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    17 NOx, SOX, CO,Unburnt hydrocarbon.

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    Paing
    Marpol

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    17 NOx, SOX, CO,Unburnt hydrocarbon.

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    Paing
    7 views3 pages
    Marpol

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    Marpol

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views3 pages

    17 NOx, SOX, CO,Unburnt hydrocarbon.

    Uploaded by

    Paing
    Marpol

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    17.

    Explain the effects of EACH of the following engine emissions on the environment
    and human life, stating how EACH of these emissions may be reduced: (each 4M)
    (a) Oxides of Nitrogen
    (b) Oxides of Sulphur
    (c) Carbon Monoxide
    (d) Unburnt Hydrocarbons

    (a) Oxides of Nitrogen


    Effects
    The Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) react with other chemicals in the atmosphere, especially
    in strong sunlight to form ozone, a principal component of Smog. The NOx also reacts with
    water and oxygen to form nitric acid which is one of the constituents of acid rain. NO2 also
    causes damage to lung and other delicate tissue.

    Normal back ground level = 20 ppb.

    Above 100ppb it can cause respiratory illness.

    Above 150ppm it can causes death.


    Reduction method
    There are many techniques to reduce NOx emission from the engines such as
     Internal engine modifications (IEM)
     Water injection (DWI)
     Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
     Charge air humidification
     Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

    Among them, Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) can reduce NOx emission by about 98%.
    The catalyst material is titanium dioxide doped with vanadium pent oxide. Urea (as NH 3
    carrier) or Ammonia (NH3) is injected into the exhaust stream. NOx reacts with the urea
    and ammonia to form nitrogen and water.
    (b)Oxides of Sulphur
    Effect

    Sulphur oxides (SOx) are the primary causes of acid rain. SOx react in the atmosphere with
    water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. Sunlight increases
    the rate of the reactions. The result is a mild solution of sulphuric acid which are absorbed
    in the cloud and fall down as acid rain.

    Reduction method
     SOx can be controlled either by removing the sulphur from the fuel or by removing the SOx
    from the exhaust gas by scrubbing.
     A chemical reaction with sea water converts the SOx into sulphates (gypsum), which are
    already present in the sea water. The scrubbing water must pass through separation
    system to remove unburnt hydrocarbons and particulates before being pumped overboard.

    (c) Carbon Monoxide


    Effects
     Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless, invisible, and very toxic gas to human life.
     Even low concentrations in the atmosphere may accumulate in the human's blood over a
    period of time with serious or fatal results.
     It is absorbed by the lungs and attaches itself to the red blood cells, much like oxygen.
    However, blood will bond with carbon monoxide 200 times faster than oxygen.
     Levels as low as 100ppm can cause nausea and headaches
     1600ppm causes death in less than 2 hours.

    Reduction method
    Carbon monoxide (CO) results from incomplete combustion of the fuel.
    It can be reduced to a minimum by the following means.
    1. Fuel injection equipment must be maintained in good condition.
    2. Ensure that complete combustion of the fuel takes place.
    3. Ensure that correct and efficient scavenging of the cylinder takes place.
    4. Avoid overloading of the cylinder units.
    (d) Unburnt Hydrocarbon
    Effects
    The effects of the unburnt hydrocarbon emissions depend on the component species;
    some like benzene are carcinogenic, some may cause breathing difficulties and eye
    irritation.
    Reduction method
    Even with good combustion, a small percentage of the hydrocarbons will emerge
    unburnt from the combustion process.
    It can be reduced to a minimum by the following means.
    1. Fuel injection equipment must be maintained in good condition.
    2. Ensure that complete combustion of the fuel takes place.
    3. Ensure that correct and efficient scavenging of the cylinder takes place.
    4. Avoid overloading of the cylinder units.

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