1.

Preliminary Empirical Calculations

1.1. Calculating Max allowed deflection for SLS
The deflection limit using the L/250 formula is a commonly used empirical criterion in
structural design to ensure that slabs, beams, and other structural elements do not deflect
excessively under loading, which could lead to serviceability issues like cracking or
noticeable sagging.

This deflection is Maximum allowable deflection limit for the member under service loads,
set by building codes to ensure acceptable performance (Eurocode 1992.1.1, Section
7.4.1)

 The actual deflection of the slab under loading can be calculated or estimated.

 Ensure that the actual deflection does not exceed the calculated allowable
deflection.

 If Actual Deflection > Allowable Deflection, Then Increase the slab thickness to
reduce deflection. Thicker slabs generally have greater sti ness and thus lower
deflection.

 Our maximum span length is L=5450mm

Allowable Deflection <

<

Allowable Deflection < 21.8mm

 1.2. Calculating Thickness of Slab
The thickness of a slab is often estimated based on its span length and type (one-way or
two-way slab) using guidelines from structural codes (Eurocode 1992.1.1, Section 7.4.2):

These formulas provide an initial thickness that helps ensure the slab can safely support
the loads without excessive deflection.

- For One-Way Slabs:

t= = = 200mm

- For Two-Way Slabs:

t= = = 100mm

Let’s choose 200mm, because the higher one will govern and for this kind of structure 200mm
is Ideal value.

1.3. Beam Cross-section

a. Beam Depth

For this structure we only have continuous beams. The maximum span length is 5450mm.
so we will calculate initial depth value for the beam with:-

D= = = 303mm

But, since our slab depth is 200mm our Beam depth is too small for making the structure stiffer.
So, let’s assume that the initial depth of D=400mm.

b. Beam Width

Just for geometric proportionality purpose let’s calculate the width of the beam by:-

B= 0.6 * D = 0.6 * 400mm = 250mm

 1.4. Slabs and Beams Loading Calculation
Just For design purpose Let’s choose one column which is exposed to a highest possible loading
(Look from the Picture below).

Let’s go for Detailed Load Calculations for Slabs, Beams, and Central Column

1.4.1. Assumptions

- Concrete Density = 25 kN/m³

- Slab Thickness = 200 mm (0.2 m)
- Live Load = 3 kN/m² (for a commercial + Residential building)
- Finishing Load = 1.44 kN/m² (For standard Ceramic Tiles)
- Design Factors =
- Dead Load Factor: 1.35
- Live Load Factor: 1.5
- Beam Dimensions =
- Depth: 400 mm (0.4 m)
- Width: 250 mm (0.25 m)
- Beam Lengths =
- Beam A (BA): 2.4m
- Beam B (BB): 4.9m
- Beam C (BC): 5.45m
- Beam D (BD): 4.9m
 S1 BA S2

BD BB

S3
S4
BC

1.4.2. Calculate Loads on 1st Floor Slab (For Sample)

Each slab has sections (trapezoidal, triangular, or rectangular) that contribute loads to the
beams.

Slab Self Weight Calculations:

Step 1: Dead Load Calculation

1. Self-weight of the slab = Density × Thickness = 25 kN/m³ × 0.2 m = 5 kN/m²

2. Finishing load = 1.44 kN/m² (from the code, easy maintainance)

3. Total unfactored dead load = Slab weight + Finishing load = 5 + 1.44 = 6.44 kN/m²

4. Factored dead load - Total dead load × Dead Load Factor = 6.44 × 1.35 = 8.694 kN/m²

Step 2: Live Load Calculation

1. Unfactored live load = 3 kN/m² (from the code, Reidential)

2. Factored live load = Live load × Live Load Factor = 3 kN/m² × 1.5 = 4.5 kN/m²

Total Factored Load

Summing up the factored loads gives the total load per square meter of the slab:

Total factored load = Factored dead load + Factored live load = 8.694 kN/m² + 4.5
kN/m² = 13.194 kN/m²
 - Trapezoidal Section (for two-way slabs S3 and S4):
- Area of each trapezoidal section: 10.0205 m²
- Load for trapezoidal section: 10.0205 m² × 13.194 kN/m² = 132.25 kN

- Triangular Section = (for two-way slabs S3 and S4):

- Area of each triangular section: 6.676 m²
- Load for triangular section: 6.676 m² × 13.194 kN/m² = 88.083 KN
- Rectangular Section (for one-way slabs S1 and S2):
- Area of each rectangular section: 5.88 m²
- Load for rectangular section: 5.88 m² × 13.194 kN/m² = 77.58 kN

1.4.3. Assign Loads to Beams

Based on the layout and load transfer directions:

Beam A (BA): Receives no load from S1 and S2.

Beam B (BB):
- From S2: Receives rectangular load = 77.58 kN.
- From S3: Receives triangular load = 88.083 kN.
- Total Load on Beam B: 77.58+88.083 = 165.66 kN

Beam C (BC):
- From S3: Receives trapezoidal load = 132.25 kN.
- From S4: Receives trapezoidal load = 132.25 kN.
- Total Load on Beam C: 132.25 + 132.25 = 264.5 kN

Beam D (BD):
- From S1: Receives rectangular load = 77.58 kN.
- From S4: Receives triangular load = 88.083 kN.
- Total Load on Beam B: 77.58+88.083 = 165.66 kN

Calculate Beam Self-Weights

The self-weight of each beam is calculated using the beam dimensions (width and depth) and
concrete density.
Beam Self-Weight per Unit Length = Depth × Width × Concrete Density
- Depth = 0.4 m
- Width = 0.25 m
- Concrete Density = 25 kN/m³

Beam Self-Weight per Unit Length = 0.4 m × 0.25 m × 25 kN/m³ = 2.5 kN/m

Beam Self-Weights:
- Beam A (BA): 2.5 kN/m × 2.4 m = 6 kN
- Beam B (BB): 2.5 kN/m × 4.9 m = 12.25 kN
- Beam C (BC): 2.5 kN/m × 5.45 m = 13.625 kN
- Beam D (BD): 2.5 kN/m × 4.9 m = 12.25 kN

1.4.4. Add Beam Self-Weight to Total Beam Loads

Updated Beam Loads including Self-Weight:
Beam A (BA): Self-Weight only (6 kN)

Beam B (BB):
- Total Load from Slabs + Self-Weight = 165.66 + 12.25 = 177.914 kN

Beam C (BC):
- Total Load from Slabs + Self-Weight = 264.5 + 13.625 = 278.125 kN

Beam D (BD):
- Total Load from Slabs + Self-Weight = 165.66 + 12.25 = 177.914 kN

1.4.5. Calculate Loads Transferred to Central Column

Each beam transfers half of its total load to the central column:

- Beam A (BA): Self-weight only, so 6 kN / 2 = 3 kN

- Beam B (BB): 177.914 / 2 = 88.955 kN
- Beam C (BC): 278.125 / 2 = 139.06 kN
- Beam D (BD): 177.914 / 2 = 88.955 kN

Total Load on Column = 3 + 88.955 + 139.06 + 88.955 = 319.97 KN ~320KN

 1.5. Brick Wall Loads Calculations (assume brick wall
density=20KN/m3)
For Ground Floor (Assume loads only on beams, because ground slab is non-load bearing),

BA = 2m*3.5m*0.25m = 1.75m3

BB = 0

BC = 5.45m*3.5m*0.25m = 4.77m3

BD = 0

Total = [1.75+4.77]*(20/2) = 65.1875KN

For First to Seventh Floor (Assume loads only on beams, because ground slab is non-load
bearing),

BA = 0

BB = 4.4m*3.5m*0.25m = 3.85m3

BC = 5.45m*3.5m*0.25m = 4.77m3

BD =4.4m*3.5m*0.25m = 3.85m3

Total = [3.85+4.77+3.85]*(20/2) = 124.7KN

1.6. RC Column Self Weight (Per floor)

assume floor height of 3.5m and 50cm*50cm Column Cross-section.

Column Weight =3.5m*0.5m*0.5m *25KN/m3= 21.875KN

 1.7. Load Calculation for Steel Truss Roof
Assumptions and Input Values:

- Roof Area: 42.075 m² (the value can be corrected as 38.105m2)

- Roofing Material: Metal tiles, classic type, 0.45mm thickness
- Approximate load from metal tiles: 0.05 kN/m²
- Timber Purlins: 4 cm x 4 cm (0.04 m x 0.04 m)
- Approximate density of timber: 5 kN/m³
- Truss Members:
- Cross-section: 4 cm x 4 cm (0.04 m x 0.04 m)
- Truss thickness: 3 mm (0.003 m)
- Total length of truss members: 30.65 m
- Density of steel: 78.5 kN/m³
- requiring Eurocode-compliant loading assumptions for snow and wind)
a) Calculate Self-Weight of the Roofing Material

The load from the roofing material, assumed as metal tiles with an approximate load
of 0.05 kN/m², is calculated as follows:

Roofing Material Load = Roofing Load per Unit Area × Area

Roofing Material Load = 0.05 kN/m² × 42.075 m² = 2.10375 kN

b) Calculate Load of Timber Purlins

The timber purlins have a cross-sectional area of 4 cm x 4 cm and are assumed to

be placed at an average spacing of 1 meter.

- Cross-Sectional Area of Purlins:

Purlin Volume per Unit Length = 0.04 m × 0.04 m = 0.0016 m²
- Total Length of Purlins (assuming spacing of 1 m across the roof
area):
Total Purlin Length = Area / Spacing = 42.075 m² / 1 m = 42.075 m
- Weight of Timber Purlins:
Purlin Weight = Purlin Volume per Unit Length × Density of Timber ×
Total Length= 0.0016 m² × 5 kN/m³ × 42.075 m = 0.3366 kN
 c) Imposed Load (Based on Eurocode for Maintenance Access)

For light maintenance access, the Eurocode suggests an imposed load, which is
applied as follows:

Imposed Load = 0.1 kN/m² × 42.075 m² = 4.2075 kN

d) Snow Load Calculation (Eurocode)

Assuming a typical snow load of 1.5 kN/m² for the Czech Republic, the snow load on
the roof is calculated as:

Snow Load = 1.5 kN/m² × 42.075 m² = 63.1125 kN

e) Wind Load Calculation (Eurocode)

Assuming an average wind load of 0.5 kN/m² for a low-rise roof structure in a
moderate wind area:

Wind Load = 0.5 kN/m² × 42.075 m² = 21.0375 kN

f) Calculate Self-Weight of the Steel Truss

1. Cross-Sectional Area of the Steel Truss Members:

- Outer Area: A_outer = 0.04 m × 0.04 m = 0.0016 m²

- Inner Area (after subtracting 3 mm wall thickness on each side):

A_inner = 0.034 m × 0.034 m = 0.001156 m²

- E ective Cross-Sectional Area: A_truss = A_outer - A_inner

= 0.0016 m² - 0.001156 m² = 0.000444 m²

2. Weight of Steel Truss:

Truss Weight = A_truss × Density of Steel × Total Length
= 0.000444 m² × 78.5 kN/m³ × 30.65 m
= 1.06869 kN
 g) Total Roof Load Calculation

Adding up all calculated loads gives the total roof load:

1. Roofing Material Load: 2.10375 kN

2. Timber Purlin Load: 0.3366 kN
3. Imposed Load: 4.2075 kN
4. Snow Load: 63.1125 kN
5. Wind Load: 21.0375 kN
6. Steel Truss Self-Weight: 1.06869 kN

Total Roof Load:

Total Load = 2.10375 + 0.3366 + 4.2075 + 63.11+ 21.0375 + 1.06869 = 91.86654 kN

h) Load Distribution to Truss Supports

Assuming the roof is supported by two points, each support would carry half of the
Total load:

Load per Support = Total Load / 2 = 91.86654 / 2 = 45.93327 kN

 1.8. Column Cross-section

** From this table we can understand that each floor column carries di erent loads. Th
bottom one will carry the largest one. So we have two options for column Cross-section:

a. The bottom one will govern the cross-sectional area

b. Each floor will have its own cross-section (the bottom one will have big)

In deciding the preliminary cross-section we will assume that the longer side(h) should not
be 4 times greater than the shorter side (b).

a. The bottom one will govern the cross-sectional area

This step provides the calculations for determining the required cross-sectional area of a
column designed to support a given axial load using C40 grade concrete.

Given Values:

Concrete Strength (fck): 40 MPa

Factored Axial Load (Pfactored): 3443 kN

Partial Safety Factor for Concrete (γc): 1.5

 1. Calculate the Design Compressive Strength (fc)

The design compressive strength (fc) is the maximum compressive stress that the concrete
can withstand under load. It is calculated by dividing the concrete strength by the partial
safety factor:

fc = fck / γc = 40 MPa / 1.5 = 26.67 MPa

2. Determine the Required Cross-Sectional Area (Areq)

The required cross-sectional area (Areq) is calculated by dividing the factored axial load by
the design compressive strength. This provides the minimum area needed to safely support
the load:

Areq = Pfactored / fc = 3443 kN / 26.67 MPa ≈ 129100 mm²

Conclusion

Based on the calculations, a column with a minimum cross-sectional area of

approximately 129,100 mm² is required to support the given axial load. This can typically be
achieved with a square column approximately 360 mm on each side, subject to further
design verification and reinforcement detailing according to Eurocode 1992.1.1. For our
deign purpose we can use 400mmX400mm

b. Each floor will have its own cross-section (the bottom one will have big)
 1.9. Beam Load Calculation
a. Parameters:

Material: Concrete

Density of Concrete (ρ): 25 kN/m³

Cross-sectional area of beam (A): 0.4m x 0.25m = 0.1m²

b. Trapezoidal Load Details:

Load Intensity per Area (q): 13.194 kN/m²

Areas:

S1 = S3 = 10.025m² (a ecting Beam B1)

S2 = 10.025m² and S4 = 7.1519m² (a ecting Beam B3)

c. Beam Configurations:

Beams: B1, B2, and B3

Beam Lengths: 5.85 m for B1 and B3; 2.4 m for B2

d. Calculation Steps:
- Calculating Total Loads from Trapezoidal Areas

For B1 (from S1 and S3):

Total Load from S1 = S3 = 10.025m² x 13.194kN/m² = 132.27kN (each)

Aggregate Load for B1 = 132.27kN + 132.27kN = 264.54kN

For B3 (from S2 and S4):

Total Load from S2 = 10.025m² x 13.194kN/m² = 132.27kN

Total Load from S4 = 7.1519m² x 13.194kN/m² = 94.38kN

Aggregate Load for B3 = 132.27kN + 94.38kN = 226.65kN

 - Convert Total Loads to Line Loads

Line Load for B1:

264.54kN / 5.85m = 45.21kN/m

Line Load for B3:

226.65kN / 5.85m = 38.75kN/m

e. Adding Self-Weight of the Beams

Self-weight per meter: 25kN/m³ x 0.1m² = 2.5kN/m

Final Line Loads Including Self-Weight:

For B1: 45.21kN/m + 2.5kN/m = 47.71kN/m

For B2 (only self-weight, no other load): 2.5kN/m

For B3: 38.75kN/m + 2.5kN/m = 41.25kN/m