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    Unit IV (c)_Nuclear_Power_Plants

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    Unit IV (c)_Nuclear_Power_Plants

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    I NEED MAYOMBYA

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    I NEED MAYOMBYA

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    0 views23 pages

    Unit IV (c)_Nuclear_Power_Plants

    Uploaded by

    wazirimageda8
    I NEED MAYOMBYA

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

    11/29/2024 1
    Nuclear Power
    • Atoms of an element with different
    numbers of neutrons are known as
    Isotopes
    • Atoms of natural uranium are basically of
    two forms, known as Uranium 235 (U235)
    and Uranium 238 (U238)
    • Chemically identical having the same
    number of electrons and protons
    • U 238 has three extra neutrons in the
    nucleus and so the two forms have
    different physical properties
    2
    11/29/2024
    Types of Radioactivity

    Nuclear Fission
    • splitting of nucleus into several pieces by
    collision with a free neutron.
    Nuclear Fusion
    • One form of nuclear energy conversion is called
    fusion.
    • Fusion means joining smaller nuclei to make a
    larger nucleus. In the process heat is generated.
    • Eg. the sun uses nuclear fusion of hydrogen
    atoms (isotopes) into helium atoms.
    • Two types of hydrogen atoms, deuterium and
    tritium, combine to make a helium atom and a
    neutron. 3
    11/29/2024
    Fusion Reaction of Hydrogen

    11/29/2024 4
    Nuclear Fission
    • Nuclear fusion - uranium
    • When struck by neutron, uranium atom split
    into two roughly equal fragments releasing
    energy and two or three free neutrons
    • The energy appears as the high speed of the
    particles and as they collide with atoms
    • the energy of motion is turned into heat,
    which can be extracted

    5
    11/29/2024
    Fission Reaction
    • The common element used in fission is
    Uranium-235 but could also be
    Plutonium-239, Uranium-238, and
    Thorium-232.
    • The fissionable atom “captures” the
    neutron and splits (decays) into two
    smaller atoms
    • After splitting, two or three neutrons are
    released, the neutrons can go on to split
    other fissionable nuclei -resulting in a
    chain reaction.
    11/29/2024 6
    Nuclear Fission

    Creates Energy and Radioactive Waste


    7
    11/29/2024
    Uranium as a Nuclear Fuel
    • Atoms of an element with different numbers of
    neutrons are known as Isotopes
    • Atoms of natural uranium are basically of two
    forms, known as Uranium 235 (U235) and
    Uranium 238 (U238)
    • Chemically identical having the same number
    of electrons and protons
    • U 238 has three extra neutrons in the nucleus
    and so the two forms have different physical
    properties
    • 1n + 235U → 140Ba + 93Kr + 3 1n + Heat Energy
    • Ba Barium Kr Krypton
    11/29/2024 8
    Fission Chain Reaction

    9
    11/29/2024
    Group work 5 min
    • Which process between fission and fusion
    is preferred in nuclear power plants?

    • Why?

    11/29/2024 10
    Why Fission and not Fusion?
    Fission reaction is preferred for nuclear
    power generation because:
    •Fusion reaction is more difficult to control
    than fission.

    Advantages over fission:


    •Creates less radioactive material than fusion
    •Near inexhaustible/ abundance supply of
    fuel
    11/29/2024 11
    Chain Reaction
    • The energy from fission
    reaction, when let out
    slowly, or controlled can
    be harnessed to produce
    heat and e.g. raise steam
    and generate electricity
    (Rankine Cycle).
    • When it is not controlled
    it can make a very fast
    chain reaction with very
    high heat release rate, or
    explosion, (a bomb).

    11/29/2024 12
    How Nuclear Reactor Core is Constructed

    13
    11/29/2024
    Electricity Generation in Nuclear Power Plant
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_
    UwexvaCMWA

    14
    11/29/2024
    Similarities of Fossil and Nuclear Plants

    15
    11/29/2024
    The Situation in Tanzania
    • By enacting the Atomic Energy Act 2003, the
    Tanzanian Government has attached great
    importance to the development of peaceful uses of
    nuclear energy.
    • The Government firmly supports all kinds of activities
    aimed at promoting nuclear technology development
    and peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
    • With the continuing acute shortage of energy
    resources, alternative power source including nuclear
    power, as the main aspect of peaceful uses, will have
    to be considered in the long term energy strategies.
    • Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission (TAEC) will
    have to play a major and leading role in advising the
    Government to have nuclear energy adopted as the
    alternative source of energy for the growing electricity
    demand.
    11/29/2024 16
    Problems with Nuclear Energy
    Many problems are related to safety aspects in
    fission reaction products:
    Radioactivity
    • Fission of uranium 235 can produce over 200
    isotopes of 35 different elements. Some of these
    products can be dangerous and radioactive
    • Some will decay in mere seconds, while other will
    last for thousand of years. The products of fission
    are usually buried far away from any civilization so
    as not to cause any harm. There is no safe,
    permanent way to dispose radioactive products.
    • Further safety issues arise in the mining, refining
    and transportation of the fissionable material such
    as uranium.
    11/29/2024 17
    Problems with Nuclear Energy / Continued
    Explosions
    • Incompetence in
    operating reactors can
    result in overheating
    and melting of reactor -
    releasing radioactive
    materials, and
    sometimes explosion
    • Fissionable materials
    can be purposely used
    to make very powerful
    bombs (e.g. at
    Hiroshima).
    11/29/2024 18
    THE END

    11/29/2024 19
    GROUP WORK
    • Design a thermal power plants
    – Take any off grid village with any number of
    households, hospitals, shops etc
    – Start with estimation electrical load
    – Draw electrical load profile of the selected off
    grid village
    – Estimate the sizes of all components in the
    power plant
    – Estimate the installed and generation
    capacities of the power plant to cover 100%
    load
    11/29/2024 20
    GROUP WORK
    • Decide on which power cycle to be used
    • And the reason of selecting it
    • Draw all the necessary graphs and
    perform all the necessary analysis of your
    designed power plant
    • Write a report on the designed thermal
    power plant

    11/29/2024 21
    GROUP WORK
    • Design a small hydro power plant
    – Take any off grid village with any number of
    households, hospitals, shops etc
    – Start with estimation electrical load
    – Draw electrical load profile of the selected off
    grid village
    – Take any small river find its flow and head
    data.
    – Find river flow data of up to 5 years or more
    – You can visit the ministry of water
    11/29/2024 22
    GROUP WORK
    – Estimate the sizes of all components in the
    power plant
    – Estimate the installed and generation
    capacities of the power plant to cover 100%
    load
    – Write a report on the designed hydropower
    plant

    11/29/2024 23

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