h_mZw V Amho a~ Omo ê$nw.''
S>mHy$
3) ""XoJš nwbmd Or V`mé Am.''
4) ""nWa Io nmUr H$ao N>{Sš>`mo AW{g.''
2) {gQ> g_Pm`mo.
gwdmb 4. (1) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :- ""OrA§ {~Zm ôX Oo _wñH$sZ{Z Oy§ _w{R>`§y J_© H§$Xmo Amht.''
1. V`mar 2. JšmoR> 3. µ Oha
4. _w§X 5. gaH$ma
3) Qw>H$a _m§ bµµâµO Jšmopëh`mo.
1. [aTy>§ nmbtX‹S> = .....................
(2) AXXw ~{Xbm`mo :- 2. g§JV Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµµâµOw = ..........
1. XadmµOmo 2. H${n‹S>mo 3. gm¡µJmV 3. "XwI' Or {gµ\$V = .....................
4. erem 5. A{I`y §
4. "_wgm{µ\$a' Omo gmJr _mZm dmamo bµµâµOw = .......
(3) {µOX {bImo :-
1. Hy$‹S>mo 2. AOm`mo 3. XwAm
4. JwZhJmé 5. nmnw
24
4) ho{R> brH$ {Sš>Zb bµµâµO H§$qh ~m~{V M`mb Am{h{Z? 5) {_gmb g_Pr Jmob{Z _| _wZm{g~ Odm~ {bImo.
1. V§qh Oo nw{R>`m§ ~šH$amé d|Xmo Amho.

Mm{hUw ImBUw
2. VmoIo N>mo Z ~™etXmo?
{Sš>Ùw
3. Vw§qhOr _{h_mZr Me_{Z Vo MmhtXmgt.
MmhtXmgt
d| X mgt

25
5. AMmo V nmUr ~Mm`y§ gånmXHw$$ _§S>bw
{hZ _µO_yZ _| nmUrA Or Ah{_`V g_Pm`b Amho. nmUrA Oo BñVB_mb bmB _w™Vga OšmU {Sš>Zb
Amho .
nmUr {hH$ µHw$XaVr ZB_V Amho. YaVrA Vo _µH$Xmé {~ {hHw$ dSš>mo Amb_r _gAbmo ~UOr a{h`mo
nmUrA Or _m¡OyXJrA g~{~ B© OrAUw _w_{H$Z Wr Amho. µOoa µO_rZ nmUrA Oo µHw$XaVr dgrb{Z _|
g{K`mo Amho. g§ñH¥$V _| nmUrA Omo {~š`mo Zmbmo H$m°µ\$s hX VmBª KQ>VmB© AMr ahr Amho. Bhm gyaVhmb
"qµOXJr' {~ Amho. _Vb~w V ~oh{X JšUVrA dmar Amho. µOam gmoM`mo, OoH$Sš>qh
nmUrA Im§ gdmB OrAamo YaVrA Vm§ nmUr ˜V_w Wr dÄmo V N>m WtXmo!
ahUw Zm_w _ {H$Z Amho . nmUrA Omo {hHw$
YaVrA Oo A{Q>H$b 78 go H $‹ S >mo {hgo _|
H$mBZmV Oo H§$qh {~ {hñgo _| {hHw$ \w$‹S>mo JšUUw
KwaOo _hmgmJa \$h{b`b Am{h{Z, {O{Z _| Imamo nmUr
nmUrA Om Amgma {_bU
hÿ§Xmo Amho. OSš>qh V BÝgmZ Oo nrAU bmBµH$ nmUr
{µOÝXJrA Oo dOyX Omo g~yV
µ\$µµŠV 3 goH$‹S>mo B© _m¡OyX Amho. OSš>qh Agm§ Io CÄm
{Sš>`{Z Wm. nmUr, ha{hH$ OmZXma bmB E{Vamo µOê$ar
bJš§Xr Amho E| nmUr _m¡OyX H$moZ hþOo V Ho${Var Z
Amho Oo{Vamo gmhþ IUUw. BÝgmZ, OmZda, nIr,
naoemZr WtXr Amho.
OrV, OrVm_‹S>m, dU ~šzQ>m E| µOamAV nmUrA Vo _Xma
aI{Z Wm. CZ H$ao nmUrA ~m~{V Agm§ Io JhamB©A gm§
gmo { MUmo Amho V nmUrA Omo BñVB_mbw H$sA§
CÄmm`b _mÊhÿA bmB nmUrA Omo ˜~aXmarA gm§ H$aUw Kw[aOo. qµOXJr OrAU bmB
{hHw$ {Jbmgw gmoZ Or JšmoWarA nmUr {hHw$ Ah_w dgrbmo Amho. AOšx Xw{Z`m _| ha
Im§ {~ dYrH$ _wëhþ aI§X‹Sx> Amho gmb 22 _mM© Vo "½bmo~b dmQ>a S>o' H$ao _ëhm`mo d|Xmo
Amho. _wV{hXm O_mAV _| Bhmo µ\o$gbmo H$`mo d`mo
nmUr, µHw$XaVr dgrb{Z _| Ah_² OJšh dmbmao Amho V CZ Sš>th§ Vo Hw$Pw A{h‹S>m àmoJ«m_ H$`m dÄm{Z
Wmo . µ H w $ XaVr dgrb{Z Or In{V Omo Vmbw µ H w $ OrA§ Adm_ _| nmUrA bmB gwOmJšr n¡Xm H$ao g{KOo.
Am~mXrA gm§ Amho. {hZ Xw{Z`m _| dY§X‹S> Am~mXrA
Am_w Vmoa nmUrA Omo BñVB_mbw Kê$, gZAVr
Oo ZVrOo _| OSš>qh Agt {~š`{Z Ho${Va{Z µHw$XaVr
(Industrial) E| µOamAVr (Agricultural) H$_{Z Im§
dgrb{Z Or AUm{R>> Io _w§hþ§ Sš>oB© a{h`m Am{h`y§.
gdmB {~Obr n¡Xm H$aU bmB {~ H$`mo dÄmo Wmo.
XaAgb nmUrA Omo Am{hñVo Am{hñVo KQ>O§X‹S>
Ho${Vam gmhdmam V ah§Xm B© nmUrA Oo A§Xa Am{h{Z.
qµOXJrA Omo _Xmé nmUrA Vo _w_{H${Z Amho V EH$drht gXrA Oy§ O§{J`y§
Amho E| nmUrA Or ~MV Omo _Xmé nmUrA bmB {W`{Z CZ H$ao A{h{‹S>`w{Z
Vìhm§ Vo Amho b‹S>mB`w{Z Im§ ~MU bmB nmUr ~Mm`mo
26
Kê$ qµOXJrA _| ImYmo aYU, H${n‹S>m YmoAUw, Bhm Jšmpëh {~ Ü`mZ _| aIUw KwaOo V qgYy _m{War
ñZmZw H$aUw, gmµ\w$$ gµ\$mB© H$aUw Vmo‹S>o CÄm {_Q>mBU E| {_{ga Or VhµOr~ Z{X`w{Z Oo {H$Zam{Z Vo ~nm©
bmB nmUrA Or µOê$aV ndo Wr. gZAVw{Z A§Xa {W`y§ hþ`y§. AOšx nyar Xw{Z`m _| nmUrA Or {µH$bV
H$bw { Z, H$m[a˜mZ{Z, H$mµ J µ O w , bmo h þ , éH$$ E| Amho. H$mBZmVr J_uA g~{~ Z{X`y§ E| Vbmd gwH§$Xm
noQ´>mopë`_ gmµ\w$$ H$aU bmB nmUrA Omo Imnmo {WE n`m dÄm{Z. Am~whdm Oo µJ¡a admOr VãXrbrA g~{~
Wmo. CZ Im§ gdmB µOamAVr BñVB_mb _| IoVr ~šmarA Sšx>H$ma E| ~šmoSš> Oy§ AmnXmD§$ dYr a{h`y§ Am{h{Z. BZ
bmB nmUr V_m_w µOê$ar Amho. Vah g¥îQ>r>A Oo ghr _rµOmZ bmB V{H$‹S>m V{H$‹S>m
Cnmd d{R>>Um nd§ X m. dµ µ Š V Or Vµ H $mµ O m _y { O~
nmUrA Omo _µH$Xmé E| BñVB_mbw ~oh{X µOê$ar Amho
nmUr E| nmUrA Omo K{Q> {µO`mZw {WE, CZ bmB nmUrA
_mbr {gaíVo Or qµOXJrA Io gm§{T>>U Om OXrXw VarµH$m AnZmBUm nd§Xm V
dmar brH$ Amho OrA§ BªX‹S> nr{‹T>`y§ nmUrA Or Zmµ\$V Im§ ~Mr
gK{Z.
dYrH$ OšmU
_wV{hXm O_mAV (United Nations) ha gmb "Amb_r nmUr Sš>th§' bmB {hHw$ n¡µJm_w Omar H§$Xr Amho :
2000 : 21 gXr, nmUrA Or µOê$aV 2011 : eha bmB nmUr
2001 : nmUr - V§XéñVrA bmB 2012 : nmUr E| ImYmo gbm_Vr

2002 : nmUr - VaµH$sA bmB 2013 : nmUr - ghH$mé
2003 : nmUr - AmBªXh bmB 2014 : nmUr E| eŠVr
2004 : AmnXm E| nmUr 2015 : nmUr E| A{JšVo Or VaµH$s
2005 : OrAU bmB nmUr 2016 : nmUr E| Zm¡H$[a`y§
2006 : nmUr E| VhµOr~ 2017 : ~oH$mar nmUr N>mo!
2007 : nmUrA Or AUmR> 2018 : nmUrA bmB µHw$XaV
2008 : gµ\$mB© 2019 : H§$qh Io {~ nw{R>`m§ Z N>{Sš>Umo Amho!
2009 : _wëH${Z {dM _| _m¡OyXw nmUr
2010 : V§XéñV gÝgma bmB gmµ\w$$ nmUr

27
H$mBZmV = µHw${XaV µOamAV = IoVr ~šmar gZAV = H$ma˜mZmo _wVdmµOZw = _wZm{g~w
AUm{R>> = Imo{Q> Amb_w = g§gmé Zmµ\$V = Imo{Q> gyaVhmb = CZ hmbV _|
Aä`mgw
gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- _íµJybr - 1
1) nmUrA Io g§ñH¥$V _| N>m MB~mo Amho?
2) YaVrA Vo nrAU bmBµHw$$ nmUr Ho${Vamo
Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo :
_m¡OyXw Amho?
Bhm Jšmpëh {~ Ü`mZ _| aIUw KwaOo .................
3) "{díd nmUr Sš>thþ§' H$Sš>qh _ëhm`mo d|Xmo
nmUrA Or Zmµ\$V Im§ ~Mr gK{Z.
Amho?
4) nmUrA ~m~{V OmJ«Vm© Am{UU bmB
(1) {_gmb g_Pr Mm¡Hw§$S>{Z _| _wZm{g~w Odm~
_wV{hXm O_mAV H${h‹S>mo µ\o$gbmo H$`mo?
{bImo :
~š gä`VmD§$
1) nmUrA Or Ah{_`V g_Pm`mo.
2) nmUrA Omo gZAVr E| µOamAVr BñVB_mb
{bImo .
{_{ga qgYy _m{War
gwdmb 3. (1) {µOX {bImo :-
admOr OrAUw
H$mBZmVr VnV g~{~
µ O m{hé Am{hñVo
gwH§$X‹S ñWmZ
(2) AXXw ~Xbm`mo :-
Om{Zdé ~šzQ>m
H${n‹S>m H$ma˜mZmo
(3) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :

µOê$aV {µOÝXJr
Am~w hdm E| µJ¡a admOr
JhamB© H$mBZmV
VãXr{b`w{Z g~{~ Aga
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(2) AU R>hH§$X‹S> bµµâµO _Wm§ Jmobw nm`mo :-
1) KQ>VmB©, AUm{R>>, {µH$bV, KUmB©
_íµJybr - 2
2) H$mBZmV, _wëHw$, µHw$XaV, ˜ëµH$V Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) g~{~, dmñVo, Odm~w, H$maUw AmV©dma gw~wh Omo 80 da{h`{Z Omo {hHw$ ~wµOwJ©w
4) nwamUmo, OXrXw, hmUmoH$mo, _m¡OyXh _wå~B©A Oo _ram amoS> EoamµOrA _| {hH$ dSš>r B_maV _|
nhþVmo. CZ B_maV _| 56 Ka hþAm. hþZ ha {hH$ XadmµOo
Vo {KÝQ>r dOšmE {hH$‹S>mo gdmbw H$`mo, ""N>m Vìhm§ Oo
(3) {Sš>Zb {hXm`V _moOy~ µO_mZ ~{Xbm`mo :-
Ka _| H$mo nmB©nw ^Jšbw Amho! N>m nmB©n _m§ nmUr brH$
1) Z{X`y§ E| Zmbm gwH§$Xm dÄmr a{h`m Am{h{Z.
Wr a{h`mo Amho! _m§ ßbå~é dR>r Am`mo Am{h`m§. CZ
(µO_mZ _wñVµH${~b _| ~{Xbm`mo)
~wµOwJ© gm§ JSšx> {hHw$ ßbå~é E| {hHw$ aµOmH$mé JSšx> hþAm.
2) qgYy _m{War E| {_{ga Or VhµOr~ Z{X`w{Z
{O{Z {O{Z Ka{Z _| nmB© n {Z _m§ nmUr dhU Omo
Vo B© ~nm© {W`y§ hþ`y§.
_gAbmo hmo `ŠX_ g{^Zr nmB©n{Z Or _am_V H$amB©
(µO_mZ hmb _| ~{Xbm`mo)
doB© E| A{h‹S>o Z_yZo nmUr ~MV Omo {hHw$ n¡µJm_w g{^Zr
3) V{H$‹S>m Cnmd d{R>>Um nd§Xm.
Io {Sš>Zmo d`mo.
(µO_mZ _mµOrA _| ~{Xbm`mo)
Chmo e™gw hmo Am{~Xw gyaVr O§qh Io µH$m¡_r BZm_
4) Sšx>H$ma E| ~šmo{Sš>`w{Z Oy§ hmbVy§ dYr a{h`y§
gm§ Zdm{µO`mo d`mo hþAmo. Am{~X gyaVrA 80 {H$Vm~
Am{h{Z.
{b{I`m Am{h{Z. hÿ _íhÿa µ\$ZH$mé E| H$mQy>©{ZñQ> {~
(µO_mZ _mµOr BñV_wamarA _| ~{Xbm`mo)
a{h`mo Amho.
(BBC News, Mumbai 28-2-2016)
(4) nmUr ~MmBU Om Mma VarµH$m {bImo.
(1) {hH$ bµµâµO _| Odm~ {Sš>`mo.
(5) "{gµ\$V' E| "Bñ_w' JSšx> BñVB_mbw WtXm Am{h{Z.
ho{R> H$m°b_ nyam H$[a`mo :
1) ~wµOwJ© Omo Zmbmo =
{gµ\$V Bñ_w
2) _wå~B©A Or EamµOr =
K{Q> {µ O `mZw
3) ~wµOwJ© Or C{_[a =
V{H$‹S>m .............
4) {H$Vm~{Z Omo VBXmXw =
H$mBZmVr .............
(2) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
............ _rµ O mZ Am{~Xw gyaVr
............ VarµH$m
boIHw$
29
(3) Am_w Vmoa nmUrA Omo {µO`mZw H$sA§ WtXmo 4. Vm{_bZmSy> dobya _| 20 hµOma Am¡aVy§ J{Sš>Or
Amho? Mma {_gmb {bImo : ZmJm ZXrA Io ZE§ {ga OmJšm`mo Amho.
(4) 5. _hmamîQ´,> nyZm _| 7000 ñHy$b{Z Om ~šma

amoSw>, B_maV, nmUrA Or ~MV bmB AZmo I mo Varµ H $mo
boIHw$, ßbå~é AnZmE a{h`m Am{h{Z. Cho n§qhOr ~moVb
_am_V, BZm_w _| ~{M`bw nmUr ñHy $ b Or {hH$ dSš > r
Q>m§H$sA _| {dP{Z Wm OoH$mo nmUr ~šzQ>{Z
Jmob _m§ bµµâµO My§{S>`mo. bmB H${_ Am§Xmo dÄmo Wmo.
1. ~š A§J«oµOr bµµâµO
6. _hmamîQ´ > gaH$ma nmUr àmo O o Š Q>{Z bmB
7000 H$amo‹S> én`m _ÝµOyé H$`m Am{h{Z.
2. ~š qhXr bµµâµO
(2) BÝQ>aZoQ> (www.nwm.gov.in) Vo dÄmr ZoeZb
dm°Q>a {_eZ (National Water Mission)
~m~{V dYrH$ OšmU.
dYrH$ OšmU
(3) n§qhOo Ka _| dSš>o Oo _mo~mB©b µ\$moZ _| Know
Your Water App S>mD$ZbmoS> H$ao g_mO _|
(1) ^maV gaH$ma nmUr gm§{T>>U E| nmUr nhþMmBU
nmUrA Or ~MV ~m~{V Aä`mZ _| {hñgoXma
bmB O§Jr {gVh Vo Cnmd dR>r ahr Amho. CZ
Wr gKmo Wm.
bmB _H©$µOr gaH$ma ˜mgw "Ob eŠVr' _§Ìmb`
~w{Z`mX {dYmo Amho. BZ Sš>g _| OwXm OwXm amÁ`
(4) BÝQ>aZoQ> `m _{˜µOZ dµJoah Or _XX gm§ ho{R>
nmUrA Or Zmµ\$V Xya H$aU bmB adm`Vr Vmo‹S>o
{Sš>Zb _wX{Z ~m~{V VhµH$sµH$ H$`mo :-
µJ¡a adm`Vr VarµH$m dR>r a{h`m Am{h{Z.
1. ha {hH$ Zb _| Obw
2. nmUr ~MmBU Om OXrXw VarµH$m
1. n§Om~ amÁ` _| JQ>a-nmB©n{Z Or _am_V
3. Agm§ n§qhOo Ka _| nmUrA Omo {µO`mZw H$sA§
Wr ahr Amho. OrA {hH$ h§{Y nmUr JSšx> Z
KQ>mE gKy§ Wm.
{WE.
4. BñVB_mbw {W`bw nmUr dar H$sA§ H${_
AmUo gKOo Wmo?
2. Vob§JmZm amÁ` _| ZB©`w{Z Q>m§{H$`w{Z Oo R>hU
H$ao JšmoR> Oo ahdm{g`w{Z Or qµOXJr ~{XbOr
(5) (www.mhrd.gov.in) Vo dÄmr "g_J« {ejm, Ob
ahr Amho.
gwajm' ~m~{V OšmU hmgwb H$[a`mo.
3. amOñWmZ _| _mÊhþ{Z nmU Z§T>m Z§T>m Vbmd
V`mé H$`m Am{h{Z.
30
31
6. AXmo AãXwb ah_mZw A_abmb {hL>moamUr
gXm h`mV A_abmb {hL>moamUr (1907-1956) {hHw$ _{Äm`bw dH$sbw E| _µH$~ybw H$hmUrH$mé hþAmo.
{H$aXma{Z Oo hµH$sµH$s {MÌ {M{Q>>U _| _hmaV hmgwb hþA{g. "AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ' A_abmb Or {hH$
V_m_ gwR>r H$hmUr _Ämr doB© Amho. OoH$m UNESCO nmam§ gZ² 1954 B©. _| {hH$ {H$Vm~ _| em{_b H$B©
doB© hþB©. gZ² 1930 B©. "\w$bdmar' _µµ½µOZ _| N>{n`b {hZ H$hmUrA _| {hH$ qgYr Xadoe Omo ˜mH$mo
{M{Q>`bw Amho. "qgYr Q>mB©åg nãbrHo$eZ' CëhmgZJa nmam§ gZ² 1981 B©. _| A_abmb {hL>moamUrA Oy§
My§S> ~šmahm§ Z§{T>`y§ H$hm{U`y§ ""AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ' Zmbo {H$Vm~ _| N>nm`y§ d`y§.
Ho$ Io{g _ñVw H$ao Md§Xm hþAm E| Ho$ dar Io{g dar Wmoamo X_w Pbo E| drMmé H$ao MdU bJšmo :
Xadoew g_P§Xm hþAm. em`X _ñVw {~ hmo E| Xadoe {~
AXm AãXwb ah_mZ, ""Oo ML>mo _w‹Sx>gw Amht
hmo. ~XZ Omo nVbmo, gpÝh‹S>mo H${UH$ a§Jmo hmo. Am_w
V nWé IUr nao {\$Q>mo H$a.''
admOr µH$X Im§ H$s µH$Xwa {S>Kmo. ~XZ Vo AmoT>tXmo hmo
µ\$µH${V JmoX‹S>r. E| nWé IUr nao {\$Q>mo H$`mBª.
h_oeh n§qhOr aåµO _| aVmo n`mo hÿ§Xmo hmo. H$Sš>qh Chm g§X{g AmXV hÿ§Xr hþB© V h_oeh nmU gm§
_‹T>rA _| V H$Sš>r _pñOX _|. AŠga em_ Omo gIa JšmëhmBªXmo hmo E| nmU Io gSš>tXmo hmo "AXm AãXwb
_| ~§Xa Vo "_`mo' añVo Vo aoëdo JwS²>g Am°µ\$sg Oo doPmo ah_mZ' em`X nmUw {Sš>gr nmU _| nohr aåµO âr
{OVo hQ>{Z Oo âgm§ {V{Z Sš>th| gm_rA Om gbmoH$ Jwµ\$Vma H§$Xmo hmo. OoH$Sš>qh H$mo IUr nwN>§Xmo hmo{g V
n‹T>§Xm hþAm, dohr H$Zw Sš>oB© ag gm§ ~šxY§Xmo hmo. ~mµOo AãXwb ah_mZ, _mZr ImBªX|? V n{h[a`mBª nmU Im§
~mµOo B©E§ ^wUw ^wUw H§$Xmo hmo, ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ, nwN>§Xmo hmo,
g_Pt Wmo H$sZ Z? AbmE H$Sš>qh A{I Iwb§XB!'' ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ, nwN>oB© Wmo V _mZr
{hH$‹S>o ôao añVo Vo d|Xo nWé AMr noa Vo bJšx{g. ImBªX|?''
nmU Io MdU bJšmo : dar nmU Io Odm~w Sš>tXmo hmo, ""˜moaX{Z ~amE
""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ, Ho$Sš>mo Z _Wmo {\$ar µOogV AgV², Z µOogV ~amE ˜moaX{Z''
d`mo AWoB©! A{I`y§ AWoB© AmH$mg _|. `mZo ImBOo Wmo V _mÊhÿ qµOXh ahr gKo E| qµOXJr
OoH$Sš>qh A{I`y§ Imobo hbt hm V nWé BZhrA bmB Z Amho V noQw> H$Q>o noQw> Hw${Q>Oo. A{h‹S>rA
VmoIo H$sZ bJšo hm.'' Vah gbmh _{gbhV H§$Xo Odm~ Sš>tXmo hmo. µ
CVo drMma _| doR>mo a{h`mo. gmAV aIr M`mBª \$magrA Omo emà hmo. em`X "hm{µ\$µOw' V
""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ, {Sš>gw H${h‹S>mo ˜wX _Vb~r ~aµOw~mZ `mX hþ`{g. emh, gm_rA _| {~ ^‹Sx> hmo.
Amht! AXm AãXwb ah_mZ, B©E§ H$mo OwJšmE Omo nWé gMb gmBª Omo V nmoBbJšx. CXy© {~ n{‹T>`bw hmo. H$Sš>qh
nQ> Vo N>Sš>o a_§Xmo aht! gw^mUo {~šE H§$qh dmQ>h‹Sz>A Io H$Sš>qh Oo CXy©A _| n§Om~ Im§ ˜V BªXm hþAm V AãXwb
bJšr dÄmo!'' ah_mZ Io Jšmoëho n‹T>mBªXm hþ©Am. gw^md Omo em§VrH$mo
32
hmo. ~šr H$m bmbM H$mZ hþ`{g. Wmoa‹S>mo amoQ>r Qw>H$é Bemamo g_Pr daVmo E| goR> {~ ~šxYmo.
ImB© JwµOamZw H§$Xmo hmo. JmoX‹S>r h_oeh {g`mao D$Ýhmao
B©E§ µJar~ Or qOXw AmµOmXw Wr. AãXwb ah_mZ
Hw$ëho Vo hÿ§Xr hþ`{g. amV Omo Chm JmoX‹S>r nmE Q>mUo
n‹S>Xmo \$m{‹S> U Z Mm{h`mo V {~ Jšmpëh _mÊhþ{Z Oo
gwåh§Xmo hmo. em`X _h~y~ gm§ bmoH$m§ {bH$s ê$h [ahmU
dmV noB©. gMr H$s Hy$‹S>r goR> Or Sš>mT>r nMma Wr.
H§$Xmo hmo.
Odm~Xma Chmo ~MmC Wo {Sš>Zmo. {~š`m OoHo$ _mÊhÿ hþAm
{hH$‹S>o ôao H$mo µJar~w AMr ZmhµH$ _| \$mWmo. Amgnmg dmam, go em{hXrA _| Kwam`m hþAmBª. goR>
_{W{g µ\$[a`mX hþB© V dQ>mC§{g MmoarA Or dmM em{hXrA _| H$moQ>© _§{P gOšr Jmpëh {~Ýh BÝH$mé
{ZH$Vr Amho . nmo b rg g§ X {g Vbme daVr hþ B © . H$ao d`mo. Odm~Xma Q>o nm‹S>o dmam em{hX {Sš>Zm hþAm
_wera{Z Oo ê$~ê$ dm°M g§X{g µH$ãµOo _m§ {ZH$Vr hþB©. E| MmoWm| hmo AãXwb ah_mZw. Mma n§O ewZdm`y§ V em{hX
dmM {~ gmoZr, _wñb_mZ go{R> Or hþB©. µ\$[a`mX _hrZmo Am`m hþAm, na Ho$gw H$moZ h{b`mo. {~š{Z em{hX{Z
AJšx {W`b hþB©. Odm~Xma Vo gm{~Vr µH$dr hþB©. Nw>Q>Uw Im§ V Odm~Xma Io hWw IUUmo n`mo Omo goR> Oyµ\$mo
_hmbw hmo. Sš>oB© n§qhOo nmgo H$`m hþAm. {hH$‹S>mo em{hXw H$mo {hH$‹S>r
ewZdmB©A Vo H$moZ Am`mo hmo V _¡OñQ´>oQ> dR>r dmaÝQ>
hmoSš>m§hþ§ goR> {~ ~rR>bw hmo. Odm~Xma Omo ~MmC
H${T>`m E| {H${Z {dM dma{Z M`w{g V OoH$Sš>qh Vy§
Bhmo hmo V hÿ {hH$‹S>o goR> Oo Ka hoR>m§ b§{K`mo hmo. goR>
g~~w Sš>tX| V gmBª _y§Io H$m{~ ˜~a H$mZ Amho V
Io eHw$ n`mo V hrC g§X{g Am¡aV Io Bemam Wmo {Sš>E,
_¡OñQ´>oQ> _m°µ\w$ H§$Xmo. {Q>`m| doMmamo V B©E§ n§qhOr qOXw
gmo Io{g CVo nH$‹S>o _ma H$T>r hþAmD§$. OoH$Sš>qh AãXwb
N>Sš>mE d`mo, ~mµH$s a{h`mo AãXwb ah_mZ. Odm~Xma
ah_mZ {dM _| Z ndo hm V _mao g§X{g gmhþ H$T>{Z
Omo dH$sb Mdo V hh‹S>o em{hX Vo H$sA§ ~MmC ~rh§Xmo,
hm.
na Odm~Xma Omo AãXwb ah_mZ Vo EoVµH$mXw hmo V hÿ
AãXwb ah_mZ Oo {dM _| ndU gm§ H$mo goR> ˜wXm Vag _mÊhÿ Amho H§$qhOmo {~ {bhmµO H$moZ aI§Xmo.
_w‹S>U dmamo hmo N>m! Mo, Agm§Oo ea_{Z Sš>m§hþ§ ~XZµOa AãXwb ah_mZ Io H$moQ>© Omo gSšx> {W`mo,
Wmo H$ao. Agt BµOV dmam _mÊhÿ Am{h`y§. AãXwb
""AXm AãXw b ah_mZ H$mo Q > © Omo gSš x > {W`mo
ah_mZ KUmo B© {dM _| n`mo, na {hZ{Z Z _{Äm`mo.
Amho.'' H$moQ>© _| AX~ gm§ dÄmUw KwaOo. gmo {hH$‹S>r
VSš>qh AãXwb ah_mZw nmU Io MdU bJšmo V,
OwVr h{W H$ao Am`mo. ha {hH$ em{hXrA Vo JmoX‹S>rA
""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ! hr goR> ~m{µO Z BªXmo. _| do‹T>o BªXmo hmo. Zo{R> Io{g H$moQ>© _| gSšx> {W`mo. AãXwb
Io{g BµOV Omo ™`mb Amho. 35 da{h`{Z Or ôU ah_mZ OwVr eX _X gm§ nmVr. JmoX‹S>r {~šQ>r H$ao
doR>r AW{g V CZ Io hµHw$ ~™emE {Sš>Zmo AW{g V {JšMrA _| {dYmBª. AÄmm§ A§Xa {K{‹S>`mo V nQ>odmbo
_Vm§ A~mUmo {hgmo {N>Ho$. nmoB Oo _w‹Sx>gw H$moÝho V M`w{g V ""OwVr ~šmh[a bm{h.'' AãXwb ah_mZw nmU
µOê$a....?'' Eo{Vamo Md§Xo ~{g Wr d`mo E| dar nmU Io MdU bJšmo ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ H$moQ>© Omo
Io MdU bJšmo V, ""AãXwb ah_mZ, Vy§ H§$qhOmo n{‹S> >Xmo nQ>odmbmo Mdo Wmo V OwVr ~šm{ha bm{h. MBª{g V H$moQ>©
Z Imob. dar goR> Io hW Omo‹S>o g_PmB E| Oo Z g_Po Oo bmB V OwVr dR>r Am`mo Am{h`m§.'' nQ>odmbo Io
V nmoB gMw MB© {Sš>{O.'' M`mBª V ""H$mo Q >© Oo dmñVo V Ow V r dR>r Am`mo
AãXwb ah_mZw nmU gm§ JšmëhmBªXmo hmo V H$m Am{h`m§.'' B©E§ H§$Xo A§Xa {K{‹S>`mo. _¡OñQ´>oQ> hþZ Io
^wUw ^wUw H$moZ H§$Xmo hmo g^w ~šxY§Xm hþAm. _mÊhþ{Z {Sš>gr {Ibr {Sš>Zmo. AÄmm§ {nÄmao _| ~rR>mo hmo V _¡OñQ´>oQ>
33
I‹S>Ho$ gm§ nw{N>`w{g V ""[aëhr Hw$ëho Vo N>mo aIr Or Chm Agwbr AmXV Amho. OSš>qh {gaíVoXma nw{N>`w{g
Am`mo Amht.'' AãXwb ah_mZw nmU Io MdU bJšmo ""_µOh~w?''
V ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ _¡OñQ´>oQ> nwN>o Wmo V JmoX‹S>r
AãXwb ah_mZw : (nmU Io ) ""AãXw b ah_mZ,
{JšMrA _| N>mo nmVr AWoB©. H$moQ>© _| Am`mo Amht
{gaíVoXma gmh~w _µOh~w Wmo nwN>o.
g_Pr nyamo nyamo Odm~ Sš>o. _¡OñQ´>oQ> gmh~ Io Mdo{g
AXm AãXwb ah_mZ `mX H$OmB§ V
V ""gmBª qhXy OSš>qh H$moQ>© _| BªXm Am{h{Z V ~moN>Uw,
µH$g_w I§`mo AWoB© V gM Im§ gdmB
XwnQ>mo `m Qw>dmbw {JšMrA _| nmE nmoB BµOhmé Sš>tXm
Hw$Pw H$moZ Md§Xw{g. gdmbw V Sš>mT>mo
Am{h{Z. _y§ {~ CÝhrA H$ao JmoX‹S>r {JšMrA _| {dYr
CJ«mo Amho. Oo Mdm§ Wmo _wñb_mZ, V
Amho H$moQ>© Omo AX~w aIU bmB.'' (H$moQ>© Io) ""gmBª
qhXy H§$Xm {Xb _|, gMw H$ao MC,
qhXy OSš>qh H$moQ>© _| BªXm Am{h{Z V ~moN>Uw, XwnQ>mo `m
A‹S>o AXm AãXwb ah_mZ Wmoao _|
Qw>dmbw {JšMrA _| nmE nmoB BµOhmé Sš>tXm Am{h{Z.
_w§Pr n`mo Amht. ~šxYmBª{g "gMb'
_m§ {~ CÝhrA H$ao H$moQ>© Oo AX~ aIU bmB JmoX‹S>r
Omo Jwµ\$Vmo :
{JšMrA _| {dYr Amho.'' Odm~w nyamo bmgmZr hmo.
""qhXy _mo_Z Z Am{h`m§
{gaíVoXmé : MC V ˜wXm Io hmµOwa ZmµOwa OšmUo
OmoB© Am{h`m§ gmoB© Am{h`m§.''
gMw Md§Xw{g E| gM Im§ gdmB Hw$Pw
H$sZ Md§Xw{g. {gaíVoXmé _¡OñQ´>oQ> Sš>m§h§ _w§hþ§ H$ao {ZhmaU bJšmo.
_¡OñQ´>oQ> ({gaíVoXma Io) ""{bIt{g _wñb_mZ''.
AãXwb ah_mZw : (nmU Io) ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ!
{gaíVoXma Mdo Wmo V ˜wXm Io hmµOwa {gaíVoXmé : C{_[a?
ZmµOwa OšmUo gMw Md§Xw{g E| gM AãXwb ah_mZw : AXm AãXw b ah_mZ, {gaíVo X ma
Im§ gdmB {~š ` mo Hw $ Pw {~ H$sZ gmh~w C{_[a Wmo nwN>o. Agm§ MD§$
Md§Xw{g. {gaíVoXma Mdo ~am~a gMw _wñb_mZ Z Am{h`y§ V _¡OñQ´>oQ> {bIo
Wmo.'' ({gaíVoXma Io) ""˜wXm Io _wñb_mZ. {gaíVoXma Io Mdt{g V
hmµOwa ZmµOwa OšmUo gMw Md§Xw{g E| ^{b Bhmo {~ _¡ O ñQ´ > o Q > Im§ nw N > o
gM Im§ gdmB {~š`mo Hw$Pw {~ H$moZ ({gaíVoXma Io) ""gmBª Bhmo {~ ^{b
Md§Xw{g.'' _¡OñQ´>oQ> Im§ nwN>mo.''
{gaíVoXmé : Zmbmo? AãXwb ah_mZ Oo µ\$µH${V Eo{Vao MdU Or Xoa
hþB© _¡OñQ´>oQ> Io JOr AMr doB© E| Y_H$mBªXo AãXwb
AãXwb ah_mZw : (nmU Io) ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ
ah_mZ Io M`mBª V ""OšQ>! ML>rA Vah BµOhmé Sš>o.
{gaíVoXma gmh~w Zmbmo Wmo nwN>o!''
H$moQ>© _| Am`mo Amht.'' AãXwb ah_mZw _wíH§$Xmo a{h`mo.
MBª{g AãXwb ah_mZw. ({gaíVoXma E| nmU Io MdU bJšmo, ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ,
Io) ""AãXwb ah_mZw'' AŠga H$moQ>© _| H$s µH$Xwa _¡OñQ´>oQ> Mdo Wmo V OšQ> ML>rA Vah BµOhmé Sš>o. AãXwb
Q>hH$‹S>mo hmo. _¡OñQ´>oQ> V nh[a`m§B© _wpíH$`mo Wo, na ah_mZ, _¡OñQ´>oQ> Im§ nwN V OšQw> H§$qhIo MBOo.''
nmoB Wmoamo ˜µ\o$ {WÙ bJšmo. dH$sb{Z _m§ {hH$‹S>o AÄmm AãXwb ah_mZw _¡OñQ´>oQ> Io MdoB© Mdo V _¡OñQ´>oQ>
dH$sb CWr _¡OñQ´>oQ> Io A§J«oµOrA _| g_Pm`mo V hþZ M`w{g! OšQw> AUn{‹T>`b Io MB~mo Amho.
34
AãXwb ah_mZw : (nmU Io) ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ! H$Oo, Omo Vmo H$moQ>© Or ~o AX~r H$B© Amho. htAa KUmo Z
_¡OñQ´>oQ> gm{h~ Mdo Wmo V OšQw> Jš m ëhmB, Oo H $s {bIUmo hþ O o B © gmo {bIr Sš > o !
AU n{‹T>`b Io MB~mo Amho. AXm
AãXwb ah_mZ µH$b_w E| nZmo IUr hoR>tA arV
AãXwb ah_mZ! VSš>qh V Vy§ OšQw> H$moZ
{b{I`mo :
{WE§. Vy§ qgYr, µ\$magr, CXy©, g§ñH¥$V
E| qhXr OšmUt. Vy§ n§O ~šmo{b`y§ OšmUt OZm~ _¡OñQ´>oQ> gm{h~!
_¡OñQ´>oQ> gmh~ Im§ nwNw> V nmU AXo AãXwb ah_mZ H$moQ>© Or ~o AX~r Z H$B©
K{U`y§ ~šmo{b`y§ OšmUo.'' Amho. Vìhm§ nmU H$moQ>© Or ~o AX~r H$B© Amho. AOšmoHo$
AãXwb ah_mZw : (_¡OñQ´>oQ> Io) ""gmBª! ...'' _¡OñQ´>oQ> Sš>th§ _| {~š{Z em{hX{Z Io Jm[a`y§ {Sš>{Z`y§ AWd. AXo
AY _| H$no M`w{g V OšQw> Chmo Omo AãXwb ah_mZ Io Jm[a`y§ g§X{g JmoX‹S>rA Oo n„d
A§J«oµOr Z OmUo...... Io {~ Z bJš{Z. Vìht _mÊhþ{Z Om hm{H$_ Z Am{h`mo
na g§X{Z Zm¡H$a. Agm§ em{hX H$moQ>© _| nmU V H$moZ
AãXwb ah_mZw : (nmU Io) ""AXm AãXwb ah_mZ!
Am`m Am{h`y§, Vìhm§ Kwam`mo Amho E| AmE Omo AmXwé
_¡OñQ´>oQ> gm{h~ Mdo Wmo V OšQw> Chmo
{~ Bhmo! Ho$é Vìhm§ Oo H$moQ>© Io em{hXr Sš>tXmo, Oo
Omo A§J«oµOr Z OšmUo. nmU A§J«oµOr
em{hX{Z Vo Jm[a`w{Z Or dIm© nd§Xr! Vìht g~~w
OšmUo Q>monU_b Omo nwQw>!
Sš>oIm[a`mo V Vìhm§ Io N>mo Z _m¡µHy$µ\w$ H$`mo dÄmo, Omo
""{nU{g T>H$ _w§er! nwN>tg V gmBª VSš>qh Vìhm§ Vìhm§ H$moQ>© _| em{hX{Z Io Jm[a`y§ {Sš>{Z`y§ Am{h{Z.
Om A~m Sš>mSš>m Oo A§J«oµOr {~ OšmU§Xm hþAm, go {~ OšQ> AXo AãXwb ah_mZ V OrA§ Vìhm§ Im§C{g µH$g_w
hþAm, `mZo Vìhm§ {W`m OšQ> Om .....!'' _¡OñQ´>oQ> Ja_ IUm`mo Amho V ˜wXm Io hmµOwa ZmµOwa OšmUo gMw
Wr d`mo. `H$X_ nZmo E| µH$b_ I§`mBª E| AãXwb Md§Xw{g, gM Im§ gdmB {~š`mo Hw$Pw H$sZ Md§Xw{g
ah_mZ Io M`mBª V VmoVo N>mo Z µH$mBXo Or H$madmB© gmoB© gMw M`mo Amho.''
35
_‹T>r = Xodr _mVm Omo _§{Xa _m{hé = µH$m{~bw ZmhµHw$ = AOm`mo
~mµOo ~mµOo = H$Sš>qh H$Sš>qh µH$dr = _µO~yV EVµH$mX = {dídmg
n‹S>Xmo Imo{bUw = amµOw µOm{ha H$aUw Oyµ\$mo = éídV JOr AMUw = µJwñgmo AMUw
_m¡µHy$µ\w$ H$aUw = gñn|S> H$aUw
Aä`mgw
gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- (2) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo.
1) _mÊhÿ AãXwb ah_mZ Io AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ AmXV, gbmh
N>mo g_P§Xm hþAm? eHw$, hµHw$
2) AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ ~XZ Vo N>m AmoT>tXmo
hmo?
3) AXo AãXwb ah_mZ Or H${h‹S>r AmXV hþB©? _íµJybr
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
1) µJar~ Or qOXw H$sA§ AmµOmX Wr? Ho$ Io{g _ñVw H$ao Md§Xm hþAm .....................
2) AãXwb ah_mZ JmoX‹S>rA ~m~{V H${h‹S>mo ..................... nWé IUr nao {\$Q>mo H$`mBª.
Odm~w {Sš>Zmo?
3) AXo AãXwb ah_mZ n§qhOr C{_[a ~m~{V (1) _wV~Xb Odm~{Z _m§ _wZm{g~ Odm~ My§{S>`mo.
H${h‹S>mo ~`mZw {Sš>Zmo? 1. AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ H$Sš>qh ................
4) AãXwb ah_mZ, _¡OñQ´>oQ> Io _m¡µHy$µ\w$ H$aU 1) _‹T>rA _| hÿ§Xmo hmo V H$Sš>qh _pñOX _|
Or Jšmpëh N>mo H$B©? 2) _mÊhþ{Z Oo Ka{Z _| hÿ§Xmo hmo V H$Sš>qh ñQ>oeZ
Oo ßboQ>µ\$m_© Vo.
gwdmb 3. H§$qh, H§$qh Io M`mo :-
3) XmoñV X‹S>{Z gm§ Kw_§Xmo hmo V H$Sš>qh {H$Vm~
1) ""Ow V r ~š m h[a bm{h.''
n‹T>§Xmo hmo.
2) ""_y§ {~ BÝhrA H$ao JmoX‹S>r {JšMrA _| {dYr
Amho . ''
2. AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ Io Md§Xm hþAm ...........
3) ""Oš Q > ! ML> r A Vah Bµ O hmé Sš > o , H$mo Q > © _|
1) Xadoew
Am`mo Amht.''
2) _ñVw
4) ""Vy§ qgYr, µ\$magr, g§ñH¥$V E| qhXr OšmUt.''
3) Xadoew E| _ñVw
gwdmb 4. (1) _mZm ~šxYmE Ow{_b{Z _| H${_ Am{U`mo.

H$Zw Sš>oB© ~šxYUw, ˜wX _Vb~r hþAUw
n‹S>Xmo ImobUw, hm{µOa Zm{µOa hþAUw
noQw> Hw$Q>Uw
36
3. AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ h_oeh ha gdmb ~šxYU Vo (3) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~w bµµâµO My§S>o ˜mb ^[a`mo.
................
1) gm{Jš`mo gdmbw nmU Im§ nwN>§Xmo hmo âgm§, drMma, X_w, dmQ>h‹S>mo, ˜yX _Vb~r
2) `H$X_ Odm~w Sš>tXmo hmo
3) gdmbw ~šxYr emÝV ah§Xmo hmo 1. emÝVm ~šmB©A Omo dSš>r Sš>mH$U M‹T>U gm§
................. {ZH$aU bJšmo.
4. AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ .................... 2. _w§qhOo Ka Oo ............... {hHw$ gw{hUmo
1) V_m_w q~Xamo hmo ~mµJw Amho.
2) H$s µH$Xwé {S>Kmo hmo 3. .................. añVmo _w § P r n`mo .
3) admOr S>oK dmamo hmo 4. gwR>m ................. _mÊhÿA Io H$må`m~w
~UmBªXm Am{h{Z.
(2) AU R>hH§$X‹S> bµµâµO _Wm§ Jmob nm`mo. (4) AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ gm§ dmñVoXma {~`mZ My§{S>`mo.
1. Xadoew, nhþVbw, µ\$ÝH$mé, Am{~Xw 1. hÿ h_oeh nmU gm§ n`mo JšmëhmBªXmo ah§Xmo hmo.
2. AŠga, A_y_{Z, KUmo H$ao, h_oeh 2. nWa gm§ MmoQ> ImB© hÿ hb§Xmo a{h`mo.
3. ZoU, Mí_, A{I, ZµOaXmar 3. ~XZ Omo H$s µH$Xwé Wwëhmo hmo.
4. gm§Pr, gw~whþ, g§Pm, em_ 4. hÿ h_oeh n§qhOr _ñVrA _| ah§Xmo hmo.
5. hÿ g{^Zr Y_©{Z Io BµOV Sš>tXmo hmo.
6. hÿ gMb Om gbmoH$ ~šxY§Xmo hmo.
7. _mÊhÿ Io{g "_hmnwéfw' g_P§Xm hþAm.
8. hÿ ~XZ Vo µ\$µH${V JmoX‹S>r nmBªXmo hmo.

37
7. AmH$me H$Ý`m - H$ënZm Mmdbm _`mam_ Hw$H$aoOm
_`mam_ Hw$H$aoOm "XX©' (OÝ_ 1943) Zm{gH$ eha _| JwµO[a`b MB{Z Sš>hmH${Z Im§ qg{Y`V Or OmoV
OJšmE doR>mo Amho. {hH$ emà, JrVH$ma, _µO_yZ {Zdog E| H$m°b{_ñQ> Vmoa gwÄmmVmo dÄmo Wmo. g§X{g N>{n`b
{H$Vm~ Am{h{Z : "{MUJy§', "ß`mg', "CbPZ' E| "~šmVr ~šmobr'.
{hZ _µO_yZ _| {hH$ ^maVr` Zmar H$ënZm Mmdbm Oo OrdZ E| JwU{Z Omo gw{hUmo {MÌw {M{Q>`mo AW{g.
1 \o$~adar 2003 B©. Omo Sš>thþ§•... Xw{Z`m Oo {dÚmWu OrdZ _| Agm§ Ho${Vam gnZm {Sš>g§Xm
V_m_w _wëH${Z Oo _mÊhþ{Z Omo {Xb XhbmBªX‹Sx> Sš>thþ§... Am{h`y§... H$ënZm Mmdbm {nUw A{h‹S>mo B© {hHw$
gmao gÝgma Io grgamQ> âmBªX‹Sx> ... Aµ\$gmog Oo ™dm~w {Sš>R>mo hmo... AmH$me _§{P CSš>m_ âU Omo
gmJa _| µJmoVm hUmBªX‹Sx> H$mamo Sš>thþ§ gm{~V {W`mo. CZ ™dm~w! A{h‹S>mo ChÄmmUw g§X{g ñHy$bwr qµOXJrA _| B©
A^mJšr Vmar˜ Io, {W`b hX XX©ZmH$ hmXgo g~{~ ZµOa Wmo AMo. {hH$ Xµ\o$ gmBÝg Oo CñVmX Šbmg Oo
{díd Oo Vmar˜ _| _m`ygrA Or _gw gm§ {b{I`mo g{^Zr ~šma{Z Io n§qhOo BX©{JX© dmVmdaU Omo {MÌw
d`mo Amho! {MQ>U bmB M`mo. Vìhm§Io OšmU Amho V H$ënZm N>m
H$`mo hÿ§Xmo!... hþZ Amg_mZ Omo dSš>mo {MÌw V`mé H$`mo,
Am_arH$m Oo AmH$mer ImoOZm _H©$µO "Zmgm'
O§ q h _§ { P J« h {Z Vma{Z gm§ JSš > m o J Sš > AmH$me _|
ZoeZb EoamoZm{Q>Šg E§S> ñnog EoS>{_ÝgQ´>oeZ, Omo
CSš>m_§X‹S> hdmB© OhmµO ™dmh AmH$mer aW {nUw
"H$mo b § { ~`m' Zmbo "hdmB© `mZw ' ... "hdmB© aWw '
{M{Q>`m. Chm {MÌH$mar OšUw V g§X{g grZo _§{P
AmH$me ImoOZm Omo H$m`w© nyamo H$aU Im§nmoB n¥ÏdrA
gm§{T>`b gnZo Or hÿ~hÿ Vñdra hþB©... n§qhOo A§Xa
Vo AMU bmB admZmo {W`mo. Agr {dkm{ZH$ H$må`m~
Oo AR>gR>{Z Io nYamo H$aU Or g§X{g dmh Or
VOw~m© H$`m d`m hþAm! µ\$µO© AXmB©A Omo AZmoImo
H$mo{ee hþB©!
AmZ§Xw ha {hH$ Oo Mhao Vo ZµOa nE Am`mo! ~{g...
hmUo Hw$Pw {_ÝQ>{Z _| B© hdmB© aWw YaVrA Vo bhU Z§T>{nUw Im§ B© H$ënZm CËgmhr, ~hmXwé E| {h_W
dmamo hmo ... E{Vao _| Y_mH$mo {W`mo E| hdm _§{P B© dmar hÿ§Xr hþB©. {~š`{Z N>moH$[a`w{Z dm§{J`m Jw{Sš>`w{Z
hdmB© aWw Qw>H$am Qw>H$am Wr d`mo E| gV{Z B© gdmé gm§ am§{X ê§$X H§$Xo dohU ~Xam§ gmB©H$b Vo gdmé Wr
AmH$me-dra{Z Omo XX©ZmH$ AÝVw {W`mo CÝh{Z _| aµµâVma Io gmWr ~UmE JšmoR> MmH$maU Io{g dU§Xmo
{hH$ ^maVr {dkmZr Zmar hþB© S>m°. H$ënZm Mmdbm!... hmo. _moH$b Oo Sš>th§ XmoñV{Z-gmho{‹S>`w{Z Io gmUw
H§$qh Oo ™dm~ ™`mb _| {~ H$moZ hmo V H$mo h{h‹S>mo H$ao {n{H${Z{H$ H$aUw ˜y~w ng§X hmo{g. ñHy$b _|
dobw dhr d|Xmo E| Hw$Pw {_ÝQ>{Z nwOšmUm§ gÝgma Io "âV ZmQ>ç_' Z¥Ë` gm§ JSš>moJSšx> "H$amQ>o' Or {g{I`m
hmgwb WtX‹S> ˜w{e`y§ hrA§ µJ_{Z _| {_{Q>Or d|{X`y§!!! {nUw hmgwbw H$B© hþAmBª. am§{X`w{Z dm§Jwé g§X{g
Aä`mg _| {nUw {XbMñnr hÿ§Xr hþB©.
H$ënZm Omo OÝ_ {XhbrA Oo ^[agm§ H$aZmb
Zmbo JšmoR> _| 17-03-1962 B©. Vo {W`mo, {OVo hþZ H$ënZm Z§T>o hÿ§Xo B© nhþ nMmE N>{Sš>`mo hmo V Io{g
n§qhOr àmB_ar Vmbr_ nyar H$B©. A{JšVo hbr dSš>o hÿ§Xo N>m ~U{OUmo Amho. CZ Or
OšmU VSš>qh noB© OSš>qh hþZ H$m°boO _| Xm{˜bm daVr.
38
hþZ Oo _mVm {nVm Or _µOu hþB© V g§X{Z YrA S>m°ŠQ>é "Zmgm' _| Xm{˜bm hmgw b w H$aU bmB Kw [ a~b
~UOo `m H$m°boO _| boŠMama E| àmoµ\o$ga. na H$ënZm {b`mµH$V hþZ bmoMo bYr... hX Sšx>Ir`w{Z OmMZmC{Z
nw™Vo BamXo gm§ M`mo V Io{g B§OZrà B© ~U{OUmo _m§ JwµOaU nwOšmUm "Zmgm' Io{g "ImoOZrH$' H$ao
Amho. Zo{R> _mBQ>{Z Io g§X{g _µOu _{ÄmUr noB©! My§{S>`mo E| CZ g§ñWm _| g§X{g ImoO H$m`© ewê$ {W`mo.
hþZ Oo ImoO Omo {df` hmo hdmB© OhmµO{Z Io Kw[a~b
O§ q h dµ µ Š V H$ënZm M§ X rJš ‹ T > Oo B§ O Zr`[a¨ J
aµµâVma Io K{Q> _| K{Q> dµµŠV A§Xa hmgwbw H$aUw. Chmo
H$m°boO _| Xm{˜bm daVr hþB©, CZ dµµŠV gOšo H$m°boO
ImoO H$m`© EoVamo V Ah{_`V ^[a`mo hmo, Omo AmH$mer
_| gV N>moH$[a`y§ hþ`y§... V§qh g_o KUmo H$ao _Ho$ZrH$b
aW Oo g§~š§Y _| ImoO H§$X‹S> g§ñWm "Amoda grQ> _¡{S>g
`m BboŠQ´>rH$b B§OZr`[a¨J Vaµ\$ {dÚmWu`w{Z Omo
BZ H$mnm}aoeZ' Oo dmB©g àoµOrS>ÝQ> E| _h{µH$µHw$$ nX
bm‹S>mo hÿ§Xmo hmo. ""na _y§Io V E¡amoZm{Q>Šg {df` {gIUmo
bmB g§X{g _wµH$aar H$B©. CVo H$ënZm AmH$mer aW Vo
Amho, ~šr hmbV _| _m§ dmn{g hbr d|{X{g'' H$ënZm
aµµâVma gm§ dmñVmo aI§X‹S> ImoOZmD§$ H$`y§. Cho ImoOZmD§$
CVo Oo hoS> Am°µ\$ {S>nmQ>©_|Q> A{Jš`m§ n§qhOmo drMmé
H§$Xo {~ hþZ n§qhOo AmH$mer `mÌr ~UOU Oo gnZo
nw™VmB©A gm§ no{e H$`mo. g§X{g AQ>bw BamXmo {Sš>gr
Io {dgm[a`mo H$moZ hmo.
Io{g "E¡amoZm{Q>Šg' {df` IUU Or BOmµOV {Sš>Zr
doB©. Chmo {df` IU§X‹S>{Z _§{P H$ënZm {hH$‹S>r B© hmUo H$ënZm bmB AmH$me-`mÌr ~UOU Omo
N>moH$ar hþB© E| CZ {df` Oo Amãt (µ\$mB©Zb) BåVhmZ gnZmo gmH$mé H$aU Omo dµµŠVw doPmo AMr nhþVmo hmo...
_| hÿA n§Om~ `y{Zd{g©Q>rA _| nh[a`m| Zå~a AmB©. CZ ™dm~ Io hµH$sµH$V _| AmUU bmB hþZ {gaVmo‹S>
A{h‹ S >rA Vah hþ Z gm{~Vw H$ao Sš > o I m[a`mo V H$mo{eey§ {nUw H$`y§ hþ`y§. {~š{Z hµOma{Z C_oXdma{Z
"E¡amoZm{Q>Šg' {df` IUU Omo g§X{g µ\o$gbmo dm{O~w _§Pm§ g§X{g My§S> Wr E| Kwa~b {g{I`m dR>U bmB
hmo . _mM© 1995 B©. _| hÿA h`yñQ>{Z nhþVr. OmoJšr Va{~`V
hmgwbw H$aU ~mX H$mob§{~`m Oo AmH$mer hbMb
hmUo H$ënZm "E¡amoZm{Q>Šg' {df` _§{P D$M
bmB g§ X {g My § S > Wr. 19 Zdå~a 1997 B© . Vo
Vmbr_ hmgwbw H$aU Oo ™`mb Io A_br ê$n {Sš>Ù
"H$mo b § { ~`m aW' AmH$me _| CSš > m_ âr, VSš > qh
Or amh _| {dI dYmBUw ewê$ H$B©, O§qh bmB hþZ
H$ënZm Io ~oh{X ˜wer Wr. 19 Zdå~a Im§ 5 {S>gå~a
Am_arH$ dÄmU Omo µ\o$gbmo H$`mo. CZ Sš>g _| hþZ
1997 B©. VmBª gmoahm§ Sš>th§ hÿA ˜bm (Space) _|
Ho$V[a`w{Z `y{Zd{g©Q>r`w{Z gm§ {bIn‹T> H$B©. ˜y~w
hþB©. Amg_mZ _| CSš>m_ âU Omo g§X{g gnZmo Zo{R>
H$mo { ee H$aU nw O š m Um, H$ënZm Io {hH$
nyamo {W`mo. H$ënZm Omo Zmbmo "^maV Or n{hat Zmar
`y{Zd{g©Q>rA _| Xm{˜bm {_br. CVm§ Oo Eo_.Eg. Oo
AmH$me `mÌr' ê$n _| ha h§{Y dOšr d`mo.
BåVmhZ _| nh[a`m| Zå~é hmgw b w H$ao n§ q hOr
H$må`m~rA Or naånam µH$mB_w aIr. nmoB "E¡amo ñnog CZ H$m_`m~rA Oo ~mao _| nwN>U Vo H$ënZm
B§OZr`[a¨J' {df` _| {hZ S>m°ŠQ>mo>aoQ> hm{gb H$B©, M`mo V, ""n§qhOo AÝVa_Z _| Om{Jš«V gm§{T>`b gnZ{Z
V§qh dµµŠV g§X{g C{_[a 27 gmb _g hþB©! Io n§qhOr bJšmVma H$mo{ee E| _wXm_r _{hZV gm§,
OoH$Sš>qh H$moB© {~ hµH$sµH$V Omo ê$nw {Sš>Ùw Mmho V
S>m°ŠQ>moaoQ> Or {S>J«r hmgwbw H$aU Im§nmoB H$ënZm
Zm_w{_{H$Z Jšmpëh H$mZ WtXr... _m§ n{hat Am{h`m§...
AmH$me _| dÄmU Or H$mo{ee Omo ˜mH$mo V`mé H$aU
Zmar AmH$mer `mÌr Am{h`m§, Chm Jšmpëh _w§qhOr
Or ew ê $AmV H$B©. hþZ Io bJšmVmé gSšx> H§ $X‹ S x >
ZµOa _| Eo{Var Ah{_`V dmar H$mÝho.''
Amg_mZr gµ\$a Omo _µH$gXw hmUo doPmo Am`mo hmo!
39
CZ Im§ nmoB "Zmgm' BªX‹S> AmH$mer-`mÌm Omo d`mo... gV{Z B© AmH$me-`mÌr`w{Z Omo XwIXmBHw$$
˜mH$mo V`mé H$`mo, VSš>qh S>m°. H$ënZm Mmdbm Io AÝVw {W`mo! gmamo OJšVw Aµ\$gmog gmJa _| ~šxSš>r d`mo!
CZ `mÌm Omo "Ah_² OšmUy' H$ao _wµH$aé H$`mo d`mo.
H$ënZm AmH$me _| CSš>m_ âU Omo gnZmo {Sš>R>mo
16 OZdar 2003 B©. _| "H$mob§{~`m aW' AmH$me E| g§X{g gnZmo gmH$ma {nUw {W`mo! {hH$ Xµ\o$ hþZ
_| CSš>m_ âr! gmoah{Z Sš>th§{Z Omo gµ\$é nyamo H$ao aW M`mo hmo, ""gnZo Im§ hµH$sµH$V Sš>m§h§ d|X‹S> amh V hÿ§Xr
_moQ> _| gµ\$a Or ewê$AmV H$B©. aW _| gdma gôB© Amho, na CZ Io JšmoëhU Or ZµOa E| g~wé Vìhm§
`mÌr ~oh{X ˜we hþAm. hÿ OëX B© YaVrA Vo nhþM§Xm... _§ { P hþ A Uw Kw a Oo . '' hþ Z OrA§ M`mo , VrA§ H$ao
na [a{W`b dµµŠV Im§ 16 {_ÝQ> AJšx "H$mob§{~`m aW' Sš>oIm[a`mo. {gµ\©$ ~šmEVmbrh{Z gmb{Z Or C{_[a _§{P
Omo øyñQ>Z Oo H§$Q´>mob ê$_ gm§ gånH©$ Qw>Q>r n`mo. CZ n§qhOo H$m`© Or D$Mo _| D$Mr MmoQ>r hmgwbw H§$Xo
dµµŠV H$mob§{~`m aWw µO_rZ Im§ µ\$µµŠV 60 {H$bmo_rQ>a AmH$me-H$Ý`m Bhmo B© g§Xoe Sš>tXr ah§Xr V µ\$µO©
D$MmB©A Oo _wµ\$m{gbo Vo hmo. VH$ZrH$s ãm~rA AXmB©A Or CSš>m_ AmH$me Im§ {~ D$Mr Wr gKo
g~{~ "H$mob§{~`m aWw' hdm _§{P B© Obr Zmg Wr Wr.

{Xb XhbmBªX‹Sx> = Sš>H$mBªX‹Sx> n{Yamo H$aUw = µOm{hé H$aUw
{dI dYmBUw = A{JšVo dYUw ChÄmmUw = {ZemZr
µJmoVm ImBUw = ~šxSš>Uw nhþ nMmBUw = BamXmo H$aUw
gmo^mamo {WÙw = H$må`m~w {WÙw MmH$maUw = Kw_Uw
40
Aä`mgw
1) H$ënZm Mmdbm Omo OÝ_w {H$Wo {W`mo?
2) H$ënZm H${h‹S>mo ™dm~w {Sš>R>mo?
3) H$ënZm H${h‹S>o {df` _| S>m°ŠQ>moaoQ> hmgwbw
{dÚmWu OrdZ _| Agm§ ......................
H$B©?
g§X{g dmh Or H$mo{ee hþB©.
4) H$ënZm Mmdbm H${h‹S>mo g§Xoe {Sš>Zmo?
(1) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ Odm~ Jšmoëho {bImo.

gnZm, {MÌH$mar
1) H$ënZm Mmdbm Oo Z§T>{nU Omo {µOH«$ H$`mo.
2) 1 µ\o$~adar 2003 Io H$mamo Sš>thþ§ N>mo M`mo
AmH$me, ñHy$br
d|Xmo Amho? H$mo{ee
3) H$ënZm n§qhOmo gnZmo H$sA§ gmH$mé H$`mo?
1) gMo _Z gm§ ................... H$aU H$ao

gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- H$_ g\$bm {W`{Z Wm.
1) Agr .................. H$m_`m~ VO~m©
2) ............... _| nIr CSš>m_r a{h`m hþAm.
H$`m d`m. 3) Zw_mC _| gwZrVm Or ............. {Sš>gr
2) gV{Z B© gdma ................ Omo XX©ZmH$
g^w ˜we {W`m.
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gnZm {Sš>g§Xm Am{h{Z.
{df` IUU Omo g§X{g µ\o$gbmo dm{O~
hmo. (2) {gµ\$V E| Bñ_ Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo.
1) Ho $ {VamB© 1. ~§XaJmhþ
gwdmb 4. (1) AXXw ~Xbm`mo :- 2) ñHy $ br 2. nIr
gnZmo .............................. 3) dSš>mo 3. qµ O XJr
Vmam .............................. 4) CSš>m_§X‹Sx> 4. VO~m©
gmho‹S>r ..............................
naånam .............................. (3) Vìhm§ qµOXJrA _| N>m ~UOUw Mm{h`mo Wm, CZ
~m~{V n§qhOm drMma {bImo.
(2) BñVbmh{Z Or _mZm {bIr Ow{_b{Z _| H${_
Am{U`mo :- (4) {hH$ {gQ> _o| Odm~ {bImo.
µJmoVm ImBUw ............................ 1) gmBÝg Oo CñVmX g{^Zr ~šma{Z Io N>m
{dI dYmBUw ............................ M`mo?
nh nMmBUw ............................ 2) H$ënZm ñHy$br {µOÝXJrA _| H${h‹S>mo ™dm~w
{Sš>R>mo?
41
(5) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo. (6) "Amg_mZ' bµµâµO _| H${_ Am§Xb AIa BñVB_mbw
H§$Xo ho{R>`m§ Zdm§ bµµâµO V`mé {W`b Am{h{Z.
Amg, g_mZw, _mZw,

AmZ, Zg, Z, _g
_Wo {Sš>Zb Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ bµµâµO Jšmoëho gdmb{Z Om

Amg_mZ gm§ Odm~ {Sš>`mo.
dmñVmo aI§X‹Sx> 1. h_ AmdmµOr bµµâµO{Z Om ~š Omo‹S>m {bImo.
2. "BµOV' Om ~š gmJšr _mZm dmam bµµâµO {bImo.
3. "C_rX' Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµµâµO {bImo.
4. {hH$ AIa dmamo bµµâµOw {bImo.

42
8. boh-bXm˜ Omo g¡é gånmXHw$$ _§S>bw
"boh-bXm˜ Omo g¡é' _µO_yZ _| µHw$XaVr ZµOma{Z Or gy§h§ Omo bwVwµ\w$ ngmBªXo g¡a d g`mhV dgrbo
VhµH$sµH$s ~w{Z`mX{Z Vo CZ Or emZXmé Vmar˜ Omo ~hVarZ Z_yZo {~`mZ H$`bw Amho.
Sš>ht gXrA Oo {dM Ymao "bXm˜' {hHw$ AbJš gy§hmar qgYw Omo dSš>o _| dSš>mo Xa`mhþ; "qgYw ZXr'
_wëH$ Or hµH$sµH$V aI§Xmo hmo. ~mX _| {V~V Oo OoH$mo H¡$bme _mZgamoda Im§ {ZH$a§Xo {V~V-boh-
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{hH${~šE nw{R>`m§ OrV hmgwbw H§$Xo boh Im§ n§Ðhm§ Wmo, CZ Xa`mh Oo boh _| dOyX Io Ü`mZw {N>H$mBªXo
{H$bmo_rQ>a{Z Oo _wµ\$m{gbo Vo "{gQ>r' _| CZ Or 1997 B©. Im§ ha gmb OyZ dmao _hrZo _| CVo {hHw$
amOšYmZr Vm_ra H$B©. dµµŠV JwµOa§Xo ~mXemh qgJr "qgYw Xe©Z' Zmbo CËgd _ëhm`mo d|Xmo Amho.
Zm_½`mb {hH$ _µO~yV hþHy$_V Omo nm`mo {dYmo E| boh
OyZ, 2019 B©. _| OSš>qh "ZoeZb H$mC§{gb µ\$ma
_| {hH$ Vmar˜r Zd _Ý{µObm _hbmV Or Vm_ra {nUw
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_| {hHw$ ZoeZb go_rZma _wZA{µH$Xw H$`mo d`mo V CZ
boh _| "nmobmo' am§X Io {~ CZ B© Xm¡a _| n[admZw Oo S>màoŠQ>a, S>m°. àVmn {nÄmmUrA Vaµ\$m§ S>m°. ~šbXod
M‹T>U Omo _m¡µH$mo {_{b`mo. nmoB V boh-bXm˜ Io _Q>bmUrA Io CZ nyao go_rZma Oo g§MmbZ gm§ JSš>moJSšx>
Oå_y E| H$í_ra Or [a`mgV gm§ Jš§{T>`mo d`mo E| CZ Io {hHw$ _µH$mbmo {nUw no{e H$aU Or XmdV {Sš>Zr doB©.
lrZJa Omo µOoaXñV Wr a{hUmo n`mo.
"EZ.gr.nr.Eg.Eb.' Omo Chmo nyamo µH$m{µ\$bmo
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nm{H$ñVmZ OSš>qh H$í_ra Omo Hw$Pw {hñgmo h‹S>nw H$`mo µ âbmB©Q> _| {XhbrA Im§ boh-bÔm˜ bmB admZmo
V CZ B© Xm¡a _| hþZ{Z bXm˜ Or {nUw 78,114 Mm¡ag {W`mo. âbmB©Q>, boh nhþMU VmBª Sš>oTw> H$bmHw$ bJšm`mo.
{H$bmo_rQ>a EoamµOrA Vo µH$ãµOmo H$ao daVmo. hmoSš>m§hþ§ MrZ OrA§ OrA§ EàH«$mâQ> boh Io doPmo nE WtXmo d`mo V
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µO_rZ \$~šmE daVr. 1979 B©. _| OSš>qh {µOb{Z Or ~šm§hÿ§ \${hbmE V_m_w _wgm{µ\$a{Z Omo BñVµH$~mbw H§$Xmo
ZE§ {ga aMZm H$B© doB© V boh E| H$ma{Jb ~š AbJš a{h`mo. ~µ\©$ nmoe nhm{‹S>`w{Z Or AN>mU _mhmob Io
AbJš {µObm H$ao R>m{h`m d`m. EoSš>mo V _wA{Vé H$ao ahr hþB© Omo ˜~a B© H$moZ noB© V
hdmB© OhmµO boh-bÔm˜ Vo hbr b¢qS>J H$B©.
6 Am°JñQ> 2019 B©. Vo qhXwñVmZ Oo {~šÝhr
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H§$Xo Oå_y E| H$í_ra _m§ "AmQ>uŠb 370' hQ>mBªXo gmUw MB{Z B© nmg{Z Im§ ~µ\©$ gm§ T>{H$`b AN>m AN>m
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Or {hH$ _H©$µOr EoamµOrA Omo XOm} {Sš>Zmo d`mo; OoH$mo A{hgmgw _mUo a{h`m hþAm. EànmoQ>© Im§ ~šmh[a
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d`mo. hmoQ>b' nhþMm`mo d`mo. Chm hmoQ>b CZ Zm_½`mb emhr
43
˜mZXmZ gm§ dm~ñVm hþB©, {O{Z H$Sš>qh nyar boh- ImYmo dU§Xmo Amho Z H§$qh Jšmpëh _| _Zw B© bJš§Xmo
bXm˜ Vo amOšx H$`mo hþAmo. Amho. CZ bmB g`mhþ OoH$Sš>qh AJšx B© CZ Omo BÝVµOm_
H$ao {ZH$a§Xmo V ghr Vmoa CZh{Z ZµOma{Z Omo bwVwµ\w$
_wÝVµO_rZ Vµ\$mª V_m_w _wgm{µ\$a{Z Io hmoQ>b
_mUo gK§Xmo.
nhþMU Vo J_©Omoe BñVµµŠ~mb H§$Xo Io{Z ~šxYm`mo d`mo
V Cho Zoa{Z H$ao n{hat Mma H$bmH$ IZw n§qhOo n§qhOo OSš>qh H$ma boh Im§ {~š{Z ŠbmH${Z Or _wgm{µ\$ar
ê$_ _| Amam_w H${Z V OrA§ g§X{Z {Oñ_ boh-bXm˜ Im§ nmoB "ImaS>m|Jbm nmg' Vo nhþVr V ha Vaµ\$ Im§
Or WYmU gm§ _mZygw ~ Wr gKo V g_w§S> Or {gVh ~µ\$m©Zr nhm‹S> B© nhm‹S> hþAm. éJšr AN> B© AN> bJšr
Im§ 11,562 \w$Q> _Wmht Vo Io{Z Am°ŠgrOZ Or noB© hþB©. EoSš>mo V hgrZw Ñî` A{I`w{Z gmåhÿ§ hþAmo,
H$_rA Omo A{hgmg {~ K{Q> Wr gKo. OrA§ YaVr E| Amg_mZ J{Sš>Or gwJš© nwarA Omo Xe©Z
ngmE a{h`m hþO{Z.
_§P§{X Or _mZrA Im§ nmoB g{^Zr bmB boh-
bXm˜ Or µHw$XaVr gy§h§ ngU Omo àmoJ«m_ hþAmo. CZ CVo Am°ŠgrO{Z Or ImoQ> g~{~ g^w B©E§ WH$m
_y{O~ g^ Im§ n{hat Io{Z "MmoJbmåga' dmao {hgo n`m hþAm, Omo H§$qh Im§ {~ {hH$ _§Xa Om {gµ\©$ Sš>h
Sš>m§hþ§ dR>r d`m, {OVo _ZmbrA Im§ BªX‹Sx> "qgYw Xa`mhþ' Sš>mH$m {~ _Wo M‹T>Uw H$moZ nE nwJšm. ~šbXod _Q>bmUr
boh _| Xm{˜b {WE Wmo E| A{Jš`m§ dY§Xmo aho Wmo. n§qhOo {hH$ XmoñV Io H¡$_oam Sš>tXo n§qhOm µ\$moQ>mo H$T>U
{~šÝhr nmg{Z Im§ {~š{Z D$M{Z D$M{Z nhm‹S>{Z Oo bmB AµO©w H$`mo. AÄmm hþZ Chm H¡$_oam g§^mbr B© _g
{dM Vo dh§X‹Sx> qgYw Xa`mhþ µO~aXñV gy§h§ ngmE a{h`mo V gmBªA Or _{ha gm§ Wmoar Wmoar {gZmoµ\$mb ewê$ Wr
hmo. na qgYw Xa`mh CVo Hw$Pw Hw$Pw ˜m_moe E| Z§T>o doB©. hÿ n§qhOr nyar qµOXJrA _| Chmo ~µ\$m©Zr ~y§Xm
XmBao _| dhr a{h`mo hþAmo OSš>qh V Chmo gm{Jš`mo Xa`mhþ ~m§XrA dmamo ZµOmamo nh[a`m| Xµ\$mo B© {Sš>gr a{h`mo hmo.
qgYw _| nhþMU gm§ Eo{Vamo V {demb Wmo {WE, Omo CVo ZµOma{Z Or ˜y~gyaVrA _| hÿ Eo{Vamo V _hÿ hþAmo Omo
"qgYw ZXr'A Oo {hH$ {H$Zmao Vo ~rhþ V {~š`mo ZµOa B© WH$ Vmo‹S>o Am°ŠgrOZ Or Imo{Q> Im§C{g g^w {dgar
H$moZ AMo. h¡Xam~mX E| Ošm_emoamo {dM _| R>m{h`b doB©. hmoSš>m§hþ§ S´>mB©da Omo Ý`mnmo nE Am`mo V CZ _hb
"H$moQ>‹S>r ~oamO' 1.6 {H$bmo_rQ>a b§~r Amho; {OVo Q>oåàoMa {H$a§Xmo nE d`mo E| OëXw dmng hbUmo nd§Xmo.
nmUrA Io O_m H§$Xo IoVr ~šmarA bmB H${_ Am§Xmo hþZ{Z Or {Xb V Sš>mT>mo nE M`mo V CZ ~µ\$m©Zr ga
d|Xmo Amho. µO_rZ Or _m¡O Omo AÄmm {~ bwVwµ\w$ dR>Oo na ~ma ~ma
BªX‹S> Ý`mn{Z Vo Io{Z ~{g H$aUr noB© E| AMr n§qhOr
boh Im§ 39.6 {H$bmo_rQ>a{Z Or XyarA Vo {hH$
H$ma _| doR>m. ~µH$m¡b S´>mB©da CZ _hb CVo A§XmµO{Z
nhm‹S>rA Or MmoQ>r Amho "ImaSy>§Jam'; O§qh Oo bmB
4º C Q>oånaoMa hþAmo.
Am_w Vmoa M`mo d|Xmo Amho V CZ Or D$MmB© g_w§S> Or
{gVh Im§ 18289 \w$Q> Amho na CVo _ehÿa Amho V hÿ CVm§ {gYmo B© "JwéXwdmam nWa gmh~' Omo Xe©Z
Chm D$MmB© EoSš>r _Wm§htA Vo Z Amho na 17582 \w$Q> H$aU d`m. Chmo Zmbmo CZ JwéÛmao Vo BZ bmB n`bw
Amho. CVo nhþMU bmB añVmo Eo{Vamo Z ˜VaZmHw$$ Amho Omo M`mo d|Xmo Amho V H$Sš>qh ~m~m Jwê$Zm{ZH$
Amho Omo dhrH$b bmB g§^mbo hbUw {hH$ nmgo V {O{Z Omo CVo dÄmUw {W`mo hmo , VSš > qh CZ Or
_Wm§htA Vo M‹T>§Xo M‹T>§Xo Am°ŠgrO{Z Or ImoQ> Omo ^b_mÝgmB©A Om {µH$gm OSš>qh Amg nmg _| _ehÿa
{nUw A{hgmgw {~šE§ nmgo {WE Wmo. Ho${Va{Z _mÊhþ{Z {W`m V ^[agm§ nhm‹S>rA Vo doR>b {hH$ nyOšmarA
Or V _Wo d|Xo d|Xo {Xb H$Mr {WÙ bJš§Xr Amho E| Z Ah§H$ma d{g Wr ~m~m Zm{ZH$ Omo Zmbmo {ZemZw
44
{_Q>mBU bmB {hH$ dSš>r {N>n _Wm§Cg {\$Q>mo Ho$B©. ~šmah{Z {H$bmo_rQ>a{Z Or b§~mB©A _| {V~V VmBª
na Oogt Chmo ~bm OoSš>mo nWé ~m~m d{Q> nhþMo nhþMo; \$h{b`b Amho. M`mo BE§ d|Xmo Amho V CZ T>§T> Om ~š
AÄmm ~m~m Jwê$ZmZH$ n§qhOmo hWw _Wo _g I§`mo V {hñgm {V~V Oo EamµOrA _| AM{Z Wm E| boh _| V
Chm {N>n _mo_ ~UO§Xo ZmZH$ Xod Oo hW d{Q> nhþMr {gµ\©$ CZ Omo {Q>`m| {hgmo B© ZµOa BªXmo Amho. nhm‹S>rA
~r{hOr doB©. nmoB {Sš>R>mD§$ V CZ nWa Vo Jwê$ZmZH$ Oo Oo Xm_Z _| CZ hgrZw T>§T> Or BÝµ\$am{X`V Bhm Amho
hW Omo {ZemZw CH$aOr d`mo hþAmoo; OoH$mo AOšx VmB© V CZ Omo nmUr {gO Or amoeZrA Vo a§J~a§Jr WtXmo
Ho${Vam B© lYmby CVo {Sš>gU d|Xm Am{h{Z. ZµOa AMo Wmo.
boh _| OoVmoUrH$ ~šxY Y_© Om nmoBbJš dYrH$ CZ dµµŠV g_yar T>§T> Omo nmUr Zramo Zramo hÿ§Xo
ah§X‹S> Am{h{Z, nmoB {~ CVo ~m~m Jwê$ Zm{ZH$ bmB ~oh{X ˜y~gyaV bJšr a{h`mo hþAmo. CZ Vah {hH$ B©
~oh{X AµH$sXV Amho E| Io{Z "Jwê$ Jmo_nH$m _hamO' Sš>th§ _| Chmo nmUr H$Sš>qh gmAmo V H$Sš>qh Amg_mZr
E| "Zm{ZH$ bm_m' H$ao g{Sš>`mo d|Xmo Amho. a§J Omo Zw_mC H§$Xmo Amho. {g`mao Or _mog_ _| CVo
-10º C Q>oånaoMa Wr d|Xmo Amho E| g_yamo nmUr Oš_r
boh _| "ndZ Jm|J T>§T>' ~oh{X _ehÿa Amho, OoH$m
~µ\©$ Wr d|Xmo Amho.
{nUw boh Im§ 4350 _rQ>a{Z Or D$MmB©A Vo Amho.
Chm T>§T> Eo{Vamo V dgrC E| do{H$ar Amho, Omo VµH$ar~{Z

~µH$m¡b = MdU _m¡Ow~ _mVhV = µOoaXñV _mZyg {WÙw = R>hH$Uw AµH$sXV = lYm
Vm_ra H$aUw = R>hamBUw g`mhþ = g¡bmZr nm`mo {dPUw = ~w{Z`mX aIUw
h‹S>nw H$aUw = \$~šmBUw BñV{µH$~mbw = gwdmJVw _wÝV{µO_w = BÝVµOm_w g§^mbtX‹Sx>
µH$Xr_ = PyZmo _wAVé = ˜we~yXmé BÝµ\$am{X`V = ~o {_gb ˜m{g`V
45
Aä`mgw
1) bXm˜ Io _H©$µOr EoamµOrA Omo XOm} H$Sš>qh
_íµJybr - 1
E| H$sA§ {_{b`mo?
2) "qgYw Xe©Z' boh _| N>mo _ëhm`mo d|Xmo Amho?
3) qgYw ZXr {H$Wm§ ewê$ {WE Wr?
boh EoànmoQ>© Hw$Pw µH$Xr_ VµO© Omo R>{h`bw hmo
4) "ndZ Jm|J T>§T>' H$h{‹S>`w{Z Eoam{µO`w{Z Oo
.................. Am°ŠgrOZ Or H$_rA Omo A{hgmgw
{dM _| AMo Wr? {~ K{Q> Wr gKo.
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- (1) gmJšr _mZm dma{Z bµµâµO{Z Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo.
1) _wÝVµO_rZ Vaµ\$m§ _wgm{µ\$a{Z Io N>m ~šxYm`mo
1) µH$Xr_ 1. gOšmo
d`mo?
2) Mmo J bmåga Or ˜y ~ gy a VrA Omo Wmo a mo 2) g_yamo 2. Py Z mo
{~`mZw H$[a`mo. 3) _wgm{µ\$a 3. Ow{‹S>`bw
3) "Ima S>m|Jbm' MmoQ>rA Oo ZµOma{Z Omo bwVwµ\w$
4) dm~ñVm 4. `mÌr
_mUU bmB AJš x B© BÝVµ O m_w N>mo H$aUw
KwaOo?
(2) "WYmo' bµµâµO _| "AmU' nN>m‹S>r Omo{‹S> U gm§
4) "JwéÛmam nWa gm{h~' ~m~{V OšmU {Sš>`mo.
"WYmU' bµµâµOw R>ho Wmo. A{h‹S>rA arV ho{R>`{Z
gwdmb 3. (1) {µOX {bImo :- _m§ Cho bµµâµO Jšmopëh`mo O{Z _| "AmU' nN>m‹S>r
˜wer ~šmha Omo‹S>o g{KOo.
doPmo Imo{Q> gwR>mo Imamo J_© {S>Kmo

J_u Z_© Ambmo gmAmo {_R>mo
b§~mo Vnw
(2) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :-
_µO~yVr ~µ\$© (3) Qw>H$a _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO IUr ho{R>`m§ H$m°b_
˜mZXmZw µHw$XaV nyam H$[a`mo.
˜Vamo hþñZw {gµ\$V Bñ_
µH$Xr_ VµO©
gwdmb 4. Vìhm§ n§qhOo H$`b H§$qh {~ g¡a Omo ~`mZw
H$[a`mo :- AN>m ...........
........... ˜mZXmZw
gwdmb 5. ^maV Oo {H${Z _ehÿa h§Y{Z ~m~{V Wmoao _|
OšmU {Sš>`mo :- J_©Omoe ...........
........... ŠbmHw$$
46
(4) {_gmb g_Pr ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
_íµJybr - 2
AXXw dm{hXw AXXw O_hþ
(Singular) (Plural)
(1) ho{R> {H${Z g¡a gµ\$a Oo h§Y{Z Om AYyam Zmbm
bµµâµO _mZm bµµâµO _mZm {Sš>Zb Am{h{Z. Mm¡H$§w S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ AIa / bµâµ O
µ
IUr Zmbm nyam H$[a`mo.
{_gmb Io { g hþZ Io Io { Z hþZ{Z Io
g§X{g ........ ....... hþZ{Z Omo

Am O` ~J© _bm _Zm
....... hþZ Im§ ....... hþZ{Z Im§ Q>r ãboída Vmb
gmUw { g ........ ....... hþZ{Z gm§
....... hþZ _| _§ P {Z ........ Jmo . .......... D$..........
...........br ...........nw a
(5) {_gmbw g_Pr ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
Jw b .......... Z¡ Z r..........
_H$mZr ~šmobr AX~r ~šmobr
{e........... _hm..........
{_gmbw ^mU{g hþZOmo ^mC
............. hþZ Or ôU
{nU{g hþZ Omo nrC 
............. hþZ Or _mC
47
ZµµÁ_w
48
1. JrVw à^y "dµ\$m'
à^y OmoVy_bw Nw>JšmUr "dµ\$m' (1915-2012) n§Oy Xoamo, bm‹S>H$mUm (qgY) _| OšmAmo E| ~mX _| _w§~B©A _|
AMr a{h`mo. hrC H$dr ~odg Or naånam Omo emBa Amho. hþZ Io "gw˜© Jwbm~ - gahm ™dm~' g§J«h Vo
gm{hË` AH$mX_r BZm_ AVm {W`mo hmo.
YraO Y[a _Z IoXw Z H$a _Z!

H$ï> H$embm H${Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
Xm§h§ Z H$[a _Z - Amh Z ^[a _Z,
XX© ˜w{e`w{Z _| _{Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
˜wíHw$$ {˜µOmD§$ ny[a`y§ Wt{X`y§, Zo{R> ~hmê§$ Bª{X`y§,

_w{I{‹S>`y§ AOšx Oo Am{V`y§ Am{h{Z Am{ã Jwb ^r Wt{X`y§,
nmoe H${b`w{Z Om n{Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
H§$S>{Z Or goOm Vo nwîn H${b`y§ ^r bo{Q>`b Am{h{Z,

H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| {H$aUm ^r V g_o{Q>`b Am{h{Z,
µJ_ Om ~mXb K{Q>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
_wH$s© _wH$s© bw{‹S>H$ "dµ\$m' AI{‹S>`w{Z _| nr Oo d|X|,

amhþ{Z Oo KQ> Koa{Z Im§ Vy§ dmµHw$µ\w$$Wr Oo d|X|,
nr‹S> nmUhr hQ>~m d|Xm - {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
49
IoXw = Aµ\$gmog nmoew = T>Hw$ H${b`y§ = _wI{‹S>`y§ nr‹S> = XwI
H$îQ> H$embm = VŠbrµ\y§$ {˜µOm§ = gaC KQ> Koa = ho{R>`y§ _Wm{h`y§
Aä`mgw
1) H$îQ> H$embm H$sA§ H${Q>~m d|Xm?
_íµJybr - 1
2) {˜µOm§ Oo nyao {WÙ gm§ N>m WtXmo?
3) H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| N>m g_o{Q>`bw Amho?
eBé-~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
4) _wH$s© bw‹S>H$ nrAU gm§ N>mo WtXmo?
""˜weH$ {˜µOmD§$ .................................
µJ_ Om ~mXb K{Q>~m d|Xm {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr, {hHw$ {hHw$
gwdmb 2. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- Wr.
1) YraOw Y[a _Z ............ Z H$[a _Z!
2) XX© ............ _| _{Q>~m d|Xm.
1) {hH$ bµµâµO _| Odm~ {bImo.
3) .............. H${b`w{Z Om n{Q>~m d|Xm.
(1) Ho$a Jwb ~UO§{X`y§?
4) H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| {H$aUm ...........
(2) H§$qh Vo nwîn H${b`y§ bo{Q>`b Am{h{Z?
Am{h{Z. (3) H$H$a{Z Oo Am§Mb _| N>m {bH$bw Amho?
(4) H${h{‹S>`y§ {˜µOmD§$ ˜Ë_ Wt{X`y§?
gwdmb 3. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :-
1) _w{I{‹S>`y§ AOšx ................... Wt{X`y§.
2) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
2) H§$S>{Z Or ............ bo{Q>`b Am{h{Z.
3) nr‹S> nmUhr ............... {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
˜wíHw$, goOm
{H$aUm,
gwdmb 4. "H$' gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S> Ho$ {~ Mma bµµâµO {bImo. Jwb, ~mXb
........................
1. amoeZrA Om ............. _moQ> ImB{Z
........................ Wm.
........................ 2. ~mµJ _| OwXm OwXm a§J{Z Om .............
........................ {Sš>gr _m§ ˜we {W`w{g.
3. ............ _thþ§ dgmB{Z Wm.
4. ............ hdmCZ _| {K_ _m¡OyX Z hÿ§Xr
Amho .
50
3) {gQw>{Z _m§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> bµµâµO Jšmoëho Jmob{Z _|
Odm~ {bImo. _íµJybr - 2
1) {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo.
1. {gOw 1. g{^Zr Om XwI .............. {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr,
{hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
2. IoV _| ............ {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr, {hHw$ {hHw$
2. "~hma$' Omo {µOXw
Wr.
3. ~mµJ{Z _| ............. {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr, {hHw$
3. "Jwb' Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµµâµOw {hHw$ Wr.
4. ha {hH$ ~šma ............... {hHw$ {hHw$ Wr,
{hHw$ {hHw$ Wr.
4. Jwbm~ ~šzQ>o _| g_m`bw
2) "C_rX Agm§ Omo {hHw$ _XXJma XmoñVw Amho' g_Pm`mo.
4) {gQ> g_Pm`mo.
µJ_ Om ~mXb K{Q>~m d|Xm .......... 3) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~w bµµâµO Jšmoëho H$m°b_ nyam H$[a`mo.
~hmê§$, {˜µOmD§$, H§$S>m,

{H$aUm, µJ_w, H${b`y§
eµ\$s bµµâµO Zµ\$s bµµâµO

(Positive Words) (Negative Words)
........................ .........................
........................ .........................
........................ .........................

51
2. {nat ngw nmU _| XënVw
gmBª XënVamB "gyµ\$s' Omo OÝ_ 1769 B©. _| godhU (qgY) _| {W`mo. {ZJw©U ^JšVr naånam Im§ ~oh{X
_wVm{ga {W`bw H${dA XënV Vo n§qhOo Xm¡a Oo {hH$ Ah_² H${d "gm_r' gm{h~ Omo {MQ>mo Agé ZµOa AMo
Wmo. gyµ\$s E| doXmÝVr _moOyA{Z Vo hþZ µH$m{~b-E-Vmarµ\$ µH$b_w hbm`mo Amho.
{~š ` mB© ~š m o b o H$ao ^y a r ^_© Z ^w b w

hmo V w Vw § q hOo h§ O _| Zmhµ H w $ amo h þ Z ébw
^Ämr N>{Sš > ^§ ^ mo a Io H$mho Ho $ M Z Oš x b w
hrC h§ J m_mo hþ b w , XënV {hH$ h~r~ Omo .
{nat ngw nmU _| ^y a r ^_© ^Ämw

Ow X m WrC OhmZ Iy § $ OrA§ X o _aUw _Ämw
nB© Vy § nmUrA _| _mo J š r _at CÄm
nh bJš r {natA Oo Zmhµ H w $ $ ébt éÄm
N>mIo ghH$s¨ gw Ä m, XënV N>Sš > o {natA Io .
^y a r ^_© N>{Sš > {nat ngw nmU _|

{dW Z Amho dma Or Vmo h~r~{Z hþ S š >
O{Z Zmho Zthþ§ Zm_ gm§ V{Z gY{‹S>`{Z Io Z gSš>
O{Z Iy§ ˜bbw ndo ˜`mb _| V{Z bwS§ >{Z dQy>§ bSš>
µJ¡a gm§ Z JSš>, XënV {Xb YmaD§$$ XmoñV Oo.
52
^yar = A~šmoPw ^_©w = dh_w amohþ = nWé Ošxbw = hbw
Ho$M = eha Omo Zmbmo hmoVw = _w‹S>gw h~r~w = _h~y~w nhþ = BamXmo
Aä`mgw
CR>{Z Vo gdmar H§$Xo am_M§X Omo n[adma H$N> Oo
1) emBa nWa{Z Vo ébU Im§ _Zm N>mo H$B©
......... _| nhþVmo. V_m_ KUr J_uA g~{~ Z§T>‹S>o
Amho?
{H$Ho$ Io Sš>mT>r ............. bJšr, `H$X_ {hZ nmUr
2) emBa µJ¡a Sš>m§h§ Z dÄmU bmB N>m M`mo Amho?
nrVmo. am_M§X Oo dSš>o nwQ> Mm¡Vaµ\$ {Zhmao M`mo :
3) emBa gY{‹S>`{Z Io gSšx> Z H$aU bmB N>mo
""nao nao VmBª H$mo {~ _mÊhÿ ZµOa ZWmo AMo. Mm¡Ymar
M`mo Amho?
.............. bJšr noB© Amho.''
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- am_M§X H$_§Xw Sš>tXo dSš>o nwQ> Io M`mo :
1) {hZ ~oV _| {natA ~m~{V N>m M`bw Amho? ""nwQ> H$_§X Io Qw>H$am Qw>H$am H$ao ............ E| Cho
2) Zm_ gm§ Zthþ§ Z aI§X‹S>{Z bmB emBa N>m g{^Zr Io Sš>o.''
M`mo Amho? 2) ZmhµHw$ = Zm + hµHw$
bµµâµO Oo A{Jš`m§ "Zm' AIé bJšmBU gm§ C~V‹S> _mZm
gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :-
{_bo Wr.
1) ^Ämr N>{Sš> ........... Io H$mho Ho$M Z Ošxbw.
2) nB© Vy§ nmUrA _| ............. _at CÄm. Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ Cho _wZm{g~w bµµâµO Jšmopëh`mo, O{Z _| "Zm'
3) {dW Z Amho ............. Or Vmo h~r~{Z AIé bJšmBU gm§ bµµâµO Or C~V‹S> _mZm {_bo.
hSš>. g§Vmofw, C_rX, nmHw$, ~mbµJw, µJ_w,
gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- MmHw$, ß`mé, _wpåH${Z, Z{µ\$aV
1) hrC ................ h~r~ Omo . 3) {gQ> gåPm`mo.
2) N>m .................. {nat Io.
"{nat ngw nmU _|'
4) ""OwXm WrC OhmZ Iy§$, OrA§Xo _aUw _Ämw''
_íµJybr
_Wo {Sš>Zb {gQ> n‹T>mo E| {hH$ bµµâµO _| Odm~ {bImo.
1) eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo. 1. "{µ\$Xm' Omo h_ AmdmµOr bµµâµOw
{nat ngw nmU _| .............. XbnV N>Sš>o {nat Io. 2. "gÝgma' Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµµâµOw
Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo. 3. "_' AIa gm§ ewê$ WtX‹Sx> bµµâµOw
^Ämw, _Ämw, CÄm, éÄm, gwÄm 4. "Im§' Oo ~{Xam§ H${_ Am§Xbw bµµâµOw
53
3. qgYw E| qgYr H¥$îU "amhr'
H¥$îU dN>mUr "amhr' (1932-2007 B©.) ~Iw emBé, H$hmUr Zdrgw E| AmbmoMHw$ ahr MwH$mo Amho. "Hw$_mMw'
E| "dgU g§Xm dog' hþZ Om ~š eB[a`m _O_yAm em`m {W`b Am{h{Z.
_moOyXh eBa _| qg{Y`w{Z Or _mpÝgH$ nr‹S>m Omo {XbH$ew {~`mZw {W`bw Amho.
dVZ Oo bmB OmZ Kmoar nmoB {~ Wmoar

qg{Y`w{Z OmZ Z Kmoar dVZw Kmoao Am`m!
dVZw Kmoao Am`m hmUo aVw amoA{Z

n§qhOm dar ngU bmB V{Z Om ZoU {gH${Z
~šo[a`y§ I~ša I{O`y§ {h{V JšmoëhtXo Z {_b{Z
_mÊhÿ {h{V {~ {W`{Z na Agm§ Om Ho$ {~š`m hþAm!
Agm§ Om Ho$ {~š`m hþAm O{Z gm§ hþAm Zth§

AmogrA‹S>m B© CÝh{Z Om Wm ah{Z am{V`m§ Sš>th§
A{I`w{Z g§Xm _th§ _w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _hb H$m!
_w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _hb H$m, A§Xa Oy§ Amhÿ§

_wëH$ _moQ>r dÄmU Oy§ ~§X {W`y§ amhÿ§
go {Xb`y§ H${Z Xm§hÿ§ dVZw d`mo O{Z hWm§!
dVZw d`mo O{Z hWm§ Zmho V{Z Amam_w

H$Sš>qh {dgao H$sZ H$s H§$qh Im§ n§qhOmo Jm_w
Z{X`y§ {h{V {~ Om_w na qgYyA _| H$mo gmhþ W{Z!
54
qgYyA _| H$mo gmhþ W{Z, qgYy ^m§B{Z _mC
n§qhOm Zo{R> {~ n§qhOm Ym[a`{Z H${h‹S>mo gmC
A{h‹S>mo bJšmo dmC, {hH$‹S>m {h{V {~š`m hþ{V {W`m!
{hH$‹S>m {h{V {~š`m hþ{V qgYr {W`m ~šoB©

na {hH$‹S>m qgYr Sš>ohr, {~š`m {W`m naSš>ohr
_mÊhÿ {hH$‹S>m B©, na ah{Z amOš{Z {~š{Z _|!
ah{Z amOš{Z {~š{Z _| Ho$ qgYw V Ho$ qhXw

{_Å>r Om {hH$ _wëH$ Or Ow{‹S>`b V{Z Or qOXw
go N>m OšmU{Z qgYw OoHo$ {hVo Oš{_`m!
OoHo$ {hVo Oš{_`m go {~ "qgYr' g{Sš>~m

qgYr Wr {~ qgYw Io {Sš>gU Im§ {gH§$Xm
Ym[a`{Z dm§Jwé OSš>qh qgYw dÄmr {Sš>g§Xm
_mÊhÿ B©E§ Md§Xm V "qgYr Am`m qgYw {Sš>gU!''
55
aVw amoAUw = nN>VmBUw Amo g rA‹ S >mo = BÝVµ O mé Zthþ§ hþAUw = ß`mé hþAUw
ngUw = {Sš>gUw Jm_w = JšmoRw>
Aä`mgw
1) _mÊhþ{Z Om ZoU H§$qh bmB {gH${Z Wm?
2) A§Xa Oy§ Amhÿ§ N>mo {W`y§ {ZH$a{Z?
eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) qgYr N>m Z {dgmao gK§Xm?
4) qgYr _mÊhÿ N>m bmB {gH§$Xm?
""_w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _hb H$m ............... na qgYw _| H$mo
gmhþ W{Z!''
1) dVZ Oo bmB ........... dVZw Kmoao Am`m.
1) {Sš>Zb {gQw>{Z Omo Zgwar ê$n {bImo.
2) Agm§ Om Ho$ {~š`m .......... ah{Z am{V`m§
Sš>th§. 1. ~§X {W`y§ amhÿ§.
3) H$Sš>qh {dgao H$sZ .......... H$mo gmhþ W{Z. 2. dVZw d`mo {O{Z hWm§.
4) ah{Z amOš{Z {~š{Z _| ......... {V{Z Or
3. go {Xb`y§ H${Z Xm§hÿ§.
qOXw .
5) OoHo$ {hVo Oš{_`m ............ {Sš>gU Im§
4. _w§X Z {Sš>g{Z _{hb H$m.
{gH§$Xm.
2) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~w bµµâµO Jšmoëho h_ AmdmµOr bµµâµO
nyam H$[a`mo :-
1) qg{Y`w{Z ............ Z Kmoar, dVZw Kmoao
Am`m! Ym_w, Mhb, Mmhÿ§
2) ................ g§Xm _th§, _w§X Z {Sš>g{Z
_hb H$m!
1. amhÿ§
3) Z{X`y§ {h{V {~ Om_, na ........... _| H$mo
gmhþ W{Z.
2. _hb
4) .......... dm§Jwé OSš>qh, qgY dÄmr {Sš>g§Xm!
gwdmb 4. h_ AmdmµOr bµµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo. 3. Om_w
{gH${Z, Amhÿ§,
_th§ ,
gmC, Sš>ohr
56
3) {gQw>{Z _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO My§S>o ˜mb ^[a`mo. 4) d V Z = dVZ
1. _w§qhOo ............ Omo Zmbmo ^maV Amho. {_gmb _| "V' AIa {dM _| Amho. ~«¡Ho$Q> _m§
2. J§Jm, O_wZm E| gañdVr ^maV Oy§ _ehÿa _wZm{g~w AIa Jšmoëho bµµâµO R>mho {bImo.
............ Am{h{Z. 1. {d ..... Z (J, K, ~)
3. _mC Omo ~šma{Z _| ............ hÿ§Xmo Amho. 2. d ..... Z (H$, M, n)
4. ~hma Or ............ _| H$mo`b JrV JšmBªXr 3. d ..... Z ({Q>>, Aëµ\$, J)
Amho . 4. d ..... Z (S>, {T>>, Z)
5. d ..... Z (Äm, O, ~)
6. {d ..... Z (a, ‹T> , H$)
7. d ..... Z (g, e, ~)
8. d ..... Z (^, ~, U)

57
4. _m§ {~ {hHw$ ~mµJr! n[agam_ "{µO`m'
n[agam_ hramZ§X "{µO`m' (1911-1958 B©.) qgYw _| n{hat "a§Odé V˜bg gm§ eBa {b{I`m; OoHo$
"Vñdra A{hgmg' _{O_yE _| N>{n`m E| CZ {H$Vm~ Vo qgYw gaH$ma Io{g BZm_w {nUw {Sš>Zmo. hþZ _µOm{h`m
Sš>m§A Om eBa {~ M`m. O{h‹S>moH$ : "{nQ>o Wr nmohÿA _mC' E| "gyQ>mB©A Om gyQ>m'. hþZ Io ~šmb H${dVm g§J«h
"~mµJ ~hma' Vo ^maV gaH$ma Oo Vmbr_ {d^mJ BZm_ {Sš>Zmo hþAmo. hþZ Oo Xohm§V ~mX g§X{g eBa{Z Omo {hHw$
{~š`mo {~ _O_yAmo "Ambmn-E-{µO`m' {nUw em`m H$`mo d`mo.
Oo VZw {hZ Xog Vm§ gXµHo$ H$aUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am

Oo n§qhOo _wëH$ Omo eodH$ {WÙw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo _mÌ ^y{_A gm§ Cbµ\$V aIUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo CZ Oo hmb Vo _mV_ H$aUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
~µJmdV Oo Bhm Amho V _m§ ^r Am{h`m§ {hHw$ ~mµJr!
Oo ñdXo e r e`w { Z Io dmnamBUw {hH$ ~µ J mdV Am

Oo ImYrA Or nmo e mH$ nmBUw {hH$ ~µ J mdV Am
{dXo e r _mb Im§ Oo _w § h þ § _Q>mBUw {hH$ ~µ J mdV Am
gZo h mo _w ë H$ Omo Ka Ka nw O š m BUw {hH$ ~µ J mdV Am
Oo qhXy E| _w{gb_mZ Io {_bmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am

Oo n§qhOr ^mBnr Cbµ\$V dYmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo Zµ \ $aV E| AXmdV Io hQ>mBUw {hH$ ~µ J mdV Am
Oo N>mVrA gm§ h[aO{Z Io bJšmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
"{µO`m' AÝ`mA Oo gmåhÿ§ {WÙw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am

AJa n§qhOmo {dÄmm`bw hµHw$ KwaUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo H§$qhOo µOwë_ Omo {e{H$dmo H$aUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
Oo n§qhOr µO™_r hmbV Vo amoAUw ^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
58
gXµHo$ dÄmUw = µHw$~m©Z {WÙw Cbµ\$V = ß`mé _w§hþ§ _Q>mBUw = nao dÄmUw {eH$dmo = {eH$m`V
~mµJr = ~µJmdV H§$X‹Sx> AXmdV = Xwí_Zr
Aä`mgw
1) H§$qh Vm§ gXµHo$ {WÙ Omo n¡µJm_w {Sš>Zbw
Amho?
eBé-~§X n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
2) Cbµ\$V H§$qh gm§ aIUw KwaOo?
""Oo ñdXoer e`w{Z Io dmnamBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am
3) Agm§ Io H$h{‹S>`y§ e`y§ dmnamBUw KwaO{Z?
................
gwdmb 2. Wmoao _| Odm~w {bImo :- Oo N>mVrA gm§ h[aOZ Io bJšmBUw {hH$ ~µJmdV Am''
1) Cbµ\$V Or Ah{_`V g_Pm`mo.
2) emBa AÝ`mC, hµH$ E| µOwë_ ~m~{V N>m M`mo (1) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
Amho?
....... Zµ\$aV ....... _w§hþ§ nmoemH$
1) Oo n§qhOo ................ Omo eodH$ {WÙw nwOšmBUw ....... dYmBUw ....... nmBUw
^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am.
2) ................ _mb Im§ Oo _w§hþ§ _Q>mBUw (2) {gQw>{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> {gQy>§ Jšmoëho {bImo.
{hH$ ~µJmdV Am. 1. _m§ qhXy E| _wñb_mZ{Z Io {_bmBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.
3) Oo n§qhOr .............. hmbV Vo amoAUw 2. ha Ka _| ß`ma nhþMmBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo.
^r {hH$ ~µJmdV Am.
(3) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
ñdXoer, Zµ\$aV, Cbµ\$V, nmoemH$, _wëHw$
1) gZohmo ................. {hH$ ~µJmdV Am.
2) Oo N>mVrA .................~µJmdV Am.
1. _w§qhOo ................. Omo Zmbmo ^maV Am.
3) AJa n§qhOmo .............. ~µJmdV Am.
2. Agm§ Io .......... gm_mZ ãrX H$aUw KwaOo.
3. am_ {gnmhrA Or ................ nmE µ\$moQ>mo
gwdmb 5. H${dVm _m§ h_ AmdmµOr bµµâµO {bImo :-
H$T>m`mo.
4. Agm§ Io H§$qh gm§ {~ ............... Z H$aUw
Cbµ\$V, ñdXoer, n§qhOr, hmb
KwaOo.
59
(4) Mm¡Hw§$S>{Z _| Odm~ {bImo.
1. {hHw$ Omo‹S>mo {µOX{Z Omo - 3. gm{Jš`mo bµµâµOw JSšx> Xwham`bw -
2. ~µJmdV Or {gµ\$V - 4. Xoe Omo gmJšr _mZm dmamo bµµâµOw -
_íµJybr - 2
{_gmb g_Pr H$m°b_ nyam H$[a`mo.
{_gmb Oo {~š`{Z Or _XX H$aUw ~µJmdV Am _m§ {~š`{Z Or _XX H$aU Mm{h`m§ Wmo
1) Oo Zdm§ ñHy$b ImobUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................
2) Oo Xoe ^JšVr H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................
3) ..................................... _m§ gwR>m g§Xoe {Sš>Ùw Mm{h`m§ Wmo
4) Oo ~wµOJ©{Z Or godm H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................
5) ..................................... _m§ dU ~šzQ>m nmoIUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo
6) Oo dSš>{Z Or BµOV H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................
7) ..................................... _m§ nmUr ~MmBUw Mm{h`m§ Wmo
8) Oo ßbmpñQ>H$ Vo ~§{Xe H$aUw ~µJmdV Am .....................................

60
5. ~¡Vw gMb gmBª
gMb gmBª (1739-1829 B©.) Omo Agwb Zmbmo AãXw{b dhm~w hþAmo. hþZ Omo OÝ_ ˜¡anwa [a`mgV Oo JšmoR>
XamµO{Z _| {W`mo. {hH$ Xµ\o$ emh AãXwb bVrµ\$ Omo XamµO{Z _| AMUw {W`mo, V hþZ CZ ~m§~‹S>m nmBªX‹S> ~šma
Io {Sš>g§Xo B© M`mo V ""Agm§ OoH$mo Hw$Zmo Mm{‹T>`mo Amho, CZ Omo T>H$Uw hrC ZtJé bmhtXmo.''
Ho$Mm§ Am`mo µH$m{µ\$bmo, IUr AVwa A§~ra

Vht Oo Vmgra, dm{g`mo eha ^§^moa Io.
hÿ {g`mUmo gw{nat, Am{OµOw AmC§ AOšmUw

Ho$Mr H$mo{h`mao H$m{U _Wo amh amoAm§ KUmo.
emb Z {dgat Vy§, bmoHw$$ g^moB© {dgao

_Ëb~w Bhmo _y§ Omo nmUD§$ nao Z H$at.
Sšx>I{Z _§Pm§ gwI _y§ V bYm Oo{Sš>`y§

Sš>moatXo Io Sšx>I gy§hm§ {W`‹S>m gOšUm§.
gmao eha ^§^moa Or N>Sš>o bmoH$ bµOV

Vmo arA {Sš>E H$moZ H$mo _mÊhÿ Am_w BµOV
{WE gmhþ {ghV Oo ~šoha ~šmamoMm AMt!
61
Ho$Mm§ = Ho$M eha _m§ Am{OµOw = ~odgw H$mo{h`mamo = O~b{Z _| ah§X‹Sx>
AÌ A§~ra = ˜we~yBXmé e`y§ AOšmUw = AU OšmUw ~šmamoMmo = ~amoM µOmV dmamo (nwÝhÿ§)
Sš>mo[aUw = JšmoëhUw gy§hm| = ah~é
Aä`mgw
1) H§$qh ^§^moa eha Io dm{g`mo?
2) emBa H§$qh Io `mX aIUw Mmho Wmo?
eBé-~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) ~šmamoMr Oo AMU gm§ N>m WtXmo?
hmo {g`mUmo .......................................
............................. Omo nmUC§ nao Z H$at.
gwdmb 2. gMb gmBªA ggwB© E| nwÝhÿ§A ~m~{V N>m M`mo
Amho?
(1) {Sš>Zb bµµâµO H§$qh bmB H${_ Am§Xb Am{h{Z.
qSš>J`{Z _m§ Odm~ Jšmoëho {bImo.
gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 1) Vy§ (gÝgmé, B©ídé, XmoñVw)
1) Vht Oo Vmgra, dm{g`mo eha ........ Io.
2) AmC§ (emBé, XmoñVw, _mBQw> )
2) emb Z {dgat Vy§, ........ g^moB© {d{gao.
3) bmoHw$ (^JšdmZw, Xw{Z`m, emBé)
3) Sšx>I{Z _§Pm§ gwI _y§ Vm bYm ...........
4) hÿ (B©ídé, em`é, gÝgmé)
gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- (2) {µOX{Z Om Omo‹S>m {_bm`mo :-

1) Ho$Mr ............... amoAm§ KUmo.
1) {g`mUmo 1. Wmoamo
2) Sš>moatXo .............. gOšUm§.
2) nao 2. OšmUy
3) gmao ................... bµ O V.
3) AOšmU 3. doPmo
4) KUmo 4. A`mUmo
62
(3) {gQ> g_Pm`mo :-
"emb Z {dgat Vy§, bmoHw$ g^moB© {dgao.'
_íµJybr - 2
(4) "_{Vb~w' bµµâµO _| g_m`b AIa{Z _m§ ho{R>`m§ (1) qgYr V_m_w emhÿH$ma ~šmobr Amho. CZ _| {hH$
bµµâµO V¡`ma Wr gK{Z Wm. CÝh{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo bµµâµO bmB KUoB© _mZmD§$ Am{h{Z V {hH$ _mZm
aI§X‹S> bµµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo :- bmB {nUw Ho${Vam bµµâµO H${_ AmUo gKO{Z Wm.
gMb gmBªA "Am{OµO' bµµâµOw H${_ Am§Xmo Amho.
1) ~b .......... 2) _b ..........
AMmo V CZ bµµâµO Oy§ {~š`y§ _mZmD§$ {~ g_Py§.
3) b~ .......... 4) Vb~ ..........
Am{OµOw
_oamU, VmµH$V, Mn, KwaO
H$_µOmoé - hrUmo - {ZgVmo = _whþVmOw -
~odgw - bmMmé - _O~ya - WH$bw -
(5) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo. doMmamo - naoemZw - gVm`bw - µJar~w -
{_ñH$sZw
H$moh`mar
nmUD§$ amh A{h‹S>o Z_yZo _{W`m| {_gmbw g_Pr ~oV Oo {gQw>{Z _m§
bµµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo.
gm{JšE AIa (1) añVmo - dmQ> - XJšx

gm§ ewê$ {g`mUmo
WtX‹S> bµµâµO
(2) AµHw$b_§Xw - Am{µH$bw - g_Py
(3) T>mobUw - ß`mamo - {Xë~é

H$m{U
(4) Adm_w - OJšx - OZVm
(5) ˜ëµH$ - OhmZw - OJšVw

63
6. Zm{ghmUmo H$bm_w emh AãXwb bVrµ\w$$ {^Q>mB©
emh AãXwb bVrµ\w$ {^Q>mB© (1689-1752 B©.) qgYrA Omo dSš>o _| dSš>mo E| Xw{Z`m Oo My§S> emBa{Z _m§ {hHw$
Amho. OoVmo{UH$ emh Omo H$bm_w Q>o gC gmb nwamUmo Amho, nmoB {~ _dmX Oo {bhmµO Im§ AOšx {~ ~oh{X
Om{µO~ Amho.
VVrA WYrA H$m{h H$mÝho dob dohU Or

_Vm§ {WE D§ $ Xm{h no é Z bht {natA Omo .
Sšx>I gwI{Z Or gy§h§ Kmo[a`m gwI Sšx>I{Z arA

OZt Or {dê§$h§ gOšUw Am`mo _y§ Jšao.
Abm! Sš>mhr _ {W`m§ Sš>m{h`y§ Sšx>I {Sš>g{Z

_y § gt _y § {nat ^mo a mB© A _| ^mb H$`m.
˜wXr E| ˜wXm H$sZ _mn{Z {hH$ _Z _|

OrA§ {~š{Z Vamé{Z OmB Zmho {hH$ {_`mU _|
gw V m CWr OmJš x qZS> Z H$Oo Eo { Var

gw ë VmZr gw h mJš x qZSy > § H§ $ Xo Z {_bo !
64
VVr WYr = AmoIr gmoIr dob = dµµŠVw ^moamB© = AU OšmUmB© Sš>mhmo = {g`mUmo
Kmo[aUw = µHw$~m©Z H$aUw arA = Im§ gdmB ˜wXr = ˜wXXmar gwhmJšx = KmoQw>
Aä`mgw
1) {natA H$sA§ ^mb ^bm`m?
2) _`mU _| H$Sš>qh OmB Z hÿ§Xr Amho?
ho{R> {hHw$ eBé ~§Xw n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
3) gwëVmZr gwhmJšx N>mo ZWmo {_bo?
gwVm CWr OmJšx .................. qZSy>§ H§$Xo Z {_bo.
(1) g_Pm`mo.
gwdmb 2. _{Vb~ g_Pm`mo :- gwëVmZr gwhmJšx, qZSy>§ H§$Xo Z {_bo.
1) VVrA WYrA H$mh
(2) ho{R>`{Z Ow{_b{Z Omo {gb{gbmo R>mho {bImo.
2) Sšx>I gwI{Z Or gy§h§
1. qZS> _m§ Hw$Pw Z WtXmo.
2. YUrA Omo dgwbw Z WtXmo.
gwdmb 3. ˜mb ^[a`mo :- 3. KUr qZS> Z H$[a.
1) _Vm§ {WE .............. noé Z bht {natA
4. E gwVb, hmUo OmJšx.
Omo.
(3) "gwëVmZr gwhmJšx' _| "g' AIa gm§ ewê$ WtX‹S>
2) OZt Or {dê§$h§ ................ Am`mo _y§
bµµâµO JSšx> {Sš>Zb Am{h{Z. A{h‹S>o Z_yZo ho{R> {Sš>Zb
Jšao. Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO My§S>o Jmob{Z _| Odm~
3) ............. CWr OmJšx qZS> Z H$Oo Eo{Var. {bImo.
gwdmb 4. {gQy>§ ny[a`y§ H$[a`mo :- H$H$a, gma§Jw, H$m§C,

1) VVrA WYrA H$mh ................. dµµŠVw, gyé, dmamo,
2) Abm! Sš>mhr _ {W`m§ ................. X[a`mhþ
3) ˜wXr E| ˜wXm .................
ghg| H$Ošm‹S>mo
gwdmb 5. emh AãXm„Vrµ\$ {^Q>mB©A Om {~š`m ~oV
n‹T>mo.
H$mam XheV
65
AMmo V emh gmh~ Oo Hw$Pw eBa{Z Io g_Py§ :
dYrH$ OšmU
1) Om{Z~! _w§qhOo OrA _|, Am µOma Om AZdm
gm{h~! {Sš>{O eµ\$m, {_`m§, _arµO{Z Io.
emh AãXwb bVrµ\$ Io qgYw Oo qgYr emBa{Z Omo
g[aVmOw E| qgYw Omo {hHw$ Zmboamo Xadoew H$ao bo{I{Z (ga `_Z H$ë`mU)
Wm, na XOm} CZ Im§ KUmo D$Mmo Amho. emh Or hµH$sµH$s Eo OmZr, _w§qhOo OrA _| AZoH$ {µH$ñ_{Z Om AµOm~ E|
OJš{h CÎmaàXoe Oo H$~ra, amOñWmZ Or _ram§ ~šmB©, nr‹S>mD§$ Am{h{Z. Eo gm{h~, Vy§ B© AK{Z Io AKmB©A Im§
_hmamîQ´ > Oo am_Xmg E| Vw H $mam_, ~| J mb Oo M¡ V Ý` Nw>Q>H$mamo ~™e.
_hmà^w, Amgm_ Oo e§H$a Xod, JwOamV Oo Zagr _hVm 2) Sš>moao bhþ Sš>mVmé, {O_ {dht dogamo,
O{h‹ S > { Z Zm_y a g§ V , H${d`w { Z YUrA Oo {Z_mU{Z
^JšV{Z E| Xadoe{Z Or µH$Vma _| Amho. h{H$`mo hmoB{O hmo{e`ma, qId{U {Id§Xr AmoMVr.
emh gmh~ n§qhOo ê$hmZr H$bm_ I| qgYr µOw~mZ (gwa {garamJš)
Omo dogw nham`mo. CZ µO_mZo _| qgYr ~šmobr _mÊhþ{Z Oo YUrA Io Jšmoëho bhþ, _Vm§ µJm{µ\$bw Wr doht, Vy§ ha
Mn{Z Vo hþB©, Chm B© ~šmobr n§qhO{Z ~oV{Z bmB H$V~ gmAV gwOmJšx a{h{O, N>mo V VmoVo {dOšx (AµOb Or
Am§XmBª. Amµ\$V) AmoMVmo AMr H$‹S>H§$Xr.
gÌht-Aa‹S>ht gXrA Or Adm_r ~šmobrA dmamo 3) V‹S>t V§dmat, _mC! gm_y§S>r AmB`m,
A_wëhþ ˜µOmZmo emh gmh~ Agm§ bmB N>Sš>o d`mo Amho.
_y§Io {O`marZ, dm`y§ dUOmU{Z Oy§.
g§X{g agmbo Oo AmYma Vo B© qgYr ~šmobr, gyaV˜Vr E|
Agwb Zgwb ~m~{V BÝgm{Z`V Om _m{ha Hw$Pw MB© (gwa gm_y§S>r)
{bIr g{K`m Am{h{Z. Eo A_{‹S>! gm_y§S>r AMr gh{‹S>`m Am{h{Z E| W‹S> Vo
H¡$nQ>Z Om°O© ñQ>¡H$, S>m°. Q´>ån, hmoVM§X _ybM§X V§dmê§$ (`mXy§) n`m H${Z. _y§Io dUOma{Z Oy§ Jšmpëh`y§
Jwa~™emUr, ôê$_b _haM§X AmSš>dmUr, ˜mZ~hmXwa ZE| {ga OrAma{Z {W`y§.
_wh_X {gXrµH$ _o_wUw E| àmoµ\o$ga H$ë`mUw AmSš>dmUrA 4) Oo Vmo ~oV ^m§B`m, go Am`Vy§ Am{h{Z,
emh Oo agmbo _m§ ML>mo B© _mbw h{W H$ao KUmo B© {b{I`mo
Amho . {Z`mo _Zw bmB©{Z, {n[a`m§ g§Xo nma Sš>o.
Oo Vmo ~oV g_P`m, go Am`Vy§ (ê$hmZr {hXm`Vy§)
Am{h{Z.
Cho _Z Io d{Äm`mo _h~y ~ (YUr) Oo Vaµ \ $
bJš m B{Z.
(daVbw "emh Omo [agmbmo' (_wO{_bw) :
H$ë`mU ~ybM§X AmSš>dmUr
(B§Q>aZoQ> Oo bmB~«ar« Vm§ "emh Omo [agmbmo' hmgwbw H$ao n‹T>mo E| _hgygw H$[a`mo V qgYr AX~ Omo gaVmOw
emh gmh~w Amho)

66
AX~w
67
B{b_w AX~w
Aµ\$gmZmo Aµ\$gmZo bmB {hHw$ ßbmQ> E| aWm, {~š`mo

{H$aXm{ZJmar V_m_w µOê$ar hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z. CZ _| {df`
bwµJV Oo {bhmµO Im§ "AX~' Or _mZm Amho "ao{‹T>`y§ Or H$m {~ nm~§Xr Zmho. Xw{Z`m hr ha eB E| H$m`ZmV
Sš>tX‹S> ~šma Io n§Yw goIm[aUw'. B©E§ {~ MB© g{KOo Wmo V _| n{I{‹S>`b ha MrµO Aµ\$gmZo Oo Xmào A§Xa
AU K{‹T>`b H$mR> Io a§Xmo hUr {gYmo H$aUw. Xw{Z`m Oo g_mBOr gKo Wr. O§qh _| B™Vgma Oo ~mdOyX BÝgmZr
V_m_w ~šmo{b`w{Z Or ewê$AmV nh[a`mBª nh[a`mBª eBa {µOÝXJrA Omo hµH$sµH$s, dm{µOhþ E| Om{_A AŠgw {_bo
gm§ {WE Wr. qgYrA {~ CZ B© gµ\$a Io AnZm`mo Amho. Wmo.
Hµ w${XaV Oo _Z _mohtX‹S> ZµOma{Z ngU gm§ Om ˜wer
{WE Wr, CZ Omo BµOhmé H$aU bmB eBé B© {hHw$ _wZm{g~
qgYr AX~ _| H$hmUrA Om Xm¡a :
dgrbmo Amho. O{h‹S>r Vah {Xb _m§ {ZH$Vb gw˜Z {Xb
Vo Agé H${Z Wm, eBa {n{U {Xb Vo {gYmo g§Amo Agé 1. µH$Xr_w Xm¡é
H$ao Vmo. CZ bmB B~VXmB© hmbV _| Zga Im§ AJšx ZµO_ 2. {dahmL>o dmamo Xm¡é
dOyX _| Am`mo.
3. VaµH$s ng§X Xm¡é
H§$qh {~ µH$m¡_ Omo B{b_w AX~w n§qhOr Vmar˜ Oo
OwXm OwXm Xm¡a _m¡Oy~ CZ Oo OµO~{Z E| ˜`mbmV Omo 4. amo_mZdr Xm¡é
AmB©Zmo hÿ§Xmo Amho. H§$qh {~ _{˜gyg Ag} Omo B{Vhmgw 5. ZAm| Xm¡é
_mby_w H$aU bmB g^ Im§ nh[a`mBª CZ B© Xm¡a dmao
Bb_r ˜µOmZo Io Imo{bUmo nd§Xmo. dµµŠVw E| hµH$sµH$Vy§
Vmar˜ Io {Oñ_ ~p™e{Z {W`y§ na CÝh{Z aJšx{Z _|
ê$h VSš>qh nd§Xmo; OSš>qh g§X{g AX~r Vmar˜ Omo
H$hm{U`w{Z Om {µH$ñ_ :
µO˜ramo _m¡OyXw hÿ§Xmo.
1. g_mOr
AX~ Omo {gYmo g§Am| g§~š§Yw ~šmobrA gm§ Amho.
CZ Om {~ dar ~š {hñgm Am{h{Z; V˜brµH$s E| 2. _µOm{h`m
VhµH$sµH$s. V˜brµH$s AX~ {~š{Z Z_yZ{Z Omo hÿ§Xmo 3. OrdZr
Amho "Zgwé' E| "ZµµÁ_w'. Zgwa _| boI, _µO_yZ,
Aµ\$gmZm E| ZmQ>H$ V ZµO_ _| ~oV, JrV, Sš>mohr‹S>m, 4. AmË_ H$Wm
bmSš>m, VamB©b, µJµOb E| n§OH$‹S>m dµJ¡ah AMr dÄm{Z 5. Vmar˜r
Wm.
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qgYr ~šmobrA Oy§ Ah_w H$hm{U`y§ : JXmB©A Omo ß`mbmo. {gH§$Xar ~™V hþOo `m Xmam
Omo BµH$~mb, A{h‹S>r ha hmbV _| nwaµOmoa {~`mZ
1) AXmo AãXwb ah_mZ A_abmb {hL>mao mUr E| AgamBVo BµOhma bmB AX~w {hHw$ ~hVarZ
2) A{hgmZ _§Xr Jmoq~X "_mëhr' dgrbmo Amho.
3) {_{b{H$`V B©ída M§Ð AX~r ~šmobrA Oy§ {b`mµH$Vy§
4) Šbo_ ZmamÙ "^maVr' 1) AX~r µ O w ~ mZ Chm MB~r, O§ q h _| haµ \ $Z E|
bµµâµO{Z Om AmdmµO; ~X AmdmµO Z na gwarbm E|
5) {dgm[a`m§ Z {dga{Z bmoH$ZmW OoQ>bo
ñdmXr hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z.
6) lr Jm§d _Zmoha MwKw
2) AX~r µOw~mZ _| BñVbmh E| _whmdam, Ve~rhÿ§ E|
7) _wh_X am_ H$saV ~šm~šmUr nhmH$m KUm hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z; OoHo$ V_m_ µHw$XaVr
ZµOma{Z E| añ_w{Z admO{Z _m¡Oy~ _mÊhþ{Z Or
8) _wh_X JmSš>rA dmamo am_ n§OdmUr
V~r`V E| gw^mC Or VO©_mZr H§$Xm Am{h{Z.
3) AX~r ~šmobrA _| Xw{Z`m Or ha{hH$ eB Om Zmbm
dYrH$ OšmU E| _mZm bmB bµµâµO _m¡OyX hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z. OoH$Sš>qh
{H$Wo H§$qh Zmbo Or ImoQ> hÿ§Xr Amho V Chm ~šmobr
Agm§ Or _mXar µOw~mZ qgYr, AX~r ~šmobr hþAU ˜werA gm§ {~šE h§Ym§ A{h‹S>m bµµâµO h{W H$ao
gm§ JSš>mo JSšx> Xw{Z`m Oo gwY[a`b ~šmo{b`w{Z _m§ {hH$ nyamAmo H§$Xr Amho.
Amho, O§qh _| AX~r E| gm{hVH$ ~šmobr hþAU Oy§
{b`mµH$Vy§ E| ˜y{~`y§ _m¡OyXw Am{h{Z. 4) AX~r µOw~mZ _| {hH$ _mZm bmB KUm bµµâµO E|
{hH$ bµµâµO Oy§ KUoB© _mZmD§$ Wt{X`y§ Am{h{Z.
~šmo{b`w{Z Om {µH$ñ_ :
5) AX~r ~šmobrA _| OwµO~ H$aU E| hµO_ H$aU Or
1) Am_ ~šmobr : OoH$m {gµ\©$ ~mh_r amãVo dmar ~šmobr VmµH$V hÿ§Xr Amho. Chm n§qhOo µO˜rao E| ˜µOmZo _m§
Amho, O§qh dgrbo {hHw$ BÝgmZ n§qhOm CY_m E| {~š`{Z ~šmo{b`w{Z Io _XX H$aU _| H§$Oygr H$moZ
OµO~mV H§$qh {~ {~šE§ gmJšr ~šmobr OšmU§X‹S> e™g H§$Xr Amho E| {~Zm H§$qh h~šH$ Oo _XX dR>Uw {~
VmBª nhþMmE gKo Wmo. Eo~ H$moZ g_P§Xr Amho.
2) AX~r ~šmobr : OoH$m ~mh_r amãVo Oy§ ˜y{~`y§ E| 6) AX~r ~šmobrA _| ì`mH$aU Oo Cgyb{Z Omo nyamo
˜gmo{g`Vy§ aIU gm§ JSš>mo JSšx> AX~ E| gm{hV _| nyamo ™`mbw H$`mo d|Xmo Amho.
{nU _mbm_mb hÿ§Xr Amho. AX~r ~šmobrA _| Chmo
g^w gm_mZw _m¡OyX hÿ§Xmo Amho; Cho g^w _m§S>mU 7) AX~r µOw~mZ _™gyg {W`b Zo_{Z nQ>m§X‹S> hb§Xr
_§{T>`b hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z, {O{Z gm§ AX~r JwbµOma Amho .
_| ~hma noB© BªXr Amho. _{hZV H$erA Om AmoµOma A{h‹S>r Vah qgYr ~šmobrA _| Bho g^w {b`mµH$Vy§
hþO{Z `m ga_mòXma{Z Oy§ e`y§, emhr V™Vw hþOo _m¡OyX Am{h{Z, OoHo$ Io{g {hH$ emhÿH$ma AX~r
`m µJa~V Omo V™Vmo, ~mXemhr V™V hþOo `m ~šmobr hþAU Omo XOm} AVm H${Z {W`y§!
69
qgYr AXr~ :
· ôê$_b _haM§X AmSš>dmUr · _wÝer CYmam_ Wm§daXmg
ôê$_b AmSš>dmUr gZ² 1875 B©. _| h¡Xam~mX _wÝer CYmam_ Wm§daXmg gZ² 1833 B©. _|
(qgY) _| n¡Xm {W`mo. BãVXmB© E| goH§$S´>r Vmbr_ h¡Xam~mX _| OšmAmo. hþZ A§J«oµO{Z Oo ewê$AmV Xm¡a
CVo B© daVmBª; {OVo gmYy emoIram_ AmSš>dmUr E| _| Ho $ {Vam B© {H$Vm~ {bIr qgYr Zgw a Io
VmamM§X em¡µH$sam_ AmSš>dmUr g§X{g CñVmX hþAm. _mbm_mbw H$`mo. hþZ A§J«oµOr ~šmobrA Omo {nU
CÝh{Z Or µHw${~©`V _| ôê$_b qgYr AX~ E| Bb_ {nam`mo E| H$í_ra Oo Am°µ\$sg _| _wbm{µO_V
˜mg Vmoa emh AãXm„Vrµ\$ {^Q>mB©A Oo _Vmbo Ho$B©. hÿ "Aa~r-qgYr gyaV˜Vr' R>m{hU dmar
Sš>m§h§ amµJ~ {W`mo. hÿ _moa˜, _hµH$µH$ E| _m{ha H$m_oQ>rA Omo {hHw$ _oå~a {nU hþAmo. hþZ Oy§
{bgm{Z`mV hþAmo. hþZ "µJar~' V˜bg gm§ Hw$Pw VgZrµ\$mV (aMZmD§$) "Xw{Z`m Or Vmar˜', "amB
eBa d emBar {~ Ho$B©; ˜mg Vmoa ~šma{Z bmB {Sš>`mM Omo {µH$ñgmo', "VmoVo Zm_mo' E| Hw$Pw {~š`m
{b{I`b JrV, OrA§ V "_y§ Io H§$qh Wo Ira {µH$ñgm _ehÿa Am{h{Z.
{n`ma`mo....' E| "dµµŠV Mdo AmC§ ~mXemh' dµJ¡ah.
ôê$_b AmSš>dmUrA Om _ehÿa emhH$ma
Am{h{Z "µ H $Xr_ qgY', "nhmH${Z Or nr‹ T > ' ,
"qgYr ì`mH$aU' E| "qgYr ~šmobrA Or Vmar˜'
dµJ¡ah. hþZ {dahmL>o ~B{X ~å~B©A AMr n§qhOmo 
Am{e`mZmo A{Sš>`mo na {µOÝXJrA gmU{g dµ\$m
H$moZ Ho$B© E| hÿ OwbmB 1950 B©. _| hµH$ gm§ {hHw$
{W`mo.
70
1. {hHw$ eV©w _Zmoha MwK
_Zmoha MwK, "AmH$medmUr' _wå~B© ñQ>oeZ Vo qgYr goŠeZ Oo àmoJ«m_ EŠµOrŠ`y{Q>d Am°µ\$ga Vmoa {˜X_mV
A§Om_w {Sš>{Z`y§ E| qgYr H$ëMa Io µ\$amoµJw {Sš>Ù bmB h[a _w_{H$Z H$mo{ee H§$Xo CVm§ [aQ>mà_oÝQ> daVr. hþZ
Oy§ Ho${V[a`y§ B© H$hm{U`y§ ao{S>`mo Vm§ Z{ea Wr Mw{H$`y§ Am{h{Z E| g§X{g Q>o H$hmUr g§J«h "ZAm| `wJw', "amV
JwµOar d|Xr' E| "AHo$br' {nUw _¡XmZ-E-AX~ Vo µOhÿa nµOra {W`b Am{h{Z.
goR> bN>_UXmg _wå~B©A Oo qgYr OJšV _| aOšx _wå~B©A Wr Amho. _m§, _w§qhOr nËZr E| YrA
_w{‹S> gw bo{I`mo d|Xmo Amho. _wå~B© E| ~¢Jbmoa _| n§qhOy§ gOZr, {hH$ hmoQ>b _| a{h`m n`m Am{h`y§.
no{S>`y§ AW{g. Sš>ogmda gm§ Y§Yo _| ML>mo H$_m`mo AWmBª. gOZr, BÝQ>a AmQ²>©g bmB n‹T>r ahr Amho. hþZ
~m§Xam _| nmbr {hb Vo AR> H${_a{Z Or n§qhOr Or n‹T>mB©A Or _y§Io {MÝVm Amho. _wå~B©A
B_maV, _moQ>a Jm{Sš>`y§, Zm¡H$a MmH$a; _{Vb~w V _mZ O{h‹S>o eha _| _H$mZw {_bUw Sš>mT>r Sšx>Ir Jšmpëh
emZ Or qµOXJr _mUo a{h`mo Amho. bN>_r _mVm ^{b Amho. Vy§ Oo _y§Io BZ {Sš> g _| _XX H$at V Vw§qhOr
V hþZ Vo Sš>mT>r _{ha H$B© hþOo na B©ída Io{g J¥hñVrA dSš>r _{ha~mZr WtXr.''
Oo gwI Im§ dm§{P`bw a{I`mo Amho. hþZ Or µOmb amoeZ, àmoµ\o$ga Io nyar H$mo{ee Omo {Xbmgmo Sš>oB©
drh gmb AJšx {gH$sbYo nwQ> amoeZ Io OÝ_ Sš>tXo n§qhOo Ka _mo{Q>`mo, na gOšmo Sš>th§þ CZ _gAbo Vo
gmg| gImbr Wr doB© hþB©. bN>_UXmg Mmho hm, V gmoMtXmo a{h`mo. amV Omo nrC E| nwQw> J{Sš>Or _mZr
~šr emXr H$ao OrdZ Omo AmZ§X _mUo gKo hm, na ImB© a{h`m hþAm. Amo^m[a`y§ bhdm[a`y§ Jšmpëh`y§ H§$Xo
_mQ>oOr _mC Oo XwI{Z Omo drMma H$ao hþZ Am`b amoeZ àmoµ\o$ga JwaZmUu Omo _gAbmo n§qhOo nrC
AZoH$ gwPmd _moQ>mE N>{Sš>`m. amoeZ Io hþZ H$Sš>qh A{Jš`m§ a{I`mo E| nmU B© gwPmdw {Sš>Zmo V N>mo Z àmoµ\o$gé
{~ _mC Or H$_r _{hgyg {WÙw H$moZ {Sš>Zr. amoeZ hþZ{Z Oo _H$mZ Oo {~š{Z H$_a{Z _| AMr aho. àmoµ\o$ga
V hþZ Oo A{I`w{Z Omo Zyé Amho. gm{h~ Or naoemZr {~ Xya Wr d|Xr E| {hZ gwZgmZ Ka
amoeZ, {hZ dµµŠV _wå~B©A Oo _ehÿa H$m°boO _| _| H$m Mhb nhb {~ Wr nd§Xr. go{R>> {hH$ {_ÝQ>
~r.E. (B.A.) Oo {S>J«r BåVhmZ bmB n‹T>r a{h`mo Amho. bmB Hw$Pw gmo{M`mo na amoeZ Oo Mohao Vo CXmgr {Sš>gr
amoeZ, {eH$b Omo gwhþUmo, µH$X Omo {S>Kmo, ~XZ Omo amoeZ Io Z H$moZ H$ao g{K`mo. {~šE§ Sš>th§ B© àmoµ\o$ga
nyamo nZmo E| H$gaVr OdmZ Amho. H$m°boO Oo ñQy>S>§Q> Omo n[adma AMr goR> bN>_UXmg Oo AmbremZw
H$mC§{gb Omo brS>a Amho. H$m°boO Omo ha àmoµ\o$ga B_maV Oo J«mC§S> µ\$bmoa Oo {~š{Z H${_a{Z _| Wm§B©H$mo
{hZ gm§ ß`ma H§$Xmo Amho E| ha {dÚmWu {hZ Oo gSš> _| {W`mo.
gSšx> Sš>tXmo Amho. CE§ B© {W`mo OrA§ amoeZ gmo{M`mo hmo. gwZgmZw
{hH$ Sš>th§ H$m°boO Oo qgYr {S>nmQ>©_oÝQ> Oo àmoµ\o$ga Ka _| Mhb nhb Wr doB©. gdob gw~wh Omo OSš>qh
JwaZmUrA amoeZ Io n§qhOo H${_ao _| gSš>m`mo E| Io{g gOZr VmZnwao Vo g§JrV Omo [a`mµOw H§$Xr hþB© E| gwa
n§qhOmB©A dmao ZmoA _| M`mBª, à^mVr AmbmntXr hþB© VSš>qh OšUw goR> bN>_UXmg
""{_ñQ>a amoeZ! _w§qhOr ~Xbr nyZo _m§ {h{V Omo Ké {hHw$ _§{Xa ~UOr nd§Xmo hmo. goR> {nUw n§qhOo
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{~ñVao Vo boQ>o boQ>o g§JrV Omo AmZ§Xw _mUtXmo hmo. na n§qhOo OdmZ nwQ> gm§ H${h‹S>mo grZmo gmho! {hH$
H$Sš>qh H$Sš>qh {~ñVao Oo nmgo _| a{I`b n§qhOr Sš>th§ goR> gm{h~ amoeZ Io n§qhOo nmgo _| dohmao V_m_w
nËZrA Oo µ\$moQ>mo gm§ ê$h [ahmU H§$Xo Md§Xmo hmo ""amoeZ Z_m©B©A gm§ Io{g M`mo, ""nwQ> amoeZ! Vy§ _w§qhOr {hZ
_mC! hrC gwa à^mVr ~šxYt noB©. drh gmb{Z Im§ nmoB g_yar gån{VA Omo AHo$bmo dm[agw Amht. _m§ V_m_w
{hZ Ka _| hrC à^mVr gwa Jy§{O`m Am{h{Z. Vy§ hþB©A§ _{hZV H$ao hrC Y§Ymo A{Sš>`mo Amho. Bhmo hmUo VmoIo
Omo amoµOw gw~wh Omo gdob CWr gwI_ZrA Omo nmRw> B© g§^m{bUmo Amho. _m§ {Sš>gm§ doR>mo V Hw$Pw _hrZ{Z
H§$Xr hþB©A§. Ho${Vamo Z AmZ§X BªXmo hmo.'' Im§ Vy§ Y§Yo Sš>m§hþ§ bmnadmh WtXmo n`mo dÄmt. hþZ
go{R>> V gw~wh Omo 9.00 ~Oo n§qhOmo Ké N>Sš>tXmo N>moH$arA Io _XX H$at n`mo, gwR>r Jšmpëh Amho, na
hmo E| amV Omo 9.00 ~Oo Y§Yo Vm§ _moQ>§Xmo hmo. ~mµH$s CZ Or {~ H$m hX hþAUw KwaOo. Vmo àmoµ\o$ga Io OJšh
amoeZ E| gOZrA Oo Q>hH${Z _m§ gOšmo Sš>thþ§ Ké n`mo {Sš>Ù bmB {µOXw H$`mo, _m§ Vw§qhOr {Xb aIr E| hm
Jy§O§Xmo ah§Xmo hmo. H$B©. na hm{U {dMm[a`m§ n`mo V em`X _y§Io Chm
nadmÝJr Z {Sš>Ùw Kwa~r hþB©.''
dµµŠVw JwµOa§Xmo a{h`mo. amoeZ ~r.E. nmg H$ao dÄmr
nrC gm§ Y§Yo _| ~šm§h§ ~šobr {W`mo. gOZrA Oo n‹T>U _| amoeZw H§$Yw PwH$mE g^w ~šxY§Xmo a{h`mo. Hw$Pw dµµŠVw
éMr K{Q> na g§JrV gmYZm gm§ _mohþ dYrH$ hmo{g. Vagr nrC Sš>m§h§ _w˜m{V~ WtXo M`mBª, ""~m~m! _m§
g§JrV OJšV _| ML>mo Zmbmo H${T>`mo hþAmBª. hµµâVo _| ~š Aìhm§ gm§ gOZrA ~m~{V JšmëhmBU dmamo hmo{g.
`m Q>o àmoJ«m_ dSš>{Z hmb{Z _| S>štXr Amho. Ho${V[a`w{Z hm{U Aìhm§ ˜wX B© Jšmpëh N>o‹S>r Amho V _m§ Aìhm§ Io
{µ\$ë_w{Z _| ßbo~¡H$ {~ {Sš>Zr AWmBª E| {H${V[a`w{Z ~šxYmBUw Wmo Mm{h`m§ V _m§ gOZrA Io ß`ma H$[a`m§
{µ \ $ë_w { Z bmB ßbo ~ ¡ H $ bmB H$m§ Q ´ > ¡ Š Q> ghr H$`m Wmo. _m§ n§qhOo ß`ma Omo AÄmm§ gOZrA gm§ {~ BµOhmé
AWmBª. h_oeh A˜~mé{Z Oo gwa{˜`w{Z _| {hZ Omo H$moZ H$`mo Amho. _m§ {hZ gm§ OëX emXr H$aUw
Zmbmo a{h`mo Amho . gOZrA Oo g§ J rV OJš V _| Mm{h`m§ Wmo.''
CÝZVrA bmB àmoµ\o$ga gmh~ Omo hWw K{Q> na amoeZ go{R>> bN>_UXmg nwQ> dQ>m§ hrC Iw{b`mo ~`mZw
Omo ghmamo dYrH$ Amho. amoeZ Zm¡OdmZ Amho. Y§Yo ~šxYr {hH$ {IU bmB XhbOr d`mo. {Jbmg _m§ ~š
Or gyP ~šzP AW{g. H§$qh gm§ H${h‹S>rA arV noe Tw>H$ nmUrA Om nr nwQ> Io M`mBª, ""Vw§qhOmo {X_mµJ
AMOo. BZ Omo Io{g hþZé Amho E| g^ Im§ dYrH$ V R>rH$ Amho! Vy§ CZ N>moH$arA gm§ bmD§$ bhUw Wmo
gOZr E| àmoµ\o$ga gmh~ Omo hþZ _| nyamo {dídmg Amho. Mmht OoH$m _oam{gU ~UOr MwH$s Amho. Iwb-Am_
gOZr H${h‹S>mo H$m§Q´>¡ŠQ> ghr H$ao; H§$qh Im§ Ho${Vam ñQ>oO Vo dohr noB© JšmE E| Py_o. npãbH$ Oo Vm{‹S>`w{Z
n¡gm dR>o; H${h‹S>o Sš>th§ {hZ Oo amJš{Z Or [aH$m{S>ªJ dOšmBU Vo noB© _wñH$amE E| ZmµO Zãm H$ao. Chm N>moH$ar
{WE; CÝh{Z g{^Zr Jšmpëh`w{Z Omo µ\o$gbmo amoeZ B© WtXr _w§qhOr Zy§h§! Z H$Sš>qh {~ Z! Vy§ gOZrA gm§
H§$Xmo hmo. bmD§$ bhU Omo ™dm~w {dgmao N>{Sš> E| gw^mUo Im§
gOZr V amoeZ Omo ghmamo nmE g§JrV OJšV _| AMr n§qhOo Y§Yo Vo dohþ.''
VŠ‹S>mo VŠ‹S>mo g\$bVm Or Sš>mH$U M‹T>§Xr doB©; na amoeZ Omo _w§hþ§ Q>m_Ur hUr d`mo. nrC Io Wmoamo
gm{JšE dµµŠV amoeZ Sš>thm| Sš>th§ d`mo n§qhOo Y§Yo Sš>m§h§ V§ X rA gm§ Odm~ {Sš > ZmBª , ""~m~m! gOZr {hH$
bmnadmh WtXmo . {hZ Or Chm bmnadmhr go R > H$bmH$ma Amho. hþZ g§JrV Or gmYZm H$B© Amho.
bN>_UXmg Io Ho${Va{Z Sš>th§{Z Im§ IQ>H$s ahr hþB© g§JrV OJšV _| {hZ Omo ˜mg _wµH$m_ Amho. àmoJ«m_
72
{Sš>E Wr. n§qhOo hµH$ Om n¡gm dR>o Wr. CZ _| Aìhm§ ""amoeZ! H${h‹S>{Z ™`mb{Z _| µJwëVmZ Amht!
Io H${h‹S>mo EoVamµO Amho. AOšx `wJw ~X{b`mo Amho. Agm§ Io AOšx {hH$ Sš>th§ bmB I§S>mbm h{bUmo Amho.
OSš>qh H$mëh g§JrV µ\$µH${V H$moR>{Z, _§Xa{Z `m ^wbOr d`mo Amht N>m! _m§ V V`ma Wr AmB© Am{h`m§.''
XaJmhþ{Z Oo MB{Z Xrdmé{Z VmBª _{hXyX hmo E| g§JrV amoeZ {N>aHw$$âo n§qhO{Z ™`mb{Z Or Xw{Z`m Im§
Vo {H${Z Wmoa{Z Omo _moê$gr hµHw$ bo{I`mo d|Xmo hmo; ~šm{ha Am`mo E| M`mBª, ~{g AY ŠbmH$ _| V`mé Wr
VSš>qh hmUo Chmo g§JrVw g^mJ¥h{Z, _{hµ\$bw{Z E| ho{R> AMm§ Wmo.''
ñQ>mo{S>`mo _| Jšm`mo dÄmo Wmo. hm{U Chmo g^w Adm_ Or H$ma amo e Z hbmE a{h`mo hmo . gOZrA gm§
{damgV Amho. H$bmH$ma Io V H$bm ào{_`w{Z Or Jšmpëh`w{Z Omo {gb{gbmo Omar aI§Xo M`mBª,
bh {d M‹T> _| A{MUmo B© nd§Xmo. Bhmo Aìhm§Io N>mo
""gOZr! _m§ H$mëh Im§ ML>mo naoemZw Am{h`m§.
Wmo IQ>Ho$! gOZr Aìhm§ Or Zy§h§ {WE V§qh bmB
~m~mo gmBª _y§ Vo Sš>mT>mo ZmamµOw Amho.''
Aìhm§Io µ\$˜wé hþAUw KwaOo.''
""N>mo?''
goR> bN>_UXmg n§qhOo nwQ> Or b§~r VµH$ara
~šxYr CWr I‹S>mo {W`mo. d|Xo d|Xo nwQ> Io M`mBª, gOZrA nw{N>`mo. amoeZ R>ha gm§ n§qhOo {nVm
lr gm§ {W`b dmVm©bmnw AIé ~AIé gOZrA Io
""nwQ>! g§JrV V Vw§qhOr _mC {~ {gIr hþB©.
~`mZ H$ao ~šxYm`mo. gOZr amoeZ Io ~šxY§Xr ahr E|
JšmBªXr hþB© V n§qhOo Ka Oo A§Xa. gdob gw~wh
gmoMtXr ahr. I§S>mbm nhþMU VmBª {hHw$ AIé {~
Omo CWr Jwa~šmUr JšmBªXr hþB©. em_ Omo ^JšdmZ
H$moZ ~šmo{b`mBª.
Or _yVuA A{Jš`m§ Sš>r`mo ~šmao _ram E| gyaXmg
Om ÔšZ JšmBªXr hþB©. _y§Io Ka _| Zw§h§ KwaOo, Z I§S>mbm _| hmoQ>b _| _mZr ImBªXo gOZrA Oo
ñQ>oO H$bmH$ma.'' A{I`w{Z _| AZmoIr M_H$ hþB© E| hþZ Oo Mn{Z Vo
{Zambr _wñH$amhQ>. M`mBª
go{R>> {hH$ {IU bmB éH$`mo. Hw$Pw gmo{M`mBª E|
dar JšmëhmBU Omo {gb{gbmo Omar a{I`mBª, ""amoeZ Vy§ V S>anmoH$ {ZH$V|! _Z B© _Z _| _y§ gm§
ß`ma H$at Wmo E| ß`ma Omo BµOhmé {~ ZWmo H$ao
""Vmo M`mo V Vy§ hþZ N>moH$arA gm§ emXr H$aUw
gKt. Vy§ Oo _w§qhOmo hWw nH$‹S>o _y§Io àmonmoµO H$at
Mmht Wmo. ^br H$[a nmU _y§ Io H$mo EoVamµO
hm V _m§ em`X nmJb ~UOr ZMU ewê$ H$ao
H$moZ Amho. haH§$qh Io n§qhOr qµOXJr OrAUr
N>{Sš>`m§ hm. ˜¡a! Vw§qhOo BZ AZmoIo T>§J gm§
Amho. hm! na _w§qhOmo {hHw$ eV©w Amho. gOZr
H$`b BµOhma {~ _w§qhOo VZ ~XZ _| ˜werA
emXrA Im§ nmoB H$Sš>qh {~ npãbH$ _| àmoJ«m_
Or bha n¡Xm H$B© Amho.''
H$moZ Sš>tXr E| Z B© {µ\$ë_ _| JšmBU bmB H$mo
H$m§Q´>¡ŠQ> ghr H§$Xr. Vy§ gOZrA Io CZ bmB gOZrA amoeZ Omo hWw nH${‹S>`mo E§ CZ Io {gH$
amµOr H$a E| _y§Io hþZ Oo µ\o$gbo Im§ dm{µH$µ\w$ gm§ Mw_§Xo M`mBª,
H$a.'' ""~mµH$s Jšmpëh ahr _w§qhOo npãbH$ _| Z JšmBU
go{R>> bN>_UXmg n§qhOo gwåhU dmao H$_ao _| Or, gm dSš>r Jšmpëh Z Amho. {hZ gÝgma _|
h{b`mo d`mo. amoeZ ML>mo dµµŠVw CVo B© ™`mb{Z _| Hw$Pw nmBU bmB Hw$Pw {Sš>Ùmo {~ ndo Wmo. _m§
doR>mo a{h`mo. {~šE Sš>th§ gw~wh Omo amoeZ Mm§qh nr a{h`mo Vw§qhOmo ß`mé nmBU bmB E| Vw§qhOo ˜w{e`w{Z
hmo V gOZr hþZ Oo H$_ao _| {K‹S>r AmB©. bmB n§qhOmo g^w Hw$Pw µHw$~m©Zw H$aU bmB V`mé
73
Am{h`m§. npãbH$ _| Z JšmBU H$m dSš>r VµH$mµOm Vaµ\$ Im§ gOZrA bmB BëVOm Om AmdmµO B© AmdmµO
V H$moZ Amho! _m§ BªX‹S> AmV©dma Vo A§Yoar ñnmoQ²>©g hþAm. goR> bN>_UXmg CZ g_yao _mhmob bmB _Z B©
H$m°ånboŠg _| [a{W`b àmoJ«m_ Im§ nmoB H$Sš>qh _Z _| nmU Io OdmãXmé _{hgyg H$ao a{h`mo hmo.
{~ npãbH$ _| H$moZ JšmBªX{g. Bhmo EobmZ _m§ n§qhOo H$E Vo neo_mZw Wr a{h`mo hmo. Hw$Pw H$aU bmB
gw^mUo A˜~mé{Z _| H$ao Wr N>{Sš>`m§. Vy§ {hH$ hþZ Oo {ddoH$ Io{g _O~yé H$`mo. go{R>> ñQ>oO Vo VH$‹S>mo
_{ha~mZr H$a. _w§qhOo AmãrZ àmoJ«m_ _| VH$‹S>mo M‹T>r d`mo E| dÄmr gOZrA A{Jš`m§ ~rh§Xo
n§qhOo ~m~m Io µOê$a dR>r A{M{O.'' M`mBª :
AmV©dma Sš>thþ§ gOZrA Oo g§JrV Omo AmZ§Xw ""_w§qhOr YrC! _y§Io _m°µ\w$ H$[a. _m§ Vw§qhOo A{Jš`m§
_m{UU bmB hµOma{Z _| _mÊhÿ Am`b hþAm. ha H§$qh ea_gmé Am{h`m§. g§JrVw V Vw§qhOr AmË_m Amho. _m§
Or µOw~mZ Vo {hH$ B© dmUr hþB© V gOZr JšmBUw ~§X AmË_m Io na_mË_m Im§ AbJš g_Pr a{h`mo hmo{g.
N>mo Wr H$ao! g§JrV B© "gË`_² {ed_² gw§Xa_²' Amho. Vw§qhOo g§JrV
gOZrA CZ Sš>thþ§ ˜y~ Jšm`mo. hþZ Oo ha Vmb Vo µO[aE hµOma| _mÊhþ{Z Io {hH$ B© dµµŠV B©ídar Xe©Zw
_mÊhÿ _Vdmbm Wr Py_U bJšm. àmoJ«m_w nyamo {W`mo. àmßV {WE Wmo. _m§ hW ~šYr VmoIo AµOw© Wmo H$[a`m§ V
hµ O ma{Z _| Am`b npãbH$ {hH$ B© Amdmµ O _| Vy§ n§qhOmo µ\o$gbmo dmng dRw>.''
nwH$m[a`mo, ""gOZr n§qhOmo µ\o$gbmo dmn{g dRw>.'' gOZr AmoN>m§Jê§$ Sš>oB© AMr amoAU _| N>Q>H$s.
Ho${V[a`w{Z g§ñWmC{Z Oo ~m{ZH$ma{Z ñQ>oO Vo AMr go{R>> bN>_UXmg Io{g nm~šmoh gm§ n§qhOo ^mHw$a _|
hW ~šYr gOZrA Io AµOw© H$`mo V Adm_ Io n§qhOo g_mE N>{Sš>`mo.
µ\$Z Im§ _hê$_w Z H$[a. _{Vb~w V gOšo _¡XmZ Vo ha

aOšx _w{‹S> gw = dSš>mo _mÊhÿ VµH$mµOm = Kw[aO _ram{gU = ˜mZXmZr JmBH$m
µJwëVmZw = _íµJybw, éYbw nm~šmohþ = ß`mé gmg| gwImbmo {WÙw = JwµOmao dÄmUw
bmD§$ bhUw = emXr H$aUw AmoqN>Jmê§$ {Sš>Ùw = µOmoa gm§ amoAUw
Q>m_Ur hUUw = H$m{d‹S>OUw gwa{˜`w{Z _| AMUw = _ehÿa {WÙw
neo_mZ {WÙw = bOšr {WÙw
74
Aä`mgw
1) go{R>> bN>_UXmg {H$Wo ah§Xmo hmo?
2) àmoµ\o$ga JwaZmUrA Omo Hw$Qw>§~w {H$Wo Wm§B©H$mo
{W`mo?
"go R > bN>_UXmg nw Q > dQ>m§ hrC Iw b `mo {~`mZw
3) bN>_UXmg Omo Ké _§ X é H$sA§ ~UOr
................. Z ñQ>oO H$bmH$ma.'
n`mo?
4) g§ ñ WmC{Z Oo A_bXma{Z gOZrA Io
(1) ˜mH$mo nyamo H$[a`mo.
H${h‹S>mo AµOw© H$`mo?
5) bN>_UXmg Io H${h‹S>r Jšmpëh IwQ>H$s ahr
hþB©?
AJšo : hmUo :
6) amo e Z A{Jš ` m§ bN>_UXmg H${h‹ S >mo eV© w
g§JrV ñWmZ g§JrV ñWmZ
a{I`mo?
1) amoeZ naoemZw N>mo {W`mo?
(2) Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ Cho bµµâµO Jšmopëh`mo O{Z _| "H$mé'
2) bN>_UXmg gOZrA Io n§qhOmo µ\o$gbmo
nN>m‹S>r bJšmBU gm§ bµµâµOw R>ho Wmo.
dmn{g dR>U bmB N>mo M`mo?
{_gmb - "H$bmH$mé'
gwdmb 3. H§$qh H§$qh Io M`mo :-
1) ""_w§qhOr ~Xbr nwZo _m§ {h{V _wå~B©A Wr
emhÿ AXm µO™_ g§JrV
Amho . ''
amOm X`m ^JšVr
2) ""drh gmb{Z Im§ nmo B © {hZ Ka _| hrC
Am{ã µH$µO© {MÌ
à^mVr gwa Jy§{O`m Am{h{Z.''
3) ""em`X _y§Io Bhm nadmZJr Z {Sš>Ùw Kwa~r
(3) Jmob _m§ _wZm{g~ BñVbmh IUr brH$ {Sš>Zb
hþ B © . ''
bµµâµO{Z ~{Xam§ H${_ Am{U`mo :-
4) ""{hZ gÝgma _| Hw $ Pw nmBU bmB Hw $ Pw
{Sš>Ùmo ndo Wmo.''
emXr H$aUw,
5) ""g§JrVw V Vw§qhOr AmË_m Amho. _m§ AmË_m
H$m{d‹S>Or dÄmUw, ZmµOw hþAUw
Io na_mË_m Im§ AbJš g_Pr a{h`mo
Sš>H$s dÄmUw, ˜we {WÙw
hmo { g.''
gwdmb 4. {µOX {bImo :-
OdmãXmé, qµOXJr, V{H$‹S>mo 1. V§qh bmB Vìhm§ Io µ\$˜wé hþAUw KaOo.
gwdmb 5. AXXw ~Xbm`mo :- 2. amoeZ Q>m_Ur hUr d`mo.
A˜~ma, Sš>mH${U, _h{µ\$by§, VµH$ara 3. Vy§ CZ N>moH$arA gm§ bmD§$ bhUw Wmo Mmht.
gwdmb 6. {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :-
4. go{R>> bN>_UXmg Chmo Iw{b`mo {~`mZw ~šxYr {hH$
CXmgr, bmnadmhr, XwIw, dµµŠVw
{IU bmB X{hbOr d`mo.
75
(4) ~«¡Ho$Q> _m§ gmJšr _mZm dmam bµµâµO Jšmoëho ˜mb
^[a`mo :- _íµJybr - 2
1. IZw, nbw, ........ ({_ÝQ>, goH§$S>, ŠbmH$)
2. nmUr, Obw, ........ (Zré, gÝgmé, YaVr) (1) ~«¡Ho$Q> _| {Sš>Zb bµµâµO H${_ AmUo Ow{_bm R>mho
3. H«$moYw, H$md{‹S>, ...... (ào_w, µJwñgmo, X`m) {bImo.
4. Y§Ymo, dmnmé, .......
(Zm¡H$ar, dm§XH$mB©, H$mamo~ma) 1. _y§ {hHw$ gyµ\w$ Am§Xmo. (KUm)
5. nwQw>, gnyVw, ......... (µ\$µOªXw, nrC, ^mC)
6. Sš>rAmo, ~Vr, ........ ({MamµJw, amoíZr, D§$X{h)
2. amOoe {hHw$ _moé {Sš>R>mo. (S> o b )
(5) ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _m§ _wZm{g~ bµµâµO My§S>o H$m°b_ nyam
H$[a`mo :-
3. Agm§ gw^mUo nyZo d|Xmgt. (H$mëh)
npãbH$ nmUr `wJw Odm~w
ñQ>oO H$bmH$mé _moê$gr
ñQ>mo{S>`mo gmYZm Zw§h§ àmoJ«m_w 4. {dOoVm gH©$g _| emhr X[admµOm {Sš>R>m.
(X[admµ O mo )
A§J«oµOr bµµâµO qhXr bµµâµO

5. Agm§ ha amoµOw A™~ma n‹T>§Xm Am{h`y§.
.............. .............. (Vìhm§ )
.............. ..............
.............. ..............
6. amOm Mmoa Io gµOm {Sš>Zr. (gµ O mD§ $ )
.............. ..............

76
2. ì`mHw$bw Z{µOê§$, ì`mHw$bw dmUr H$bm àH$me
H$bm _moVr àH$me (OÝ_ 1934) Zm{db Zdrgm, H$hmUrH$ma Vmoa _ehÿé Amho. hþZ Om _w»` Zm{db
Am{h{Z "{hH$ {Xb hµOmé Aa_mZ', "ereo Or {Xb' E| "h`mVr hmoV{Z ao'. hþZ Io "AmguA AmSš>m'o Zm{db Vo
gm{hË` AH$mX_rA Omo BZm_ {~ {_{b`bw Amho. "_waH$ E| __Vm' hþZ Oo H$hm{U`w{Z Omo _O_yAmo Amho.
ho{R> {Sš>Zb H$hmUrA _| ñÌr E| ~šma Oo ^mdZm Io bo{IH$m AgéXma T>§J _| BµOhm[a`mo Amho.
AOšx Vw§qhOy§ ì`mHw$bw ZµOê§$ {Sš>gr, _w§qhOr __Vm CZ nyaUVm Vo nhþVr hþB©, Omo VmoIo g^H$s A{I`w{Z
amoB© ahr Amh; na _m§ Vw§qh{O`w{Z ZµOé{Z _| A{I`y§ dgrbo B© g_Pm`mo hmo{_.
ZWr AQ>H$m`m§. Z OšmU _w§qh{O`w{Z A{I`w{Z Or
CZ Sš>th§ _y§Io AZoHw$ `mX{Jar`y§ Am`y§ hþ`y§. Vw§qhOo
ì`mHw$ëVm {~ Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ PQ>o dR>{Z E| dYrH$
OÝ_ Oo Sš>th§ Im§ dR>r CZ Sš>th§ VmBª, Vw§qhOr g_yar
ì`mHw$b ~UOr dÄm{Z! _Zw âOr âOr Wmo AMo{_
OrdV _w§qhOo A{I`w{Z A{Jš`m§ Var AmB© hþB©. Vw§qhOmo
V Hw§$S> nmgramo ~š bw‹S>H$ bm‹S>o Wr N>{Sš>`m§, OrA§ VmoI
OÝ_ {W`mo hmo {hH$ ~agmVr amV _|. [a_{P_ ~agmV
H$b Z ndo. gw~wh Im§ dR>r VmoIm§ nmU Io {bH$m`mo
dgr ahr hþB©. H$mar amV nyar Wr E| à^mV Wr V {~
AW{_ E| ˜mgw H$ao {bH$m`mo AW{_ n§qh{O`w{Z
N>m§`b H$H$a{Z H$maU AmH$mg _| D§$X{h hþB©. à^mV
A{I`w{Z Io; N>mo V {hH$ Sš>th§ Vmo M`mo hmo...
n¥ÏdrA Or JmoX _| AmB© hþB©. _hmZw, {dembw YaVrA
""Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ haH$mo ^md µOm{ha H$aU Or JmoX _|. A{h‹S>o B© dµµŠV Vmo _w§qhOr JmoX âr hþB©;
bmB H$mµ\$s Am{h{Z. Vmo ~am~a _y§Io H$Sš>qh na OoVar _hmZVm, OoVar {dembVm n¥ÏdrA Or JmoX
_ma H$mZ {Sš>Z r Amho. A_m Vmo H$Sš> q h _| Amho AmoVar _hmZVm, AmoVar {dembVm _y§ d{Q>
µOw~mZ gm§ H$md{‹S> H$mZ H$B© Amho, V {~ hþB© {H$Wo! bo{H$Z Bhm Jšmpëh _Ämm§ Wr V Vy§ AmE§, _y§
b§K§Xo b§K§Xo XwI `m H$md{‹S> ^[a`y§ ZµOê§$ {hH$ AZÝV Omo{V O{Jš`b {Sš>R>r. gmo{M`w{_ : ~šm{ha
CN>bo d| X r Amht V _m§ H§ $ ~r CW§ X mo Ho$Vamo Z A§YH$mé Amho, na hmUo Chmo Z ah§Xmo, N>mo
Am{h`m§. g_Pr d|Xmo Am{h`m§ V H$m {_‹S>oB© Omo Vy§ Am`mo Amht. gho{b`w{Z E| _mBQ>{Z Io Md§Xr
˜Vm H$B© AW{_. Vmo ˜wer {~ h_oeh hþ`{g, ""hrC Jm¡V_ ~šxYw Amho. D§$X{h V‹S>o amoeZr
A{I`w{Z dgrbo B© µOm{ha H$B© Amho. _w§qhOo \${hbmBªXmo. Xw{Z`m Io emÝVrA Omo n¡µJm_w Sš>tXmo.''
H$m{_`m{~`w{Z Omo ~šxYr Vw§qhOy§ M_H§$X‹S>
gho{b`y§ _gãr H$ao {Ib§{X`y§ hþ`y§ E| Md§{X`y§
A{I`y§ {Q>_U bJš§{X`y§ Am{h{Z. Vw§qhOo
hþ`y§, ""hr Jm¡V_ Amho! hoVamo Wmo emoa _MmE!'' VSš>qh
A{I`w{Z _| Bhmo N>m Amho, A_m!''
Vw§qhO{Z {nV{H$‹S>{Z Mn{Z Omo A_¥V nrA§Xo Md§Xr
Vy§ BÝQ>a Oo BåVhmZ _| nmg Wr Am`mo hþE|, VSš>qh hþA{g, ""Jm¡V_ Z§T>o hÿ§Xo emoa Z _MmBªXmo hmo N>m!''
Bho bµµâµO M`m hþ`B. _w§qhOmo gwVbw A{^_mZ CZ
{hH$ Sš>th§ µ\$˜wa {dMm§ H§$Yw D$Mmo H$ao gho{b`w{Z
dob OmJšr C{W`mo hmo. _y§ A{h‹S>r B© _mC ~{UOU
{dM_| M`w{_, ""_m§ {hZ Io H$Sš>qh {~ _ma H$mZ
bmB gmYZm H$B© hþB©; na OšmVw{_ ZWo V Bhm gmYZm
77
Sš>tX{g. ~šma Io _maU _m§ n§qhOr K{Q>VmB© Wr g_Pm§. Vw§qhOo A{I`w{Z Om Jšmo‹T>m nrA§Xo, _y§ Vw§qhOo _Wo
_m§ éJšmo Io{g haH$m Jšmpëh g_PmBªX{g, g§X{g ah~ar Vo hWw Kw_mE M`mo, ""N>mo Z dÄmt! µOê$a d{ÄmOmB§.
H§$X{g, na n§qhOmo Hw$Pw {~ _W{g _‹T>tX{g H$sZ. éJšmo MC : A_m, _m§ Vn _| Z d|Xw{g.''
Hw$Pw {~ H$aUw MmhtXmo V CZ Om µ\$mBXm E| ZwµŠgmZ
CZ ~m{X, Vy§ dSš>mo Wr dE§ V {~ Md§Xmo hþE§, ""A_m,
g_PmE Io{g {~šdmQ>o Vo N>Sš>o Sš>tX{g E| ^bw n§qhOr
Vy§ ˜werA gm§ _moH$b Sš>tXrA§ V d|Xw{g Z V Z.''
g_Pr gm§ XwéñV dmQ> dR>o.''
CZ Im§nmoB, {~šE Xµ\o$.
gho{b`y§ {Ibr Md§{X`y§ hþ`y§, ""~šma Io _ma H$sA§
Vy§ _¡{Q´>H$ _| hþE§ {à{b_ Oo BåVmhZ Im§ Wmoamo
Z H${T>~r! H$Sš>qh H${H$ Wr Io{g µOê$ar qN>^tXtA
AJšx _| VmoIo XmXqh gdm gm¡ ˜Mu {hH$ dmM dR>r
E| H$Sš>qh _W{g Hw$Pw _‹T>tXtA {~ µOê$a.''
{Sš>Zr. Vy§ ˜werA _| Z n`mo _mn|. Wmoam Sš>th§ B© H$sZ
na _w§qhOmo {µOXw µH$m`_. {µOXw Mdm§ `m A{^_mZ JwµO[a`m V Vy§ dmM n§qhOo {hH$ XmoñV Io {H${Z Sš>th§{Z
Mdm§! bmB Sš>oB© AmE§. hÿ em`X H$mo BåVhmZ Sš>oB© a{h`mo hmo.
_y§Io AMo M`wB, ""ñHy$b _| {H$ar noB© E| ~rhr doB©.
Bhmo A{^_mZ, Chmo {µOXw IUr {µOÝXJr KmaU
{hH$ XmoñV Oo nrC Io dmMw{Z Omo XwH$mZ Amho, gmo
bJš{g. gMw MdU doR>r Am{h`m§ V nmU gm§ {~ XmoImo
Io{g _am_V bmB Sš>oB© Am`mo Am{h`m§.''
Z H§$X{g. H$Sš>qh Sš>mT>r {eeXa {~ Wr hÿ§X{g. em`X
g~wé {dÄmmE µJwñgmo {~ H$ao {dPm§ hm... na _w§qhOmo {Q>{Z MB{Z Sš>th§{Z ~m{X Vw§qhOm Chmo XmoñVw Am`mo,
A{^_mZ _y§ Vo nhamo Sš>tXmo B© a{h`mo. Vy§ Ka _| hþE§ H$sZ. _y§Io dmM Sš>oB© M`mBª, ""... AMo V
{Sš>Omo{g. BåVhmZ _| µOê$aV noB© gmo daVr_mÝg.'' hÿ
Vy§ Sš>h{Z ~šmah{Z gmb{Z Omo hþE§. {hH$ Sš>th§ OSš>qh
h{b`mo d`mo. _y§Io OšUw Zm§J Sš>§{J`mo. nrbr Wr d`{g.
VmoIo hbH$mo Vnw hmo, VSš>qh Vy§ ñHy$b Oo {nH${ZH$ Vo
Vy§ E| _y§ gm§ Hy$‹S> JšmëhmBª! Am{ã N>mo! _m§ VmoIo _ma
dÄmU Omo {µOXw H$ao doR>|. _y§ VmoIo g_Pm`mo, ""{Sš>gw,
{Sš>`m§ hm V XmoñV Io dmM N>mo Sš>oB© Am`mo Amht!
_y§ Vmo bmB g^w V`m[a`y§ {~ H$`y§ Am{h{Z, na Vnw
AWoB©. AOš H$ao Z dÄmw.'' _Z _| Sš>mT>r ~o Amam_r hþB©. Mdm§ : VmoIo _y§gm§
Hy$‹Sx> JšmëhmBU Or µOê$aV N>mo _hgyg Wr!
_w§qh{O`w{Z A{I`w{Z _| XwIw V µOê$a {bH$bw
hÿ§Xmo em`X BZ H$ao B© n§qhOmo gm_mZ gho‹S>tXo Vmo da amV Omo Vy§ AmE§ E| _w§qhOy§ A{I`y§ {Sš>gr X{hbOr
da {bH$s _y§ Sš>m§h§ {Zhm[a`mo {~ {WE. E| CZ XwI Io dE|. Chmo _m§ {~ g_Pr d`{g. `H$X_ nmUw g§^mbo
g_P`mo {~ {WE V {~ OoSš>{Z Or g§JV Omo bmo^w CZ daVw{_. Q>o~b Vo _mZr nmE a{I`{_. Vy§ XmXqh Io
C_« _| Vy§ H$sA§ Wo N>Sš>o gKE|! Vy§ {µOXw H$ao h{b`mo dE§! Zo_ _y{O{~ gSš>o AmE§. _mZrA Vo Vìhm§ gm§ doR>{g. na
XmXqh Io {~ OSš>qh ˜~a noB© V Sš>mT>mo H$md{‹S>`mo. _m§ ImYw { _ H$sZ. M`w { _ : Wmo a r VH$brµ \ $ AW{_,
g§X{g H$md{‹S> ghr d`{g. em_ Omo OSš>qh Vy§ _moQ>r ImBªX{g H$mZ. XmXqh Io MB© N>{Sš>`mo hmo{_. hþZ
AmE§ VSš>qh Vnw d{Y`bw hþ`wB. BªXo B© AMr _y§Io ImBU bmB µOmoa H$sZ ^[a`mo. Vìht ~šoB© OSš>qh ImB©
qM~‹S>E§ E| M`wB, ""Vy§ _Vm§ amBª A_m! A{JšVo _m§ C{W`m, VSš>qh _y§ {~ëHw$b gmYmaUw Z_yZo VmoIo dmM
{nH${ZH$ Vo Agwbw Z d|Xw{g.'' Sš>oB© M`mo, ""Vw§qhOmo XmoñVw Sš>oB© d`mo, M`mBª BåVhmZ
78
nyamo {W`mo, n§Ðh§ {_ÝQ> IZw doR>mo. Mm§qh nrAmar_m§g. gwR>r E| _{ha~mZw _mC Z Am{h`m§, Z V Vy§ _y§gm§ Hy$‹Sx> Z
nmoB h{b`mo d`mo.'' JšmëhmBª hm!''
Vw§qhOmo M{hamo µOXw© Wr d`mo. Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ e_© Vmo {ggH§$Xo _w§qhOr JmoX _| _w§hþ§ {bH$mE M`mo,
Oo ~ma Im§ ho{R> PwH$s d`y§. _m§ CÝh{Z Sš>m§h§ H$mo {~ ""B©E§ Z Amho A_m! B©E§ Z Amho! AbmE N>mo Vmogm§
Ü`mZw Z Sš>oB© hbr d`{g. VmoIo Om{M`w{_ µOê$a nE. Hy$‹Sx> JšmëhmE doRw>{g. g_{P`w{_; dmM ZBª Amho.
Vw§qhOr _y§P E| naoemZr V _y§Im§ {bH$s H$sZ gKr. _Vm§ Vy§ ZmamµOw {WE§.''
Hw$Pw dµµŠV ~B{X AMr M`wB, "Vmo _mZr N>mo H$sZ
AOšx {~ Chmo Sš>thþ§ `mX Amho. Agm§ Jbo {_br
ImYr A_m! gMw nMw VH$brµ\$ AWoB©!''
éZmo hmo E| nmoB Vmo {µOXw H$ao _y§Io _mZr ImamB© hþB©.
Vw§qhOo CZ Z§{T>>‹S>o Ow{_bo _m§ Ho$Var Z nr‹S>m µOm{hé
Ah{‹S>`y§ AZoHw$$ Jšmpëh`y§ {X_mµJ Oo Hw§$Sw>{Z _|
Wr ahr hþB©!
\$h{b`b Am{h{Z. A{I`w { Z _| AQ>{H$`b
_y§ admOr ZmoA _| M`mo, ""Hw$Pw H$moÝho. Vy§ dÄmr Am{h{Z.
n‹Tx>. _m§ Wmoamo H$_w bmho nmoB gwåh§X{g.''
Md§Xm Am{h{Z, _mC Omo ß`ma Ambm Amho. Bhmo
gwåhU bmB _y§ VmoIo BZ H$ao M`mo Omo Z§T>o hÿ§Xo _ÄmtXo {~ _m§ Mdm§ Wr V Vmo OoH$mo ñZohþ _y§Io {Sš>Zmo gmo
Im§ Vw§qhOmo Zo_ Amho V amV Omo gwåhU Im§ AJšx n§Ðh§ {~ Ambm hmo. AOšx {~ Bhm {Zhm`V µ\$˜wa gm§ Mdm§
drh {_ÝQ> _y§ d{Q> dohr _y§Io Sš>th§ Oy§ ˜~ê§$ Mmê§$ Wr. Vw§qhOr lÕm, Vw§qhOo ñZoh _| H$m K{Q>>VmB© V _y§ Io
~šxYmBªXmo Amht E| _m§ VmoIo Sš>th§ Om H$‹S>m {_R>m AmµO_yXm ZµOa B© ZWr AMo, nmoB Vmo N>mo {Xb Z§T>r H$B© Amho?
~šxYmBªXr Am{h`m§.
Vy§ B©E§ V H$moZ Wmo g_Pt V A_m _y§Io {Z_m}hr E|
Vy§ h{b`mo dE§ na Vmo n{‹T>`mo H$sZ. Vw§qhOy§ A{I`y§ ~o Odm~Xmé g_P§Xr, Omo nËZrA Oo MdU Vo AbJš
nh[a`mBª JšxP Jšmoh _| E| nmoB µOm{har Vmoa µOmoa µOmoa gm§ Wr a{h`mo Am{h`m§, nËZrA Or _µOu aIU bmB {Q>{Z
~agU b{Jš`y§. Zo_ AZygma, qZS> Im§ AJšx Vmo dQ>m§ _{hZ{Z Oo ZmVo Io, 27 gmb{Z Oo AQy>Qw> ZmVo Im§
nN>m‹S>rA Omo \o$amo H$aU Am`{g V Vy§ _y§Io qM~‹S>r dYrH$ XOm} Sš>oB© a{h`mo Am{h`m§...
nE|. Vmo _w§qhOo Hw$ëho Vo H§$Yw aIr, amoB© M`mo, ""_y§Io
na Chmo _w§qhOo dmV _m§ {ZH$ar N>mo d`mo! OoH$Sš>qh`
_m°µ\w$$ H$[a, A_m. _y§ dmM {Zñ~V Vmogm§ Hy$‹Sx> Jšmëhm`mo.
_mBQ> E| Am¡bmX Omo g§~š§Yw AQy>Qw> Amho V N>m nVr
_y§Io _m°µ\w$$ H$[a...''
nËZrA Omo ZmVmo AQy>Qw> Z Amho!
H$m°boO Oo n{ha| gmb _| n‹T>§X‹S> nwQ> Hw$ëho Vo
gMw Wr Mdm§ V VmoIo bOšr {WÙ Omo H$mo {~
H§$Yw aIr \$Q>o qh`mA amoB© M`mo; ""{_R>r _mC H$sA§
g~~w H$moÝho. Vy§ {~ëHw$b XwéñV µH$X_w IUr a{h`mo
ghr gK§Xr!''
Amht. {Z_©bm Io Vmo d{Q> ^{b Q>o _hrZm {W`m hþO{Z,
_w§qh{O`w{Z A{I`w{Z _m§ ~š bw‹S>H$ b‹S>r n`m. na VmoIo {hZ gm§ {Z~m{hUmo V OrdZ â Amho Z!
_y§ VmoIo Jbo gm§ bJšmE M`mo, ""Vw§qhOmo Sš>mohþ H$moÝho, {O{Z gm§ OrAU _aU Om ZmVm hþO{Z; {V{Z gm§
nwQ>. _y§Io A[a_mZw n§qhOmo Amho. _m§ em`X A{h‹S>r {\$Q>mBUw ZWmo gy§ho. Agt V Xw{Z`m _| ahr ahr 10-15
79
gmb hÿ§Xmgt. dSš>r Jšmpëh V Jwb emo^rA Io naUmBU Vmo ~šma{Z dm§Jwé IoQ>mo H$ao M`mo, ""A_m, Bho
Omo ~mé Amho. Vy§ B© ~šxYmB, {O{Z h`mVrA Omo ~mé bµµâµO dmn{g dRw>. hÿA A{h‹S>r H$mÝho. dSš>r Jšmpëh
hoVam gmb I§`mo Amho, go Z§T>r Odm~XmarA Im§ {S>Ošr V VmoIm§ E| XmXm Im§ AbJš Wr N>m _m§ ahr gK§Xw{g!''
d|XmŸ!
_y§ V _waH$s IUr _m{R> H$B© hþB©. AOšx {~ VmoIo
{Z_©bm Yma ahUw Mmho Wr N>mo Omo hÿA AHo$br _waH$s _moH$b Sš>tX{g. VmoIo Agwbw amoAUw H$mZ
ahr Amho. dSš>mo Ké ZWmo dUo{g, V R>rH$ Amho. ^bo Sš>tXw{g. VmoIo N>Sš>tXo _Z _| H$mo {~ XwIw Z WtXw{_.
Z aho. hÿA gwR>r Amho, Ka J¥hñVr g§^mbU Oo bmBµHw$ _w§qhOm bm`m gOm`m {W`m Am{h{Z. Vy§ bmBµH$sA
Amhoo. éJšmo JSšx> ahUw ZWr Mmho. _w§qhOmo _Zw XwIr Wr bJšmo Amht. {hHw$ gmb {~ Zmnmg {WÙ Im§gdmB
a{h`mo Amho. _Z _| hmhmH$mé Amho na {gµ\©$ OwXmB©A Vmo S>m°ŠQ>ar nmg Ho$B©. AOšx Vy§ BÝgmZ{Z Omo h_XX© E|
H$maU. {Z_©bm Io ~wamo ZWr g_Pm§. {Z_©bm Oy§ Ho$ ghr _mZm _| S>m°ŠQ>a ~{U`mo Amht. Vmo _w§qhOm g^w
Jšmpëh`y§ _y§Io ng§X H$moÝh{Z V nmoB N>m! _y§Io `mX ˜wdm~ nyam H$`m Am{h{Z. VmoIo {Z_©bm O{h‹S>r
Amho V _w§qh{O`y§ {~ {H$V[a`y§ Jšmpëh`y§ _w§qhOo ggw Io _mohUr, VmoIo {Xb OmZ gm§ MmhtX‹S> E| H$bmH$ma
ng§X Z Am`y§ hþ`y§, nmoB BZ H$ao {Z_©bm OoH$mo ñWmZ OrdZ gm{WU {_br Amho. N>mo a{hOr d`mo Amho
_w§qhOo _Z _| nmVmo Amho, V§qh Vm§ {H$ar ndo, gmo {WÙmo ~mµH$s Omo VmoIo N>Sš>tXo XwIr {W`m§! Vy§ gwIr OrdZ
H$moÝho. Bhmo Z§T>r Q>hr E| dSš>r Q>hrA Omo Q>H$é V hb§Xmo Kmat, bmBµH$sA ^[a`mo BÝgmZ {WE§, BZ Im§ dYrH$
BªXmo. _y§ Mm{h`mo {~ N>m hmo!
Vmo OSš>qh n{hat n{hat _y§Io M`mo hmo, ""A_m, Vy§ gm_mZw g‹S>mo ~šYr a{h`mo Amht. A{I`y§ Vw§qhOy§
{Z_©bm H${h‹S>mo Z gwR>mo Jšm`mo! µJµO~ Omo Jbmo AW{g'' Pw{H$`b Am{h{Z. _mpÝgH$ {N>H$VmU g~{~, Vw§qhOo
E| dar Wmoar Xoa Vagr _w§qhOo Jbo _| ~šm§hÿ§ {dPr M`wB©, Kmo_m{Q>`b Mohao Vo OoHo$ aoImD§$ Am{h{Z, go _m§ {Sš>gr
""A_m, {Z_©bm Omo Zmbo B© H${dVm aIUw KwaOo. hÿA ahr Am{h`m§. ghr ZWr gKm§ Vw§qhOmo Bhmo XwIw.
˜wX H${dVm Amho, g§JrVw Amho...''
VmoIo `mX Amho V {hH$ Xµ\o$ OSš>qh _m§ {gJ«rA
_y§ V§qh dµµŠV B© g_{P`mo hmo V ß`ma Or Bhm d{Q> ~rhr aYtXo H$mo JrVw JšmE ahr hþA{g V Vmo AMr
bha OoH$m Vw§qhOo _Z _| Câr hþB©, gm Am{ã dYr M`mo hmo, ""A_m, Vy§ amJšx ~am~a ZWr JšmBª. Bhmo amJšx
{Z_©bm Vo N>m§BOr d|Xr. OSš>qh Vmo {Z_©bm gm§ emXr B©E§ Z na hrA§ Amho.''
H$aU Omo é˜w Sš>oIm[a`mo, VSš>qh B© _y§ VmoIo M`mo hmo,
nmoB Vmo XwéñVw VwHy§$ MB© ~šxYm`y§ E| _y§ Jšm`mo Chmo
""nwQ>, hÿA Vw§qhOo {Xb _| g_mBOr doB© Amho V
JrVw.
_w§qhO{Z Me_{Z Vo; na hÿ Agm§ Im§ KUm _Wâm
Am{h{Z. {hZ{Z Oo ahU Omo XOm} Agm§ Im {\$[a`bw V§qh Sš>th§ B© _y§ Vw§qhOr ah~ar µH$~yb H$B© hþB© E|
Amho. hÿA JSšx> ahU ng§X Z H§$Xr, N>mo Omo g§X{g _Z B© _Z _| gmo{M`mo hmo{_ V gOšr C_« Bhm dmQ>
gw^md _| ˜wX_wp™V`mar {~ KUr Amho; na Bhm nH$ dR>§X{g. AOmE _moh E| _mVmnwUo Oo A{^_mZ d{g
AW{_ V Vmogm§ AbJš ahr, AmµOmX ahr, hÿA gwR>mo Wr OoH$Sš>qh H$m µJbVr H$ao {~ doR>{g E| Vy§ g_PmBªX|
Ké R>mho gK§Xr.'' E| Md§X|, ""A_m, Vy§ µJbV Amht, Bhm Jšmpëh H$mÝho,
80
hrA§ Amho.'' V ˜werA gm§ µH$~yb H§$X{g. _Z Io _w§qhOm Jwb, Yma {WÙ Or Jšmpëh Vo Agm§
H$m Jšmpëh ~war {~ bJš§X{_ V B©E§ g_P§X{g V µO_mZmo J{Sš>Or gmo{M`mo Amho E| µ\o$gbmo H$`mo Amho. nmoB hr
A{JšVo n`mo dYo E| Vy§ OoH$mo Mdt Wmo gmo ZE§ µO_mZo XwIw N>mo! AOšx {~ Oo __Vm d{g Wr amoB© dohm§ E| _w§qhOm
_yOy~ µOê$a R>rH$ hÿ§Xmo. Bhm {dídmg aIr, Chm Jšmo‹T>m Vmo bmB amoH$ Wr nd{Z V {hH$dma dar MB{O,
Jšmpëh ˜werA gm§ µH$~yb H§$X{g E| Vw§qhOo gwI _| ""A_m, Vy§ µJbV Amht. VmoIo _waH$s _moH$b {Sš>Ùw
H$Sš>qh {~ {d{KZw Z {dP§X{g. Vw§qhOr g_P _| Kw[aOo.'' E| _m§ Vw§qhOr ah~ar µOê$a µH$~yb H§$X{g.
n§qhOrA g_P Im§ {µO`mXh âmogmo aI§X{g N>mo V Md§X{g, ""dÄmw nwQ>, eb gw{I`mo aht. A{JšVo dYw.
BÝgmZ Or g_P VaµH$s noB© H$ao. Vy§ Amht E| Vw§qhOo A{Jš`m§ h`mVrA Or emhamh
Amho ! ''

{N>H$VmU = Q>{H$amC e{eXé {WÙw = bOšr {WÙw
ì`mHw$ëVm = ~oM¡Zr Mohamo µOX© {WÙw = e_©gma {WÙw
bw‹S>H$ bm‹S>Uw = amoAUw bm`m gOm`m {WÙw = H$mo{eey§ H$må`m~ {WÙw
˜Vm {WÙw = µJbVr H$aUw
81
Aä`mgw
gwdmb Ÿ1. {hH$ {~š{Z Ow{_b{Z _| Odm~w {bImo :- (3) BñVbmh{Z Or _mZm {bIr Ow{_b{Z _|
1) bo{IH$m Or __Vm N>mo amoB© ahr hþB©? H${_ Am{U`mo :-
2) ~šmbH$ Omo OÝ_w H$h{‹S>`w{Z hmbVw{Z _|
˜Vm H$aUw Mohamo µOX© {WÙw
{W`mo?
3) bo{IH$m nwQ> Oo OÝ_ Vo N>m gmo{M`mo?
e{eXé {WÙw bm`m gOm`m {WÙw
4) _mC nwQ> Or ah~ar H$Sš>qh µH$~yb H$B©? bw‹S>H$ bm{‹S>Uw

(4) {µOX {bImo :-
1) Jm¡V_ _mC Oo A{I`w{Z ~m~{V N>m
gmo{M`mo? H$må`m~w XwéñV
2) nwQw> dmM dmng {_bU Vo e_©gma N>mo {W`mo? XwIr OÝ_w
3) _mC n§qhOo nwQ> Io {Z_©bm ~m~{V N>m
g_PmE Wr?
_íµJybr
gwdmb 3. H§$qh H§$qh Io M`mo :-
1) ""_w§qh{O`w{Z H$må`m{~`w{Z Omo ~šxYr Qw>H$é n‹T>r A_br H$_w nyamo H$[a`mo.
Vw§qh{O`y§ M_H§$X‹S> A{I`y§ {Q>_U bJš§{X`y§ Md§Xm Am{h{Z; _mC Omo ß`mé Ambm Amho ..........
Am{h{Z.'' .............. go Z§T>rA Odm~XmarA Im§ {S>Ošr d|Xm?
2) ""hoVamo Wmo emoa _MmE.''
3) ""^bw n§qhOrA g_P gm§ XwéñV dmQ> (1) {Q>Hw§$S>o _m§ {µOX{Z Om Omo‹S>m Jšmopëh`mo.
dR>o . ''
4) ""BåVhmZ _| µOê$aV noB©, gmo daVr_mÝg.'' Hy$‹Sx>, µJ¡a XwéñV, _aUw
Z§T>r, gMw, dSš>r,
gwdmb 4. (1) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo :- OrAUw, Odm~Xmar,
nao e mZr e_w© µJ¡a Odm~Xmar,
XwéñV
Odm~Xmar ah~ar
h_XXu
(2) {Sš>Zb Ow{_b{Z Io "hmH$mar', "ZmH$mar' E|
"gdmbr' _| {dahm`mo.
(2) AXXw ~Xbm`mo :-
1. _mC Omo ß`mé Ambm Amho.
_Wmo `mX{J[a`y§ 2. N>m n{V nËZrA Omo ZmVmo AQy>Q> Amho?
amOšx Jšmo‹T>mo 3. VmoIo bOšr {WÙ Omo H$mo{~ g~~w H$moÝho.
4. nmoB Vmo N>mo {Xb Z§S>r H$B© Amho?
Jšmpëh`y§
82
(3) Qw>H$a _m§ ho{R> {Sš>Zb bµµâµO{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> (5) {_{b`b bµµâµO{Z _m§ Cho bµµâµO My§S>o {bImo {O{Z
bµµâµO Jšmoëho {bImo :- _| "{Za' `m "~o' A{Jš`m‹S>r bJšmE gKOo Wr.
1) Zma = .................. {_gmb : {Z_m}hr E| ~o Odm~Xma
2) [aíVmo = ..................
bOš, AX~w, {d{KZw
3) qµOXJr = ..................
Agé, JwUw, Xmoew,
4) OwXm = ..................
Amam_r, B©_mZw
(4) {Sš>Zb {hXm`V _m¡Oy~ µO_mZ ~Xbm`mo.

1. Vy§ {~bHw$b XwéñVw µH$X_w IUr a{h`mo Amht.
(µO_mZ hmb _| ~Xbm`mo) 
2. go Z§S>rA Odm~XmarA Im§ {S>Ošr d|Xm?
(µO_mZ _mµOrA _| ~Xbm`mo)
3. Bhmo _w§qhOo dmV _m§ {ZH$ar d`mo.
(µO_mZ _wñVµH$~b _| ~Xbm`mo)
4. Md§Xm Am{h{Z.
(µO_mZ _mµOrA _| ~Xbm`mo)
83
S>m°ŠQ>a ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a
OÝ_ : 14 Aàob 1891 B©.

XohmÝV : 6 {S>gå~a 1956 B©.
nrC : am_Or _mbmoOr gH$nmb
_mC : ^r_m~šmB© gH$nmb
O
µ mb : g{dVm Aå~oS>H$a
Am¡bmX : èd§V Aå~oS>H$a
n¡µJm_ :
· Cho Vmar˜ R>mho Z Wm gK{Z, OoHo$ Vmar˜
Io {dgmao N>{Sš>{Z Wm.
· n‹T>mo, JSšx> {W`mo E| Am§XmobZ H$mar ~UOmo.
· _m§ CZ Y_© Omo nmo B bJš x Am{h`m§ Oo H $mo
AmµOmXJr, ~am~ar E| ^mB©Mmamo goImao Wmo.
· {µOÝXJr dSš>r hþAU Im§ D$Mr hþAUw KwaOo.
· _m§ H§$qh {~ g_mO Or VaµH$sA Omo n¡_mZmo,
CZ g_mO Oo Am¡aVw{Z Or VaµH$sA _m§ g_P§Xmo
Am{h`m§.
84
qdXwa
µ\$ AIa Or am§{X

ho{R> Mm¡Hw§$S>o _| {Sš>Zb bµµâµO{Z _m§ _wZm{g~w Odm~ Jšmoëho ˜mb ^[a`mo.
1) _y§Io n§qhOo Xoe Vo ............... Amho.
2) A§J«oµO{Z gZ² 1843 B©. _| qgY ............. H$B©.
3) OSš>qh VmoIo .............. {_bo V \$moZ µOê$a H${O.
4) ............... Z H$a, g^w H$_ amg Wr d|Xm.
5) Agm§ Io a§J, OmVr, Y_© _| H$mo{~ .............. Z aIUw KwaOo.
µ\$Vh,
µ\$µHw©$$, {µ\$H«w$, µ\$µO©w,
µ\$˜wé, µ\w$g©V,
µ\o$gbmo
µ\$
\$ AIa Or am§{X
1) g^w dmhU .............. IwbU Omo BÝVµOmé H$ao a{h`m hþAm.
2) .............. _gmbo Omo {hHw$ {µH$ñ_w Amho.
3) ^JšV qgh Io A§J«oµO{Z ............... {Sš>Zr.
4) .............. WrC, AOm`mo dµµŠVw Z {dÄmmB.
5) amOoe Io V {hH$ h§{Y {dhUw ZWmo AMo, Sš>mT>mo ............ AW{g.
\$méhmo,
\$ \$mgr, \$mQ>Hw$, \w$aVw,

\w$aUmo, \$moQ>m,
\${WH$mo
85
I AIa Or am§{X
1) Agm§ Io _wH${_bw ............. ImBUw KwaOo.
2) dmar nZmo ............. hÿ§Xmo Amho.
3) Omo .............. nrE gmo dra {WE.
4) {haU Oo XwZ _| ............. g_m`b hÿ§Xr Amho.
5) Agm§ Io ............. Im§ dYrH$ ~MV Sš>m§h§ Ü`mZ {Sš>Ùw KwaOo.
In{V,
Ihþamo, ImYmo, Iré,
I‹S>I~šrVmo, IñVyar,
IQ>mBUw
I
˜ AIa Or am§{X
1) ~war g§JV Omo Agé ............... WtXmo Amho.
2) MµH$_µH$ Oo ............. Amho bmoh Io {N>H$Uw.
3) hmb _| ............ _mÊhþ{Z bmB AbJš Hw${g©`y§ hþ`y§.
4) _y§Io ............... Amho V _m§ Ad{g H$må`m~w WtXw{g.
5) ZmQ>H$ Oo ............ {WÙ Vo g{^Zr Vm{‹S>`y§ dOšm`y§.
ãm~w,
˜ ˜Ë_w, ˜mae, ˜mgw,

˜m{g`V, ˜m{Var,
˜~aXma
86
H$ AIa Or am§{X
1) ............. _m§ H$n‹S>mo V¡`ma WtXmo Amho.
2) .............. Or gy§h§ bmOdm~w Amho.
3) ............. ~r_mar V_m_ ˜m¡µ\$ZmHw$$ Amho.
4) goR> haXmg_b Io Y§Yo _| ............... YHw$ bJšmo.
5) ˜mg dU{Z Oo {Jš^ _m§ ................ V¡`ma H$`mo d|Xmo Amho.
H$mBZmV,
H¡$Ýga, H$nh,
H$mR>r, H$mnmar,
H$m[aZm_mo, H$mµJµOw
H$
µH$ AIa Or am§{X
1) Ý`mnmo nhþMmBªX‹S> Io .............. MB~mo Amho.
2) Agm§ I| ha {hH$ ............ _ÄmUw KwaOo.
3) OXrX Omo {µOXw Amho .................
4) ............. _| dSš>r eŠVr Amho.
5) Z§T>m dSš>m µ\o$gbm H$amBU bmB _mÊhÿ .............. d{Q> d|Xm Am{h{Z.
µHw${XaV,
µH$ µH$m~y, µH$m{gXw,

µH$mµOr, µH$m`Xmo,
µH$ãµOw, µH$Xr_w
87
~ AIa Or am§{X
1) Agm§ H$mëh JšmoR> Or .................. {Sš>R>r.
2) .............. Or ZµOa V_m_ VoµO hÿ§Xr Amho.
3) B©amZ Oo ............... µJar~{Z Om µH$µO© _m°µ\$ H$`m.
4) ............. _| µHw$dV ~™ew OwµOm hÿ§Xm Am{h{Z.
5) EoSš>mo .............. Z IUw, W{H$Or nd§X|.
~mXemhþ,
~m~, ~mµOma,
~mXm_r, ~šmé,
~mµO, ~marHw$
~
^ AIa Or am§{X
1) ^mC Oo nwQ> Io ................. MB~mo Amho.
2) {H$a‹S>r Am_ Vmoa ............. Vo hb§Xr Amho.
3) {hH$ {~šE _| ............... aIU gm§ _wëHw$ VaµH$s H$ao Wmo.
4) µO_rZ _| ............ {dPU gm§ Chm CnOmD$ ~UOo Wr.
5) Agm§ Io n§qhOr .............. µH$~yb H$aUw KwaOo.
^
^mB©Mmamo,
^mo{b‹S>mo, ^mB{Q>`mo,
^mL>mo, ^mUw,
{^{V, ^wb
88
J AIa Or am§{X
1) ................. _| {dQ>m{_Z "E' hÿ§Xmo Amho.
2) Jm§B ............... ImBªXr Amho.
3) _w§qhOmo ~¢H$ _¢ZoOa gm§ ................ {W`mo.
4) g§^mb, {Sš>gr hbw, A{Jš`m§ ............. AWoB©.
5) am_XrZ nwQ> Or H$må`m~rA Vo ................... {W`mo.
Jw{µ\$VJy
Jmhþ, JmSš>mo, JwµOé,
Jn, JOa,
J{XJX
J
µJ AIa Or am§{X
1) V_m_ KUr Cg g~{~ grVm ............. ImB© ho{R> {H$ar noB©.
2) ............. ZµO_ Omo {hHw$ {µH$ñ_w Amho.
3) gZ² .................. B©. Im§ AJšx ^maV Xoe A§J«oµO{Z ho{R>`m§ ............. hmo.
4) H$Sš>qh H$Sš>qh BÝgmZ n§qhOo ™`mb{Z _| .............. Wr d|Xmo Amho.
5) Zm¡H$é ............. {ZH$Vmo, O§qh g~{~ Io{g Zm¡H$ar {dÄmmBUr noB©.
µJXmé,
µJ µJµHw©$, µJar~,
µJµOb, µJe, µJwbm_w,
µJwëVmZ
89
~š AIa Or am§{X
1) Chmo µO_mZmo hmo, OSš>qh _mÊhÿ Hw$H${‹S> Or ............ Vo gw~wh Omo CW§Xm hþAm.
2) µOoda{Z Omo ............... {Sš>gr gr_m {Q>‹S>r noB©.
3) A§Xa Omo {µOXw Amho .....................
4) A§~ A§Xa g_m`b II‹S>r, CZOmo ................ Amho.
5) .............. _| ~šbw Amho.
~ša§X‹Sx>,
~šm§J, ~šhH$mo, ~šm{ha,
{~šOw, ~šYr,
~šham‹S>r
~š
Jš AIa Or am§{X
1) Imao nmUrA _| byU ............... hÿ§Xmo Amho.
2) CW Or .............. Sš>mT>r {S>Kr hÿ§Xr Amho.
3) Z§T>o ~šma ................. ~mbw ng§Xw H$`mo.
4) dmh! AOšx ha .............. _| {~Obr nhþMmBU Omo H$_w Wr a{h`mo Amho.
5) _mC ~šma Io ............. nmE ß`ma H$`mo.
Jšm‹T>mo,
Jš JšVé, Jš[a`bw, JšmoRw> ,

JšxP, {JšMr,
{Jšam{Q>‹S>r
90
X AIa Or am§{X
1) AN>o H$n‹S>o Vo ............ OëXw ZµOa BªXmo Amho.
2) H$boŠQ>a ~UOU Vo YraO g{^Zr XmoñV{Z Io ............. {Sš>Zr.
3) .............. nrAU gm§ {dZrVm Or I§{K Xya Wr.
4) H$aU {hHw$ _hmZ ............. hmo.
5) Agm§ Io h_oeh B©ída Im§ ........... KwaUw KwaOo.
XmñVmZw,
XX©, XmµJw, XwAm,
XmdV, Xdm,
XmZdré
X
Y AIa Or am§{X
1) nmUrA Or Amµ\$V H$ao _mÊhþ{Z å`y§{gnm{bQ>rA A{Jš`m§ ............ h§`mo.
2) nmUr E| JmñboQ> Or {_bmdV _m§ Cho ............ H$ao ZWm gKO{Z.
3) ào_ Omo ................ ZmµOwHw$ hÿ§Xmo Amho.
4) VmO _hb Or .............. hah§{Y \${h{b`b Amho.
5) Agm§ Io ha ............. Omo gÝ_mZw H$aUw KwaOo.
Y
YaVr,
YaUmo, Yma,
YmJšmo, YmH$, YZw
91
O AIa Or am§{X
1) _m§ gw~wh Omo ............... CWr V¡`ma {W`w{g.
2) OmXyJa Omo ................. {Sš>gr ~šma Q>nm {Sš>Ù bJšm.
3) {µOÝXJrA _| ................ g~{~ B© VmµH$V AMo Wr.
4) ................ _| gmBªg Sš>thm| Sš>th§ VaµH$s H$ao ahr Amho.
5) "drh' AXX _| EH${Z Or ................ Vo ~šx‹S>r hÿ§Xr Amho.
Oµ\$mH$er,
{OJé, OmB, OëXr,
Omgyg, OJšV,
OmXy
O
µO AIa Or am§{X
1) ................. _m§ h_oeh {_R>m dMZ B© MdUw KwaO{Z.
2) {H${Z {H${Z Zm§J{Z _| ............ hÿ§Xmo Amho.
3) AOšx Omo .............. {S>{OQ>b Wr n`mo Amho.
4) am§XrH$mo Qw>Q>U Vo ~šmé ............. amoAU bJšmo.
5) gwR>m bN>U BÝgmZ Om gMm ............. Am{h{Z.
µO
µOma µOma,
µOmb, µOw~mZ, µOhé,
µO_mZmo, µOoda,
O
µ Zw
92
Sš> AIa Or am§{X
1) Jm§B Omo _µOH$moa ............. Amho.
2) ................ nmUrA gm§ ^[a`bw Amho.
3) amHo$e ............... Oo gya Ho$ `H$X_ S>m°ŠQ>a d{Q> d`mo.
4) nrC nwQ> Io g_Pm`mo .............. Wr.
5) amYm ............... ~šmao AmaVr ewê$ H$B©.
Sš>mSš>mo,
Sš>mhmo, Sš>m{R>,
Sš>mobw, Sš>rAmo,
Sš>m§Xw, Sš>mVa
Sš>
Oš AIa Or am§{X
1) {ddoH$mZ§X Z§T>o ............... Im§ B© Y_u ™`mb{Z Omo hmo.
2) qgYr H¡$b|S>a _| ................ _{hZmo Amho.
3) am_M§X Oo nwQ> Omo Zmbmo .............. Amho.
4) ............ {dkmZ _y{O{~ Hw$b Sš>h J«h Am{h{Z.
5) ^maV gaH$ma ........... Vo µOmãVmo aIU bmB Ho$VamB© Cnmd dR>r ahr Amho.
Oš
OšmVbw,
OšU{w H$$, OšRo >m,o
OšoR>, Oš_w, OšmÄmr,
Oš_ma
93
P AIa Or am§{X
1) WH$mdQ> hþAU g~{~ am_ .............. ImBU bJšmo.
2) ~mµJ _| ............... {Sš>gr ~šmé ˜we {W`mo.
3) ~{g Oo Amo{MVmo ~rhU Vo _mÊhþ{Z Io ............. Am`mo.
4) AmdmµO Vo ............... CSš>m_r doB©.
5) ............... {H$Vm~ g§^mbo aIUw Kw[aO{Z.
{P[aH$s,
PaUmo, Pybmo,
PyQ>m, PyZm,
P{Q>>H$mo, Pmo{n‹S>r
P
K AIa Or am§{X
1) ................ ao{g _| Sw>H§$Xmo Amho.
2) ................. emXrA Vo _wQw>Hw$ nmBªXmo Amho.
3) haOgamB Io Y§Yo _| ................ n`mo.
4) ................. Jwê$A Omo Xé.
5) _mÊhþ AOšx H$ëh .............. Oo ~Xam§ _mo~mB©b Vo dµµŠVw {Sš>g§Xm Am{h{Z.
KmQ>mo,
K K{‹S>`mb, Kmo‹S>mo,
Ké, KmoQw>,
K{Q>, KUmo
94

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gaH$mar µ\¡$gbmo Zå~a : Aä`mg 2116 / (à.H«$ 43/16) Eg.S>r 4 Vmar˜ 25.04.

_hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR²>`nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>b, nwUo

qgYr ^mfm g{_{V E| Aä`mg JQ> g{_{V

g§`moOH$ : lr_Vr Ho$VH$s OmZr, BÝMmO© {deof A{YH$mar, qgYr

Q>mB©n goqQ>J : gV²Zm_ gmIr, CëhmgZJa, Hw$_mar _ram§ Mmdbm

{Z{_©Vr : lr g{MÎmmZ§X Am\$‹S>o, _w»` {Z{_©Vr A{YH$mar

àH$meH$ : lr {ddoH$ CÎm_ Jmogmdr

2) AmnXm - ˜mgw OšmU> gånmXHw$ _§S>bw 6

3) _Z Or emÝVr!$ VrW© g^mUr 16

4) Sš>{g H$mo Sš>m§C! am_ n§OdmUr 20

5) AMmo V nmUr ~Mm`y§ gånmXHw$ _§S>bw 26

6) AXmo AãXwb ah_mZw A_abmb {hL>moamUr 32

7) AmH$me H$Ý`m - H$ënZm Mmdbm _`mam_ Hw$H$aoOm 38

8) boh-bXm˜ Omo g¡é gånmXHw$ _§S>bw 43

2) {nat ngw nmU _| XënVw 52

3) qgYw E| qgYr H¥$îU "amhr' 54

4) _m§ {~ {hHw$ ~mµJr! n[agam_ "{µO`m' 58

5) ~¡Vw gMb gmBª 61

6) Zm{ghmUmo H$bm_w emh AãXwb bVrµ\w$$ {^Q>mB© 64

1) {hHw$ eV©w _Zmoha MwK 71

2) ì`mHw$bw Z{µOê§$ ì`mHw$bw dmUr H$bm àH$me 77

bµµâµO{Z Omo ˜µOmZmo

gwdmb 3. H§$qh, H§$qh Io M`mo :- _íµJybr - 1

(1) Ow{_b{Z gm§ bmJšmnmo aI§X‹S> {gQy>§ Qw>H$a _m§

(2) {gµ\$Vy§ R>m{h`mo.

1. XmoñV{Z Or gmamh H$aUw E| _w§qhOmo Aä`mg ewê$

2. 1) boIH$ Io {H$Vm~ {bIU Omo em¡µHw$ n¡Xm {W`mo.

drMma 1. n§{S>V a{d e§H$a - {gVma

2. µOm{H$a hþgoZ - V~bmo

H«$`mD§$ 4. AH$~a ˜mZ - gamoX

5. A_OX Abr ˜mZ - gamoX

M[aÌ 7. n§{S>V OgamO - g§Vya Jm`H$

1. A_¥Vm eoa{Jb - goë\$ nmoQ´>©oQ>

2. aqdÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa - ^maV _mVm

3. amOm adr d_m© - eHw§$Vbm

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