Cëh $M VR (Güxm V, Omv Am (U Ozwho$: Om (V - (D L J Nmumz, Aäämm - Äämm (H Om (V'Mo &&
Cëh $M VR (Güxm V, Omv Am (U Ozwho$: Om (V - (D L J Nmumz, Aäämm - Äämm (H Om (V'Mo &&
Cëh $M VR (Güxm V, Omv Am (U Ozwho$: Om (V - (D L J Nmumz, Aäämm - Äämm (H Om (V'Mo &&
Xodo BJio
AmOhr `m`m H$mimBVHo$M _hdmMo Am{U nm`^yV _mZbo OmVo. _mZdmbm, Vmo AJXr
AmXr_mdWoV AgVmZm nmgyZM Amnbr Cnmr Am{U {dH$mg H$gm Am{U H$moU`m H$_mZo
hmoV Ambm hm Z ^oS>gmdV hmoVm. `m ZmMo dkm{ZH$ n{>H$aUmgh Cma {Xbo Vo
S>m{dZ`m
CH$mVr
{gXmVmZo.
Ordg>r`m
CH$mVrMm
S>m{dZUrV
{gXmV
H$s `mZo Ordg>rMr {Z{_Vr d {dH$mg H$gm hmoV Jobm `mMr CH$b H$aVmZmM BdaH|$r
{gXmVmMm \$mobnUmhr {gX H$obm hmoVm.
S>m{dZMm CH$mVr{gXmV `mdoi`m {Vr-Bbm{_H$ OJVmbm AmhmZmnX
dmQ>bm VgmM Vmo ~mUrY_mghr (Omo AmO qhXyY_ hUwZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.) AmhmZ
XoUmam R>abm. {Vr Am{U Bbm_r Y__VmZo `m _mUo _mZdmonmrV BdamMo WmZ
H|$dVu _mZbo hmVo VgoM Vo ~mUr Y_mZohr _mZbo hmoVo. gdM BdadmXr Y_gXm`
EH$_wImZo gnwU MamMag>r d _mZdOmV hr BdamMr {Z{_Vr Ag`mMo _mZVmV.
~mUr Y_emmZr Va doJdoJ`m {_`H$Wm gV H$$Z _mZdmonmrMo n{>H$aU
Xo`mMm `Z Ho$bm. `mV
H$mhr {R>H$mUr _Zy, H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~m Va A` H$mhr {R>H$mUr {damQ>nw$fmnmgyZ _mZdr
g_mO Cn Pmbm d {dH$mg nmdbm Ago hQ>bo Jobo. EdT>oM Zho Va dUOmVr~X
gm_m{OH$ V[aH$aU gwXm Bda{Z{_VM Amho Agohr `mMo hUUo hmoVo. `mMr hr
^y{_H$m CKS>nUo COmVdUu`mMo gm_m{OH$-^m{VH$ {hVg~Y Omonmgy nmhUmar hmoVr.
dOmVdJmMo CWmZ Am{U {deofm{YH$ma A~m{YV ahmdoV hUyZ dUOmV`dWm
gwXm Bda{Z{_VM Amho Ago ~mUr Y_emo gmJV hmoVr. `mg BW`m g_VmdmXr
MiditZr Am{U AmYw{ZH$ kmZ{dkmZmZo O|hm AmhmZo {Xbo V|hm emr` H$gmoQ>rda
dUOmV`dWoMo Am{M` {gX H$$Z Vr H$er {dkmZm{Y{>V Amho Vo ^mg{d`mMm
`Z ~mUr N>mdUrZo Ho$bm. `mgmR>r N>X_{dkmZmMm AmYma KoVbm Jobm. AmYw{ZH$
kmZ{dkmZm {d$X`m gKfmV Oohm Oohm nman[aH$ dMm[aH$ h`ma Hw$MH$m_r R>abr
Vohm Vohm BW`m nanamdmmZr Amn`m ~MmdmImVa AmYw{ZH$ kmZ{dkmZmZoM
{dH${gV Ho$bo`m kmZmMm Cn`moJ Amn`m ~mOwZo H$$Z Ko`mMm IQ>mQ>mon Ho$bm. `mVyZ
S>m{dZ Am{U `mMm CH$mVr {gXmVhr gwQ>bm Zmhr. VwV {Z~YmV, dUOmV`dWo`m
AmH$bZmV S>m{dZMnUrV CH$mVr{gXmV H$moUVo `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$Vmo `mda H$me
Q>mH$VmZmM _hmam>mVrb ~mUr N>mdUrH$Sy>Z S>m{dZ`m {gXmVmMm Omo {dn`mg
H$a`mV Ambm `mMr {M{H$gmhr H$obr Amho. VgoM w_Z {OZmo_ [agM H$nmVJV
^maVr` CnIS>mVrb dUOm{Vg_mOmg~Yr Oo gemoYZ H$a`mV Ambo `mVwZ mV
Pmbo`m {ZH$fm`m nmd^y_rda CH$mVr {gXmV nS>VmiwZ nmh`mMmhr `Z Ho$bm
Amho.
Am[a{OZ Am\$ noerg ~m` _rg Am\$ ZoMab {gboeZ hm `mMm JW 1859 gmbr
H$m{eV Pmbm. `mV Vmo _mWg`m {gXmVmMm AmYma KoV gmJVmo H$s, JwUmomanXVrZo
Omonmr hmoD$Zhr gdgmYmaUnUo H$moU`mhr OmVr`m(noerg) m`mMr g`m Odi
Odi pWa ahmVo, Vr {deof dmT>V Zmhr. `m_wio gd m`m_`o OrdZOJ`mMm H$bh
(struggle for survival )
~XbVo hdm_mZ ghZ H$aUo, {nbmMr OmonmgZm H$aUo, B`mXr AZoH$ Jmo>r `m H$bhm`m
^mJ AgVmV. hm {ZgJmer Mmbbobm gKf AgVmo. Oo hm gKf H$a`mg A{YH$ bm`H$
Am{U `edr R>aVmV Vo OJVmV d Oo An`er R>aVmV `mMr g`m KQ>V OmVo. S>m{dZZo
Amn`m {ZajUmVwZ gm{JVbo H$s, H$moU`mhr EH$m OmVrVbo gd mUr gmaIo ZgVmV,
`mV WmoS>r\$ma {d{dYVm AgVo, N>moQ>o _moR>o \$aH$ AgVmV. `mnH$s `mMo O{dH$ JwU
^modVmb`m {ZgJmer OwiVo Ko`mg, `mV {Z^md bmJ`mg A{YH$ nmofH$ AgVrb, Vo
OrdZH$bhmV {Q>Hy$Z amhVrb; BVa H$_e: H$_r hmoV hmoV Z> hmoVrb. Vmo hUVmo H$s
`m OmVrV {d{dYVm OmV, ~Xb`m n[apWVrV OwidyZ Ko`mMr j_Vm `m`mH$S>o
OmV `m OmVr {Q>Hy$Z amh`mMm g^d OmV, {Za{Zam`m XoemV nga`mMm g^d
OmV Am{U {V`m_YyZ doJdoJ`m OmVr {Z_mU hmo`mMm g^d OmV AgVmo. Aem
H$mao n[apWVrbm AZw$n Aem {XeoZo m`mMm {dH$mg hmoV OmVmo, EH$m OmVr`m
{d{dYVo_YyZ {d{dY OmVr {Z_mU hmoVmV Am{U Ordg>r`m djm`m emIm dmT>V
OmVmV. S>m{dZZo `m {H$`og Zg{JH$ {ZdS'
(natural seletion)
OwiVo Ko`m`m {XeoZo `mMm {dH$mg hmoVmo Amho Vo {ZdS>bo OmVmV Am{U OrdZH$bhmV
`edr hmoVmV Ago S>m{dZbm hUm`Mo Amho. WmoS>`mV OrdZH$bh, nm`m_Yrb AJ^yV
{d{dYVm Am{U Zg{JH$ {ZdS> `m`m `moJo Ordg>rV CH$mVr hmoV Jobr, hm S>m{dZ`m
{gXmVmMm Jm^m hmo`. CH$mVr {gXmVm_wio _mZdmMr Cnmr Am{U B{Vhmg `mda
H$me nSy> eHo$b `m{df`r S>m{dZbm gw$dm{VnmgyZM Imr dmQ>V hmoVr. AmZ X
Am[a{OZ Am\$ noerg m JWmV `mZo OmVt`m (noerg) CXJ_mMr MMm H$aV
AgVmZm _mZdr g_mO{dH$mgmMr MMm Q>mibr hmoVr. nwT>o 1871 gmbr H$m{eV Pmbo`m
X {S>goQ> Am\$ _Z BZ [aboeZ Qy> gog `m JWmV `mZo _mZdr CH$mVrgX^mV MMm
Ho$br. `m JWmV `mZo _mZdOmVrMm ma^ EoHo$ H$mi`m _mH$S>m nmgyZ Pmbm Ag`mMr
Cnn{m _mS>br. _mUyg, _mH$S>, grb_mgm, dmKyi `m`m gmJmS>mV {dbjU gm` Amho.
J^g^dm`m doir _mZdr J^noer BVa m`m_mUoM 1/125 BM bm~rMr AgVo.
J^mdWoVbm {dH$mg CH$mVr`m {dH$mgmV`m nm``mMo AZwH$aU H$aVmo B`mXr...
d$nm`m {Z[ajUm`m AmYmao `mZo {ZH$f H$mT>bm H$s nmR>rbm H$Um AgUm`m
m`m`m {dH$mgmVyZM A{V_V: _mZdmMr Cnmr Pmbr. _mZdmMr Cnmr neynmgyZ
Pmbr Ag`mMo gmJV S>m{dZZo _mZdOmVr`m OZH$dmMm _mZ EHo$ H$mi`m
3
(eugenics)
(social
{\$Q>oQ> hr gH$nZm $T> Pmbr hmoVr. nogaZo S>m{dZ`m boIZmVrb ZMab {gboeZ
4
{ZgJMH$mV Va amoOM Ago KS>V AgVo Aerhr _brZmWr Ho$br. `m_wio gm_m{OH$amOH$s`-Am{WH$ Q>m CWmZr AgUmamZm Amho Vo dmVd(Oo {df_VmJV Amho)
Ogo Wo R>od`mg Am{U A{Z~Y nY}g (_wV^mS>dbemhrg) ~T>mdm Xo`mg AmYma mV
Pmbm. H$mhr Q>moH$m`m gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmmZr Va Agohr hQ>bo H$s, Xw~bmZm ghm`
H$aUo hUOo _ybV: Oo Ae$/Aj_ AgVmV `m`m Omonmrg MmbZm Xo`mgmaIo
Am{U n`m`mZo Z{VH$Q>m A`mo` Am{U {ZgJ{Z`_m`mhr {d$X hmo`. S>m{dZZo
dV: gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmXmg g_WZ {Xbo ZhVo Am{U e` Amho H$s `mZo gm_m{OH$
S>m{dZdmm`m AZoH$ Xm`mZm {damoYM Ho$bm AgVm. Iao nmh OmVm Ago {XgVo H$s,
gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmX hm 19 eVH$m`m CmamYmVrb Am{WH$-amOH$s` {dVmadmXmMo
\${bV hmoVm. `yamon Am{U A_o[aHo$Vrb CdJu`mH$S>o Am[WH$ Am{U amOH$s` gmm EH$dQy>
bmJ`mZVa lr_V-J[a~ hr Xar Cmamoma dmT>V Jobr. dmT>V OmUm`m dJu` {df_VoMo
emr` n>rH$aU Xo`mMr O~m~Xmar ^mS>dbemhrMo g_WZ H$aUm`m {dMmadVmda
`oD$Z nS>br Am{U `mM JaOoVwZ gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmXmMm {gXmV C^m am{hbm.
gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmmMo {ZgJm`m H$m`mdarb A{V[aV Adb~Z ho gm_m{OH$,
amOH$s`, Am{U emr`Q>m nwT>mabo`mZm `m`mH$S>rb gnmr Am{U gmoMo nwZdmQ>n
H$a`mMr _mJUr H$aUm`m emo{fVmZm YwS>H$mdyZ bmd`mg _moH$irH$ XoVo. Aem
H$ma`m gwYmaUm_wio {ZgJ{Z{_V C{ZMVog ~mYm nmoMVo Agm `mMm Xmdm AgVmo.
gm_m{OH$
S>m{dZdmXm_mUoM
gwOZZemmZohr
S>m{dZdmXmMm
m boImXmao Am{U
Am{U
{dn`mg
eugenics
hr
gH$nZm MmamV AmUbr. Am[a{OZ Am\$ no{eg Mo dmMZ H$o`mZVa `mVrb Zg{JH$
{ZdS>r `m VdmMm AmYma KoV JmQ>ZZo gwOZZmMm {gXmV C^m Ho$bm. `mV `mZo
_mZdmMr ~wpX_mm
AgVo Agm Xmdm Ho$bm. gnwU O{dH$g>rV Oer emar[aH$ d{eQ>m`m ~m~VrV _`mXm
Am{U d{d` AmT>iVo VerM _`mXm AZwd{eH$[a`m _mZdmg mV hmoUm`m Zg{JH$
j_Voda XoIrb AgVo Ago `mMo hUUo hmoVo. `mMo nwT>Mo {VnmXZ Ago hmoVo H$s,
H$miOrnwdH$ `mo`V_ OmoS>rXmamMr {ZdS >H$$Z `m`mV {ddmh KS>dyZ AmU`mg H$mhr
{nT>mZVa CMJwUgn _mZdrde V`ma H$aVm `oUo e` Amho. hmM gwOZZemmMm
VmpdH$ nm`m hmoVm. AZwd{eH$ j_Vm Am{U JwUdmm {dH${gV H$aUmao {dkmZ hUyZ
gwnOZZemmMm JdJdm H$a`mV Ambm. `mV lo> {VMo JwU H$moUVo? Vo H$go Am{U
Hw$Ur {ZpMV H$am`Mo? CM XOmMr j_Vm H$emg hUm`Mo? CmwJ ~wpX_mm hUOo
H$m`? Ago AZoH$ _wo g{XYM hmoVo. VWm{n {dgm`m eVH$m`m gw$dm{V`m H$mhr
XeH$mV gwOZZ MidirZo MmJbmM Omoa nH$S>bm hmoVm. Xwgao _hm`wX g_mV
hmoBn`V hm Omoa {Q>Hy$Z hmoVm H$maU m MidirZo delo>dm gma`m N>X_dkm{ZH$
{gXmVmMm AmYma KoVbm hmoVm. lo>(?)Vr`m _mZddemMr OmonmgZm H$aUo d
{ZZ(?){VMo _mZdde Z> H$aUo hm `m MidirMm _wI Coe hmoVm Omo nwUV: Zeg
d _mZdmohr hmoVm. A{Ve` Zeg $n YmaU H$aUmar hr Midi bmImo bmoH$mMo
_mZdrhH$ nm`Xir VwS>{d`mg H$maUr^wV R>abr. AS>m\$ {hQ>ba`m ZmPr O_ZrV hr
Midi bmImo `y`m AZpdV N>img Am{U `m`m Zaghmamg H$ma{U^wV R>abr.
gwOZZemmMm g~Y WoQ>nUo OwiVmo Vmo gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmXmer. H$maU ho Xmohr
{gXmV Ago _mZVmV H$s, _mZdr ~wpX_mm d lo>d ho AZwd{eH$ AgVo, `m`mH$S>o Vo
AgVo VoM OrdZH$bhmV `mo`V_ hUyZ {ZdS>bo OmVmV d Oo Anm R>aVmV Vo Z>
hmoVmV.
Zg{JH$ {ZdS>r`m VdmZo AmUIr EH$m {dH$Vrg O_ {Xbm Vr hUOo dedmX!
\$mg _Yrb Jmo~r`y `mZo 1853 gmbr {d{dY _mZddemVrb {df_Voda {Z~Y {b{hbm
hmoVm. Am` delo>dm`m {gXmVmda `mMm ^a hmoVm. Oo de lo> AmhoV `mZr Amnbo
ewXd Omonmgbo nm{hOo Agm `mMm AmJh hmoVm... Am{U Am` demZo Ago lo>d
Omonmgbo Ag`mMo _Vhr `mZo `V Ho$bo hmoVo. nwT>o O_ZrV hmQ>Z Q>rdQ> M|~abrZ,
hmBHo$b `mZr Jmo{~`y`m dedmXmMr OmoS> gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmXmbm {Xbr. {hQ>ba`m
ZmPr amOdQ>rg dMm[aH$ AmYma Xo`mMo H$m_ Aem H$mao gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmXmMr OmoS>
{_imbo`m dedmXmZo Ho$bo. Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, gmoeb S>m{d{ZP_Mm Cn`moJ
{d{dYH$ma`m emofUgWmZm dYVm {_idyZ Xo`mgmR>r dmadma H$a`mV Ambm Amho.
gmoeb
S>m{d{ZP_`m
VdmZwgma
dgmhVdmX,
gm_m`dmX,
bH$ar
AmH$_U,
CH$mVr
{gXmVm`m
nm`mda
C`m
Agbo`m,
gm_m{OH$
S>m{dZdmXmZo,
VgoM
Am{M` {gX H$$ nmhUmam_`o m_w`mZo A{hVmr amOdmS>o, Jmo. _. Omoer, {d. Xm.
gmdaH$a `mMm CboI _hdmMm R>aVmo. AJXr A{bH$S>Mo CXmhaU hUyZ nmSw>aJ emr
6
AmR>dbo `mMm {ZX}e H$aVm `oBb. A{hVmr amOdmS>o `mZr `w{O{Zg Mm hdmbm XoV
7
`mZr m JWmVyZ
10
OmVr` gH$amZo g_mOmMm Zme hmoVmo d hm g>rMmM {Z`_ hmo` Ago Vo _mZVmV.
mpgg JmQ>ZMm hdmbm XoD$Z Vo `wamonmVrb gH$aO amOKam`mMm H$gm {Zde Pmbm
`mMr _mhrVr XoVmV. EodT>oM Zho Va dUmVam`m n[aUm_r N>. {edmOr _hmamOmMmhr nwT>o
11
dUmVamMr dmr A{hVH$maH$ Am{U g_mOmgmR>r ZmeH$ hmo` ho `mMo R>m_ hUUo hmoVo.
13
Om{VgH$a
Om{VgH$amg
{damoY H$$Z {~OewXrMo _hd nQ>dyZ Xo`mgmR>r Jmo._. OmoetZr S>m{dZbm MH$ _Zy`m
godoV XmIb Ho$bo Amho. Om{VgH$amg _Zy_mUoM S>m{dZ XoIrb {damoY H$aVmo Ago
^mg{d`mMm `Z `mZr Ho$bm Amho. _Zw_Vr_Yrb,
j{`mNy>H$`m`mHy$amMma {dhmadmZ I
jeydnwOVw$JmoZm_ Om`Vo II
(_Zw, 9-399)
(Am`wYOr{d j{`mnmgyZ eyH$`o`m R>m`t hUOo dm{eH$Q>m hrZ r`o`m
R>m`t CJ ZmdmMm nw Cn hmoVom Am{U `mMo AmMma-{dhma ho H$m`YmZ AgVmV.) hm
cmoH$ Am{U EHo$ {R>H$mUr S>m{dZZo, ""gH$aOmVr A`V Hy$a AgVmV'' Ago Oo {dYmZ Ho$bo
`mMm hdmbm XoV Om{VgH$a hm Y_emQ>m d emr`Q>m XoIrb `m`
15
Ho$bo
ZhVo.
BWo
hm
_wm
bjmV
`m`bm
hdm
H$s,
S>m{dZ
{d{dY
16
hmoVo.
Jmo._.Omoet`m `m
19
Amho. OrdZH$bhmV JwUdmZ JQ>M {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV Am{U g~bmMr OmdXr d Xw~bmMr
nrN>ohmQ> ho g>r`m CH$mVrMo Vd ~o_mby_nUo Om{Vg_mOmda bmJy H$a`mMm `mZr
H$gmoerZo `Z Ho$bm Amho. dUOmV`dWog AZwbjwU gmoeb S>m{d{ZP_Mm hdmbm
XoVmZm,""Zg{JH$ {ZdS>r_`o Oo lo> AgVrb Vo {Q>H$Vrb Am{U Oo H${Z> AgVrb
20
gWm Amho Ago Vo _mZVmV `m_wio Om{Vg_mOmV ~mUmZm Oo lo>d ~hmb H$a`mV
Ambo Amho `mg~YrMo n{>H$aU XoVmZmhr Jmo. _. Omoer gwOZZemmMmM hdmbm
XoVmV d ~mUmMo ~mpXH$lo>d ho `mZm AmZwd{eH$VoVyZ mV Pmbo Ag`mMo
21
gmJVmV.
OmVrMo {d{^ H$ma _m hmoV. Am{U hUyZM Vo AmnmngmV gH$a H$$Z Omonmrg
gj_ AgUm`m Am{U Orbm d`d Zmhr AemH$maMr Omonmr H$$ eH$VmV.22
AmZwd[eH$ ~mpXH$ lo>dmMo OmoaXma IS>U H$aVmZm S>m. Am~oS>H$amZr Mendel's
Principles of Heredity
`m JWmMo boIH$ mo. ~oQ>gZ `mZm CXYV Ho$bo Amho. mo. ~oQ>gZ
`m`m _Vo, '' CXOmMr ~mpXH$ j_Vm hr AmZwd{eH$ AgVo Ago gwMdyZ VrMo
Hw$R>`mVar EH$mM EH$ nXVrZo dhZ hmoVo Ago hU`mbm H mhrM AW Zmhr. ~mpXH$
Am{U emar[aH$eVr m XmohrMm {dH$mg hm Hw$R>`mhr EH$m AmZwd{eH$ KQ>H$m`m
^mdmnojmhr AZoH${dY KQ>H$m`m g`moJmVyZ e` hmoV AgVmo.23 gwOZZemmMm
{gXmV Om{V`dWog {H$Vr JabmJy R>aVmo `mda H$me Q>mH$VmZm S>m. Am~oS>H$amZr
OmV hUOo gwOZZmMr h_r Aer _mS>Ur H$aUm`m`m ^y{_Ho$`m `m`mM ^mfoV
{R>H$`m {R>H$`m CS>{d`m AmhoV. S>m. Am~oS>H$a hUVmV, \$io H$er CJdVmV `md$Z
PmS>mMr narjm H$am`bm hdr. Oa OmV hr gwOZZmMo _m`_ Agob Va VrZo H$em
H$ma`m _mZddemMr {Z{_Vr H$am`bm hdr? earaemm`m {>H$moZmVyZ ~mobm`Mo
Va qhXy ho
C3
bmoH$ AmhoV. VgoM `m`mnH$s 9/10 bmoH$ g`^aVrH$[aVm A`mo` AmhoV Ago Kmo{fV
H$a`mV Ambo Amho.24
Cnamo$
{ddoMZmVwZ
n>
hmoVo
H$r
gm_m{OH$
S>m{dZdmX
Am{U
dUOmVgWm AJXrM ZdOmV Amho. dU`dWoMm B{Vhmg A{YH$m{YH$ mmS>o VrZ hOma
d OmVr`dWoMm B{Vhmg AS>rM hOma dfmnojm _mJo bmoQ>Vm `oV Zmhr. `mMmM AW Agm
H$s, B{Vhmgm`m EH$m {d{e> Q>`mda dUOmVgWm Adm^m{dH$[a`m CX`mg Ambr.
Xwgar ~m~ Aer H$s, dUOmV`dWoMo ApVd Ho$di ^maVr` CnIS>mnwaVoM _`m{XV
11
AgyZ {VMo ApVd OJmV BVa Hw$R>`mM _mZdr g_mOg_whmV AmT>iV Zmhr. VgoM
Vr \$V ~mUr Y_mnwaVrM _`m{XV Amho. (^maVmVrb {pMZ, _wgb_mZ, OZ, d
~mXm_`ohr OmVr AmT>iVmV nU `mg `m`m Y_memmV g_mr Zmhr hm \$aH$
bjmV `mdm!) AWmV {d{e> Aem gm_{OH$gKfmVyZ CXJ_ nmdbo`m gm_m{OH$
gaMZog d ~mUr Y_emmZr nwaH$[abo`m dUOmV`dWog _mZdOmVr`m O{dH$
CH$mVrMm ^mJ _mZUo ho ~mpXH$ {XdmiImoarMo d A{ddoH$snUmMo bjU Amho.
CH$mVrdmX gmJVmo H$s, gnwU _mZdOmV hr EHo$H$mi`m _mH$S>mnmgyZ CH$mV hmoV
Ambobr Amho. Aem H$mao gnwU _mZdOmVrMm CXJ_mooV Oa EH$g_mZ Agob Va
AmnmoAmnM Agm {ZH$f g_moa `oVmo H$s A` gJio ^oX (dU, OmV, Y_, de, ^mfm,
am B`mXr...>) Od{dkmZm`m {>H$moZmVyZ {ZaWH$ AmhoV. ho gJio ^oX H${_ d
dadaMo AgyZ VXO` C{ZMVm, {df_Vm Am{U emofUemgZmVyZ _wR>^a Aem
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d$nmV ApVdmV ZgyZ, gnwU Om hr {_lder` Amho.''27 w_Z {OZmo_ [agM
mOoQ> _YyZ mV Pmbo`m m {ZH$fmg_moa deewXrMo Am{U dUOmV`dWmH$
lo>dmMo Xmdo gwnwUVm H$mogiyZ nS>VmV. VgoM dUOmV`dWm hr AZg{JH$ Am{U
Aemr` Ag`mMohr {gX hmoVo.
0 0 0 0 0
Am^ma{ZX}e`mZr VwV {Z~YmMm {df` gwM{dbm d Ho$di `mMm AmJh hmoVm hUyZM _r
hm {Z~Y {bhZ nyU H$$ eH$bmo Ago m.S>m.a{d $p_Ur nT>arZmW, {Z~Ym`m
ma{^H$ _gwmV EH$ _hdmMr Xw$Vr gwM{dUmao H$m. Hw$_ma {eamiH$a VgoM hm {Z~Y
{b{hV AgVmZm `m`m gmo~V Pmbobr MMm Cn`wV R>abr Ago m. Eg. Amo. BJio, m.
S>m. {H$gZ nmQ>rb, d m. gr. nr. b^mUo `mMm _r Am^mar Amho.
13
gX^ d {Q>nm1
Agm {gXmV W_V:(1802) _mS>bm Vmo bm_mH$ `mZo. 1836 gmbr Mmg S>m{dZ Amn`m {XK
gmJar g\$arhZ naVbm Am{U nwT>rb H$mhr df} Vmoo Ordg>r`m CH$mVr g~Yr`m boIZmV
`V amhrbm. {VH$S>o 1858 `m gw_mamg _bm`m _Yrb emk dmbog hm dVnUo gemoYZ
H$$Z S>m{dZ`mM {ZH$fmn`V `oD$Z nmoMbm hmoVm. O{dH$CH$mVr g~Yr {ddoMZ H$aUmam
Amnbm ~Y dmbogZo O|hm S>m{dZH$S>o AdbmoH$ZmW nmR>{dbm V|hm Hw$R>o S>m{dZZo KmB Ho$br d
dV:Mm JW H$m{eV H$obm. S>m{dZ d dmbog `m XmoKmMohr ~Y EH$mM doir OJmg_moa Ambo Agbo
Var CH$m{V{gXmVmMo OZH$d I`m AWmZo S>m{dZH$S>oM OmVo.
3
gm_m{OH$ S>m{dZdmXmg~YrMoo {ddoMZ Imbrb do~qbH$g`m AmYmao H$a`mV Ambo Amho1. http://library.thinkquest.org/C004367/eh4.shtml
2. http://www.allaboutscience.org/what-is-social-darwinism-faq.htm
3. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_cult/evolit/s05/web1/mheeney.html
5
I. Vo (gmdaH$a) Ago hUVmV H$s, "MmVwd`m`m qH$dm Om{V^oXm`m gd _w` H$mam`m _wimer
AmZwd{eH$ JwU{dH$mgmMo gdgm_m` Ago _w` Vd' Amho. ho Vd "OZ{hVH$maH$' AgyZ,
`m`m CnH$maH$ dmr`m nw`mB`m d{e`mdaM AmOda hr gWm (=OmVr^oX) OJV
Ambr' `m gdmV ho Vd "IamoIaM _hdmMo' Amho Agohr Vo (gmdaH$a) gmJVmV.
dgV ni{eH$a `mMm boI, ''Om`wN>oXH$ {Z~Y d gmdaH$amMo An`Vm-{ZdmaH$ H$m`'',
gw_V `edV, (gnm.)''_hmam>mVrb Om{VgWm{df`H$ {dMma'', {V_m H$meZ, nwUo, n.161
14
II. gmdaH$a ho de d dUlo>ddmXr H$go hmoVo `mMm nam_e KoVmZm dgV nierH$a
hUVmV,""H$mhr JwU lo>, H$mhr H$_} lo>, Aer `mMr YmaUm H$m`_M hmoVr. `m`m
`m`mnmer lo> JwUgnXm, d Omo Omo CVa H$_} H$aVmo Vmo Vmo lo> Agmdm, `m`m nXamV
A{YH$ma, gmm, bm^ B`mXr Jmo>r OmV _mUmV nS>m`mV, Am{U Aem JwUmMr AmZwd{eH$
dmT> gVV H$amdr d Vr H$a`mgmR>r gwOZZemm`m {>Zo Amd`H$ `m ~Xr Agm`mVM,
hm `mMm {gXmV hmoVm. Ago JwU AZwdemZo mV hmoV AgVmV, Am{U gwOZZmXmam Vo
dmT>drV ZoVm `oVmV, hr `mMr g_OyVhr R>m_ hmoVr.'' gw_V `edV, n.166-167
9
Omoer, Jmo. _., qhXyMo g_mOaMZmem, H$meH$- {ddZmW _hmXod Omoer, nwUo, 1934 n. 157
11
O_ Am{U YXm `m XmoZ VdmZ| Om{V ~mYbr Jobr Ag`m_wio Am{U _w` ^a
AmZwdemda Ag`m_wi|, rZ| Amn`m Om{V~mhoarb nw$fmH$Sy>Z Omon{m H$$Z KoD$ Z`o, Aer
g_mOemkmMr BN>m AgU| gmh{OH$ Amho. hr Om{V pWa R>od`mH$[aVm ~mb{ddmh Am{U
An`Vm({Z` Am{U Z{V{mH$) `m XmoZhr VdmMm \$ma Cn`moJ Amho. rM| _Z \$mH$`m`m
gw_mambmM... {Vbm ghMa {ZdSy>Z {Xbm Va Om{VgH$amH$S>o H$_r d{m hmoBb, Ago
qhXwg_mOemkmMo _V Amho.
Omoer Jmo. _. n. 370-71
14
gwOmemmMm _w` hoVw hmoVH$$ ghMamMr g`m _`m{XV H$aU| hm Amho. Vmo hoVw S>mo`mnwT>|
R>odbm AgVm, nyU dmT> Pmbobr r g_mOmV dmd$ bmJbr, {Vbm nyU dmV` Agb|, Va Vr
Amn`m OmVtVM {ddmh H$arb `m Jmo>rMr h_r H$moU XoD$ eHo$b? gwOmem H$mhr dmT>bo`m
`oH$ rbm H$i`mBVH|$ gmon| Zmht. mT>{ddmh, r{ejU, An`Vm{ZdmaU dJao dada
Jm|S>g {XgUmat, naVw AVr ZmeH$ Aet Vd| gmJUo hUOo qhXyZr `m Vdmda g_mOaMZm Ho$br
Amho, `m VdmZmM haVmi \$mg`mgmaI| Amho. Aem Vh|Mt _yb aMZoet {dgJV Z{VH$ _y`|
nga{dU| UOo g_mOgwYmaUm Zho Am{U Vr nga{dUmao g_mOgwYmaH$hr ZhoV.
Omoer Jmo. _. n. 370-71
15
""g>rMm Agm hoVw {XgyZ `oVmo H$r, AZV Ord {Z_mU H$$Z`mVrb Oo H$moUVo n[apWVret
{Q>H$md Y$Z ahm`mbm bm`H$ ZgVrb, `mMm Zme H$$Z Q>mH$md`mMm. hUOo Oo Amn`m
~bmda OrdV am{hbo Vo, AWmVM Z> Pmbo`m OrdqnS>mnojm H$moU`mVar JwUmMo ~m~qVV lo>
AgUma. `m n{H$`o_`| XmoZ Jmo>r JhrV Yabo`m AmhoV. n{hbr hUOo, OodT>m OrdmMo
^aUnmofU H$a`mBVH|$ AmN>mXZ {_iV Agob `mnojm OmV Ord Cn Pmbo nm{hOoV. _J
`m`m_`o OrdZmW H$bh hmoD$Z `mnH$s g~b-Xw~bmMr {ZdS> hmd`mg nm{hOo. hUOo g~b
V|dT>o {eH$ ahmVrb.''
Omoer Jmo. _. n. 113
20
'' ~mUmZr eoXmoZeo {nT>m ~wpXYmZ H$m_| Ho$bt Ag`mH$maUmZ|, `m`m_`o `m JwUmbm
bm`H$ AerM emara Am{U _mZgaMZm (mechanism) V`ma Pmbobr Amho Am{U Vr da
15
XmI{d`m_mU| h| Vd Ia| _mZ`mg Vrddmbm Jobr AgbrM nm{hOo. dH$s` YXm H$aUm`m
`pV`m _|Xy_`| dH$s` kmZmbm bm`H$ AgoM \$aH$ nS>V OmV Agbo nm{hOoV.''
Omoer Jmo. _. n. 126
22
Am~oS>H$a ~r. Ama., A{Z{hboeZ Am\$ H$mQ>, S>m. ~m. Am. am`qQ>J AS> nrMog, IS> 1,
E`wHo$eZ {S>nmQ>_|Q> JhZ_|Q> Am\$ _hmam>, 1979, n.49.
23
Am~oS>H$a ~r. Ama., A{Z{hboeZ Am\$ H$mQ>, S>m. ~m. Am. am`qQ>J AS> nrMog, IS> 1,
E`wHo$eZ {S>nmQ>_|Q> JhZ_|Q> Am\$ _hmam>, 1979, n.49-50.
24
Am~oS>H$a ~r. Ama., A{Z{hboeZ Am\$ H$mQ>, S>m. ~m. Am. am`qQ>J AS> nrMog, IS> 1,
E`wHo$eZ {S>nmQ>_|Q> JhZ_|Q> Am\$ _hmam>, 1979, n.50
25
h~r~ B\$mZ, {{hQ>r- nrng {hQ>r Am\$ BS>r`m : 1, VybrH$m H$meZ, Zdr {Xbr, 2001,
n.21- 47
26
~m_emX _m`Ho$b Am{U BVa `mMm boI, Oo{Z{Q>H$ BhrS>g AmZ X Am[a{Og Am\$ BS>r`Z H$mQ>
nm`wboeg,
{OZmo_
[agM,
(OwZ
2001),
IS>
XmoZ,
AH$
ghm,
n.
994-1004.
(www.genome.org)
27
BJio Xodo `mMm boI, OZwH$s` gemoYZ, dU-Om{Vg_mO d _yb{Zdmgr ~hOZdmX, g_mO
~moYZ n{H$m, Owb-gQ>|~a 2008, AH$ : 183, n.275-277)
0 0 0 0 0
16