11_Poojita_Mishra_Draft EIA report KSEZ (1)-283-374

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Kakinada SEZ Limited.

, Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.10 Hierarchy of Environment Management

4.2.3 Air Environment


The sources of air pollution from the proposed industrial park project during construction
stage are transport of men and material, leveling, excavation, and other construction
activities. The sources of air pollution during operation stage of the park are transport of
raw materials, fuels, storage of fuels and raw materials, wastes and products, operation of
utilities like boilers, DG sets, solvent recovery system and operation and maintenance of
effluent treatment systems and sewage treatment systems etc. Additionally, air pollution
sources from various industrial units range from boilers, DG sets, process gases and
equipment operations in addition to spillages or leakages. The source of air pollution
during decommissioning stage are transport and dismantling activity. The direct impact
of all the above results in a change in criteria air pollutants of PM10 and PM2.5, SO2, NOx,
CO. Specific emissions of volatile organic compounds, HCl, and heavy metals in
particulates are also expected, contingent on the type of industry. However, the

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

environmental protection act and the standards prescribed by MoEFCC indicate


Particulate matter, SO2, NOx from all unit operations, and additionally CO in the case of
blast furnace and benzopyrene in the case of coke oven battery as the criteria pollutants.
These emissions may result in a change in the health of the receptors both flora and fauna
including humans. The adoption of adequate mitigation measures shall ensure low
residual impacts. The implementation of air pollution control facilities and engineering
practices like scrubbers, condensers, low NOx combustion, dry fogging, water sprinkling,
etc. may reduce the magnitude and the geographic extent of the impacts, however, the
residual impacts may affect health and wellbeing as the ambient air quality is going to
change due to construction, operation and transport activity related to the industrial park
and its constituent units. The anticipated impacts on the air environment are presented in
Table 4.6. Impact significance is calculated and presented in, Table 4.7 for each impact
using RIAM method.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed industrial park project has significant
negative change/impact due to change in criteria air contaminants concentration in
ambient air and change in health and odor related contaminants, moderately negative
effects on vegetation due to both dry and wet deposition in the impact area, negative
impact/change due to greenhouse gas emissions, slightly negative change/impact due to
change in greenhouse gas generation and effects on soil due to dry and wet deposition, and
slightly negative effect due to eutrophication of sensitive ecosystem due to N2O deposition.
while the change/impact on soil due to dry and wet deposition shall be negative. The
failure of control equipment may occasionally lead to change in visibility episodically,
otherwise, making the impact slightly negative.

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.6 Impacts on Air Environment


Impact Change in Change in Change in Change in Effects on Effects on Eutrophication of
Criteria air health and greenhouse the vegetation due soil due to sensitive
contaminants odor related gases visibility to dry and wet dry and wet ecosystem due to
contaminants deposition deposition N2O deposition
Activity
Construction Stage
Clearing and grubbing √
Leveling by way of cut and fill √ √
Road formation √ √ √
Drainage Construction √
Foundation excavation √ √ √
Civil Construction √
Equipment and machinery erection √ √
Services installation √
Piping and insulation √
Painting works √ √
External development and √
Compound Wall/fencing
Commissioning and Testing of √ √
Services
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Transport and storage of raw √ √ √ √
materials and water
Transport of Personnel √ √ √ √
Domestic wastewater transfer and √ √
treatment
Storage of solvents √ √ √
Storage of fuels – coal, HSD etc., √ √ √
Solvent recovery system operation √ √ √ √ √
Co-generation plant operation √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Maintenance – Electromechanical √ √
and civil

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Impact Change in Change in Change in Change in Effects on Effects on Eutrophication of


Criteria air health and greenhouse the vegetation due soil due to sensitive
contaminants odor related gases visibility to dry and wet dry and wet ecosystem due to
contaminants deposition deposition N2O deposition
Waste gas management √ √ √ √
Solid waste storage and √ √
management
Wastewater Transfer and Treatment √ √
Diffuse emissions (SRS and storages) √ √ √ √
Transport of Finished product and √ √ √ √
wastes
Operation Stage – Individual units
Regular operation
Raw material and finished product √
transport
Transfer of raw materials and √
products
Effluent generation √
Domestic Wastewater generation √
Utility emissions √ √ √ √ √ √
Process emissions √ √ √ √
Diffuse emissions √
Wastewater storage √
Solid waste transfer and storage √
Solvent storage and use √
Waste transport √
Effluent transfer and Pre-Treatment √
Wastewater Transfer and Pre- √
Treatment
Emissions control √ √
Solvent Recycle √
Operation Stage
Incidents and Accidents

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Impact Change in Change in Change in Change in Effects on Effects on Eutrophication of


Criteria air health and greenhouse the vegetation due soil due to sensitive
contaminants odor related gases visibility to dry and wet dry and wet ecosystem due to
contaminants deposition deposition N2O deposition
Spillage √ √ √
Fugitive emissions √ √ √ √
Containment failure √ √ √
Fire accidents √ √ √
Accidents during transport of Raw √ √ √ √
materials and products
Accidents during transport of wastes √ √ √ √
Arson and Vandalism √ √
Extreme Weather phenomenon √
Decommissioning of park /
Individual units
Transfer and disposal of material √ √
Transfer and disposal of wastes √ √
Decontamination of equipment and √
containers as needed
Dismantling of facilities √ √
Demolition Waste √
Site cleanup √
√ Indicates Impact

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.7 Impact Significance - Air Environment


Impact

Magnitude of change/

(b1) + (b2) + (b3) = bT


Reversibility (B2)
Permanence (B1)

Cumulative (B3)

(aT) x (bT) = ES
(a1) x (a2) = aT
condition (A1)
Importance of

Significance
effect (A2)
Change in Criteria air contaminants 3 -2 3 3 3 -6 9 -54 -D
Change in health and odor related contaminants 3 -2 2 2 3 -6 7 -42 -D
Change in greenhouse gases 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B
change in visibility 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 3 -3 -A
Effects on vegetation due to dry and wet deposition 2 -2 2 2 3 -4 7 -28 -C
Effects on soil due to dry and wet deposition 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B
Eutrophication of sensitive ecosystem due N20 deposition 1 -1 2 2 1 -1 5 -5 -A

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

4.2.4 Air Quality Impact Prediction


A large number of different mathematical models for dispersion calculations are in practice
in many parts of the world. Most of the models for prediction of downwind concentrations
are based on Gaussian dispersion. The principle behind the Gaussian dispersion models
is the Gaussian probability distribution of concentration in both vertical and horizontal
crosswind directions around the plume central line.

Predictions of ground-level concentrations of the pollutants were carried out based on-site
meteorological data collected during the study period. For calculation of predicted
ground-level concentrations, ISC AERMOD model of Lakes Environmental based on
USEPA, AERMOD algorithms, was used; as it’s based on a more sophisticated algorithm
incorporating deposition, better algorithm for area sources, etc. The required data on
emission was obtained from the proponent, and all sources were considered.

Mixing Height
The mixing heights for ambient air quality predictions are adopted from Atlas of Hourly
Mixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in India by S.D Attri, Siddartha
Singh, B. Mukhopadhya, and A.K Bhatnagar, Published by Indian Metrological
Department, New Delhi. 2008. The mixing heights range from 300 to 1450 m during the
summer season. There is no record of inversion for this area (Reference: Atlas of Hourly
Mixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in India by S.D Attri, Siddartha
Singh, B. Mukhopadhya and A.K Bhatnagar, Published by Indian Metrological
Department, New Delhi. 2008).

4.2.5 Plant Emissions (Terms of reference xxvi)

The sources of air pollution from the proposed project are the boilers, and DG sets. The
major pollutants generated from the fuel combustion are SO2, NOx, and Particulate Matter.
Based on fuel analysis and combustion details the emission rates of the above pollutants
are calculated. The speciation of PM based on the particle size was done using AP-42
emission factors of USEPA during construction. The emission rates during construction
and operation are presented in Table 4.8 and Table 4.9 respectively.

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.8 Emission Details of Pollutants – Construction phase


Description Units Pollutant emission rate
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX
Heavy Construction Operation g/m2/s 0.02 0.01 - -
Construction of Haul Roads g/m2/s 0.12 0.015 - -
Traffic from Paved Road g/m/s 0.003 0.0013 - -
Traffic from unpaved Road g/m/s 0.015 0.006 0.015 0.025
Concrete Batching Plant g/s 0.112 0.045 - -

Stack
Stack Stack Stack Pollutant Emission
Stack Temp. of
Height, Diameter, Velocity, rate, g/sec
connected to Exhaust
m m m/sec
Gases, OC PM SO2 NOX
5 x 1050 kVA
6.5 0.4 180 12.5 0.003 0.08 0.10
DG set*
* DG sets will be used during load shutdown by APTRANSCO.

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.9 Emission Details of Pollutants – Operation Phase


Stack Pollutant Emission rate, g/sec
Stack Diameter, Stack Temp. of Exhaust
Stack connected to Stack Height m Velocity,
m Gases OC PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX
m/sec
Common utilities
5 x 100 TPH 70 3.08 160 20 3.42 1.54 19.4 25.76
1 x 50 TPH 50 2.5 160 18 1.98 0.89 11.44 14.22
20 x 1050 kVA DG
10 0.2 170 12 0.38 0.28 0.17 0.4
set*
Individual Plant units
5 x 20 TPH 40 1.65 150 16.5 0.85 0.38 3.91 5.37
10 x 10 TPH 30 1.15 150 9.5 0.21 0.09 1.01 1.28
10 x 5 TPH 30 0.6 150 8 0.05 0.02 0.38 0.43
* DG sets will be used during load shutdown by APSPDCL.

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

4.2.6 Air Quality Predictions

Predictions of ground-level concentrations of the pollutants were carried out based on-site
meteorological data collected during the study period. For calculation of ground-level
concentrations (GLCs), a grid of 20 km X 20 km with a receptor interval of 1000 meters is
considered.

It may be observed that the predicted maximum 24 hourly GLCs for construction period
for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx are 3.42, 1.37, 1.10, and 4.20 g/m3, respectively, and the
maximum values are observed within the site considering the observed meteorological
data during the study period, whereas the DG set usage is only during load shut down
from APEPDCL. Cumulative concentrations at various villages during construction are
presented in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10 Cumulative Concentrations at Various Villages – During Construction


Station Distance, Baseline Predicted GLC, g/m3 Cumulative
km Concentration, g/m3 Concentration, g/m3
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
Alvulamanda 0.3 42 18 8 10 1.56 0.62 0.50 1.91 43.56 18.62 8.50 11.91
A.V Nagaram 0.3 48 22 13 15 1.65 0.66 0.53 2.02 49.65 22.66 13.53 17.02
Kodada 0.4 45 20 9 11 0.89 0.36 0.29 1.09 45.89 20.36 9.29 12.09
Antervedipeta 0.5 43 19 10 12 0.48 0.19 0.15 0.59 43.48 19.19 10.15 12.59
Alavilli
1.9 45 20 12 14 0.83 0.33 0.27 1.02 45.83 20.33 12.27 15.02
Mallavaram
Nagulapalli 3.1 43 19 10 13 0.33 0.13 0.11 0.40 43.33 19.13 10.11 13.40
Vantimamidi 2.5 49 23 10 13 0.55 0.22 0.17 0.67 49.55 23.22 10.17 13.67
Uppada 4.9 45 20 9 11 0.21 0.08 0.07 0.26 45.21 20.08 9.07 11.26
Kottapalli 4.6 43 19 10 12 0.37 0.15 0.12 0.45 43.37 19.15 10.12 12.45
Durgada 5.2 40 18 9 11 0.27 0.11 0.09 0.33 40.27 18.11 9.09 11.33
Chinnayapalem 5.3 39 19 8 10 0.24 0.10 0.08 0.29 39.24 19.10 8.08 10.29
Reserve Forests
Vajrakunta RF 9.4 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Tetagunta RF 9.7 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.11 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM10 – Construction Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.12 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM2.5 – Construction Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.13 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of SO2– Construction Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.14 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of NOX - Construction Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

It may be observed that the predicted maximum 24 hourly GLCs during operation phase
are PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx are 3.76, 1.69, 21, 27.86 g/m3, respectively, and the
maximum values are observed within the site area.

The cumulative concentrations at various villages are tabulated. It may be observed from
the table that the predicted results show that the incremental rise over the existing baseline
status of ambient air quality is within the limits prescribed by National Ambient Air
Quality standards (NAAQ), and hence the impact due to the proposed project is low on
ambient air quality. Hence, the control measures and height of the stack is sufficient to
disperse the pollutants into the atmosphere and keeping the baseline levels within the
prescribed limits. The predicted ground-level concentrations are graphically displayed for
PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx, respectively in Figure 4.15, Figure 4.16, Figure 4.17, and Figure
4.18 respectively. The cumulative concentration of baseline data and predicted values is
presented in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11 Cumulative Concentrations at Various Villages – During operation


Station Distance, Baseline Predicted GLC, g/m3 Cumulative
km Concentration, g/m 3 Concentration, g/m3
PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx
Alvulamanda 0.3 42 18 8 10 0.72 0.32 4.02 5.34 42.72 18.32 12.02 15.34
A.V Nagaram 0.3 48 22 13 15 2.16 0.97 12.07 16.02 50.16 22.97 25.07 31.02
Kodada 0.4 45 20 9 11 0.93 0.42 5.19 6.88 45.93 20.42 14.19 17.88
Antervedipeta 0.5 43 19 10 12 0.60 0.27 3.33 4.42 43.60 19.27 13.33 16.42
Alavilli Mallavaram 1.9 45 20 12 14 1.35 0.60 7.56 10.02 46.35 20.60 19.56 24.02
Nagulapalli 3.1 43 19 10 13 0.59 0.26 3.29 4.36 43.59 19.26 13.29 17.36
Vantimamidi 2.5 49 23 10 13 0.60 0.27 3.33 4.42 49.60 23.27 13.33 17.42
Uppada 4.9 45 20 9 11 0.32 0.14 1.81 2.40 45.32 20.14 10.81 13.40
Kottapalli 4.6 43 19 10 12 1.17 0.53 6.57 8.72 44.17 19.53 16.57 20.72
Durgada 5.2 40 18 9 11 0.68 0.30 3.80 5.04 40.68 18.30 12.80 16.04
Chinnayapalem 5.3 39 19 8 10 1.31 0.59 7.31 9.70 40.31 19.59 15.31 19.70
Reserve Forests
Vajrakunta RF 9.4 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Tetagunta RF 9.7 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.15 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM10 – Operation Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.16 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of PM2.5 – Operation Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.17 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of SO2 – Operation Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 4.18 Isopleths Showing 24 Hourly GLC’s of NOX– Operation Phase

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

4.2.7 Mitigation measures


The construction stage emissions are mainly due to development of internal infrastructure
like roads, utilities, treatment plants etc., consisting mainly of particulate matter followed
by emissions of SO2 and NOx from transport activities. The air emissions due to
construction activities and the proposed mitigation measures are presented in Table 4.12.

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.12 Mitigation Measures – Air Quality – Construction Phase


Activity Anticipated Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation measure
Vehicle and Equipment Use
➢ PUC certification
Vehicle and equipment movement in site,
➢ Material covered with tarpaulin
entering and leaving the project site
➢ Transport material, waste etc. during low traffic periods
Change in air quality - PM, ➢ PUC certification
SO2, NOx ➢ Restriction on vehicle washing
Temporary parking lots and staging areas ➢ Avoidance of engine idling
➢ Clean wheels and undercarriage of haul trucks prior to leaving construction
site
➢ Enclosed conveyors and operation
Batching plant Change in air quality - PM
➢ Location at least 500 m away from habitation
➢ Procurement of gravel, aggregate, sand and such natural minerals and
Material procurement Change in air quality - PM
materials to be obtained from quarries which have all the approvals
Construction labor camps Change in air quality - PM ➢ Provision of fuel like kerosene/LPG for cooking
Exposed Areas
➢ Barricading the site wherever possible with 3 m height MS sheets.
➢ Limit open stocking of material before transferring it to a confined storage
Areas of exposed soil that have been
area.
cleared and grubbed
➢ Water sprinkling
➢ Prevent unnecessary movement of vehicles
➢ Damp down the soil with water sprinkling
➢ Confining the excavated material within a barricaded area to avoid dust raise.
Change in Air quality - PM
➢ Prevent unnecessary movement of vehicles
Areas of exposed soil that have been PM
➢ Remove the excavated soil of first section to the disposal site; as the work
excavated, filled, compacted, or graded
progresses sequentially, by the time second section is excavated, the first
section will be ready for back filling, use the freshly excavated soil for back
filling, this will avoid stocking of material, and minimize the dust.
➢ Barricading the site with 3 m height MS sheets.
Construction staging areas ➢ Water sprinkling
➢ Undertake work section wise demarcated, and barricade if possible

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Activity Anticipated Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation measure


Material processing areas and transfer
➢ Water sprinkling, or dry fogging
points
➢ Damp down the soil with water sprinkling
Construction roads ➢ Apply water prior to leveling or any other earth moving activity to keep the
soil moist throughout the process
Bare ground areas of construction site ➢ Damp down the soil with water sprinkling
Construction stockpiles ➢ Water sprinkling or dry fogging
Soil and debris piles ➢ Damp down the soil with water sprinkling
Change in Air quality - PM ➢ Water sprinkling,
Spillage of materials
PM, Volatiles if any ➢ follow MSDS guidelines
Other activities
Cooking in Labor colony and canteen Change in Air quality - PM, ➢ Provision of LPG
DG sets SO2 and NOx ➢ Stack height based on CPCB formula
Earthwork including soil compaction, Change in Air quality - PM
➢ Damp down the soil with water sprinkling
rough grading and final grading.
Drilling ➢ Water sprinkling
➢ Water sprinkling,
Materials handling, including material
➢ Reduce the drop height,
stockpiling, transfer, and processing
➢ telescopic chute provision
Batch dropping, dumping ➢ Dry fogging
Conveyor transfer and stacking ➢ Covered conveyor system
Milling and screening operations ➢ Water sprinkling
Change in Air quality – PM,
Welding ➢ PPE
fumes
Change in Air quality – PM,
Painting ➢ PPE
VOC fumes
Change in Air quality – PM,
Insulation ➢ PPE
Glass wool particulate

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

The operational phase emissions are mainly from common utilities like boilers and DG
sets consisting of particulate matter, SO2 and NOx, while effluent treatment, solvent
recovery operations are also a source of diffuse emissions mainly containing volatile
organic compounds. The multi-product industrial park will consist of synthetic organic
chemical and or inorganic chemical manufacturing units, in addition to red and orange
category units. The majority of the synthetic organic chemical industries are a source of
process, diffuse and fugitive emissions, while inorganic industries like chloralkali are a
source of diffuse emissions of Cl2, HCl, acid fumes etc. The process emissions are
normally passed through scrubbers to mitigate the emission release into atmosphere.
The diffuse emissions are mainly controlled by provision of condensers and or scrubbers.
The activity during operation of various common facilities and operation of individual
units (typical) are reviewed with respect to emissions and the mitigation measures
proposed are presented in Table 4.13. The emissions from utilities like boilers, thermic
fluid heaters and DG sets are mainly conveyed through point sources of tall stacks after
passing through air pollution control equipment. The diffuse emissions are mainly
mitigated and or controlled by effective work practices, engineering controls and water
sprinkling/dry fogging. The fugitive emissions are mitigated by provision of water
sprinkling/dry fogging.

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Table 4.13 Mitigation Measures – Air Quality – Operation Phase


Industrial Park Level
Activity Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation Measures
Incoming Raw Material, ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Dust suppression sprinklers
storage and Internal ➢ Health impact ➢ Dry Fog dust suppression system
Handling at various ➢ Dust extraction system for material transfer points
sections: Spill materials, ➢ Closed covered conveyors, and trucks
Over loading, Transfer and ➢ Maintaining moisture levels
blending points, Fugitive ➢ Dust extraction system
emissions from Stock Heaps ➢ Green Belt
and conveyors, Internal ➢ Concrete Plat forms at Unloading points
transportation/ shifting ➢ Scrappers/ skirt at Conveyors
➢ Bagged materials
➢ Telescopic chute system at vehicle loading
➢ Reduced heights of material discharge from conveyors etc. to reduce fugitive
emissions.
➢ Periodic maintenance of equipment
➢ PPE for employees
➢ Optimized material flow, thereby reducing energy requirement
Emission from co-generation ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Ventilation system
Power Plant - ➢ Health impact ➢ ESP/Bag filter followed by a tall stack
Coal/briquette handling and ➢ Greenhouse gases ➢ Use of low sulfur imported coal
combustion in boilers ➢ Use of bio briquettes
➢ Energy conservation and recovery by reuse of step-down pressure steam for
process and ETP
➢ Control of air fuel ratio
➢ Waste heat recovery systems
➢ Automatic control of combustion parameters
➢ Steam lines and traps should be checked for leaks periodically and repairs
should be scheduled.
➢ Condensate should be recovered as much as possible and reused, 70% of heat
losses can be reduced by floating a layer of 45 mm diameter polypropylene
(plastic) balls on the surface of a 90°C hot liquid/condensate

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Industrial Park Level


Activity Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation Measures
➢ 5% reduction in excess air increases boiler efficiency by 1% reducing pollution
load to that extent
➢ 22°C reduction in flue gas temperature increases boiler efficiency by 1%
reducing flue gas quantity to that extent
➢ 6°C rise in feed water temperature brought about by economizer/condensate
recovery corresponds to a 1% saving in boiler fuel consumption reducing
emissions to that extent
➢ 20°C increase in combustion air temperature, pre-heated by waste heat
recovery, results in a 1% fuel saving.
➢ Ensure steam line integrity as a 3 mm diameter hole in a pipe carrying 7
kg/cm2 steam would waste 2,650 liters of fuel oil per year
➢ Steam lines to be insulated as 100 m of bare steam pipe with a diameter of 150
mm carrying saturated steam at 8 kg/cm2 would waste 50 tons of coal in a year
➢ PPE for employees
Emissions from DG sets ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Effective stack height.
➢ Health Impact ➢ Periodic maintenance.
Solvent Recovery System ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Closed operation system
contaminants ➢ Less bends in pipeline system
➢ Health impact ➢ Minimal number of flanges
➢ Dual condensing system
➢ Vacuum Pumps
➢ PPE for employees
Internal and External ➢ Change in air quality ➢ PUC certification
transport of materials ➢ Health impact ➢ Avoidance of engine idling
➢ Designated parking locations
ETP and STP operation ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ SOP implementation for operation of ETP and STP both during regular
contaminants operation and during any upsets
➢ Health Impact ➢ Closed storage for high COD and TDS stream effluents
➢ Scheduled Periodic maintenance
➢ PPE to operators
➢ Inhouse laboratory to monitor quality
➢ Online monitoring systems

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Kakinada SEZ Limited., Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Industrial Park Level


Activity Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation Measures
Road’s maintenance ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Usage of industrial vacuum cleaner
➢ Health impact ➢ Scheduled Periodic maintenance
➢ PPE to operators/sanitation staff
Member unit level (Typical)
Utility Emissions
Boilers ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Bag filters
➢ Health Impacts ➢ Effective stack height
➢ Contribution to GHG ➢ Usage of imported coal with < 0.5% sulfur
Thermic Fluid heater ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Bag Filters.
➢ Health Impacts ➢ Usage imported coal with < 0.5% sulfur content
➢ Effective stack height
DG sets ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Effective stack height.
➢ Health Impact ➢ Periodic maintenance.
STP operation and effluent ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ SOP implementation
pre treatment contaminants ➢ Scheduled periodic maintenance
➢ Health impact ➢ PPE for employees
➢ Closed storage of High COD and TDS streams before neutralization
Process Emissions (Typical)
Carbon dioxide ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Let out into atmosphere by standard operating procedure
contaminants
Hydrogen ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Let out into atmosphere through water column
contaminants
➢ Property Damage
Ammonia ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Two stage scrubbing system
Sulphur dioxide contaminants
Hydrogen Chloride ➢ Change in air quality
Chlorine ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Captive usage in the industrial park
contaminants ➢ Liquification of chlorine
➢ Change in air quality ➢ Two stage scrubbing system with dilute
➢ Health impact ➢ Emergency chlorine off-gas scrubber
Hydrogen Chloride ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Two stage scrubbing system
➢ Tail scrubber

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Industrial Park Level


Activity Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation Measures
➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Graphite condenser systems
contaminants
VOCs and low boiling ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Double Condenser system
organics ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Adsorber system
contaminants ➢ Scrubber (depending on the type of gas)
➢ Health impact
Sector Based Mitigation Measures (Typical)
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Agrochemicals and Petrochemicals
Transfer of Raw materials, ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Closed operation system
Solvents contaminants ➢ Less bends in pipeline system
➢ Effect on soil due to dry and wet ➢ Minimal number of flanges
deposition ➢ AOD pumps for drum transfer
➢ Powder transferring system
➢ Dip pipe provision to reactors
➢ PPE to employees
➢ House-keeping
Distillation of solvents, ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Dual condensing system
Filtration and Drying contaminants ➢ Vacuum Pumps
operations ➢ Health impact ➢ Agitated nutche filter and dryer (ATFD) system
➢ Vent condenser to dryer PPE to employees
➢ House-keeping
Bulk Storage of solvents ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Vent condensing system
contaminants ➢ Nitrogen blanketing
➢ Health impact ➢ Pressure relief valve
➢ Breather values
➢ Thermal insulation
➢ House-keeping
Chlor- Alkali
Equipment leakage and ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Spill management plan
transfer spills contaminants ➢ Propose ventilation system
➢ Effect on soil due to dry and wet ➢ Regular maintenance
deposition ➢ Chlorine, HCl and Hydrogen sensors

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Industrial Park Level


Activity Impact Proposed Control/Mitigation Measures
➢ Automatic cutoff valves
➢ PPE to employees
➢ House-keeping
Secondary Metallurgy
Slag splashing, ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Ventilation and covered storages
Fumes, Storage of Ferro ➢ Dust extraction with stack
alloys, Slag Handling, ➢ Fume extraction systems and cleaning of Gas systems
Billet /Slab casters ➢ Dust collection system
➢ PPE for employees
Chemical fertilizers
Gas phase reactions ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Scrubbers
contaminants ➢ Condensers
➢ Health impact ➢ PPE for employees
Solar panels and other orange category industry
Operations with solvents, ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ PPE for employees
and or usage of acids contaminants
➢ Health impact

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4.2.8 Water Environment (Terms of reference xxii)


The water requirement for the proposed industrial park is 131.84 MLD during operation
phase while the construction stage water requirement ranges from 50 – 1000 KLD
depending on the progress of construction of common infrastructure and individual
units. There may be ground water abstraction to an extent of 500 KLD during the initial
days of construction with necessary approval from State Ground Water Board.
Government of Andhra Pradesh allotted 10 MGD of water from Samalkot canal. The
water is drawn from the Samalkot canal near Samalkot, and is transferred to the site by
~32 km length pipeline. The raw water is stored in 5 numbers of reservoirs with a total
capacity of 100 ML. Additionally, it is proposed to obtain water from desalination plant
operated by third party, proposed to be located at Kakinada SEZ port premises, thereby
reducing the water demand on Samalkot canal with its major competing user being
agriculture, while limited usage of ground water may have a negative impact on the local
area. The effluent generation from various units in the park may have a direct negative
impact with high significance, on both ground and surface water regimes, if mitigation
measures are not adopted and the effluents are disposed of without treatment. The
release of effluents on to the soil, may change groundwater quality, change in runoff
quality, change in groundwater and surface water interaction, change in channel
morphology leading to the deterioration of production levels of both terrestrial and
aquatic flora and fauna, resulting in higher concentrations of contaminants in the food
chain.

The common infrastructure of cogeneration plant shall have blowdowns as effluents


which are mainly inorganic in nature. The operation of synthetic organic chemicals,
technical grade pesticides and petrochemical manufacturing units may have process and
washing effluents containing high COD and TDS concentrations and chemical fertilizer
units may have nutrient rich wastewater, while utility blow downs, inorganic industries,
secondary metallurgy, and orange category industries may generate wastewater with low
TDS streams. There will be 3 treatment concepts wherein most of the process wastewater
from synthetic organic chemicals, technical grade pesticides shall be passed through a
stripper, multiple effect evaporator and agitated thin film dryer and the condensate from
both is treated in biological treatment system before discharging it into the approved
common marine outfall under development by M/s. APIIC Ltd. with its disposal point

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located at Kumarapuram village, Payakaraopeta mandal, Anakapalli district. The other


wastes which are low TDS and low COD streams are subjected to biological treatment
followed by tertiary treatment of industrial RO, wherein the product is reused for process
and or utilities while the reject is disposed to common marine outfall pipeline. The
wastewater from utilities shall be passed through neutralization followed by settling tank.
The supernatant water is passed through industrial RO system. The product from the RO
system is reused in process and utilities while the reject is sent along with treated effluent
disposed to marine outfall. The domestic wastewater shall be treated in 2 nos. of common
sewage treatment plant and individual STP’s in large facilities with more than 400
employees, and the treated wastewater is reused for flushing followed by HVAC cooling
and for on-land irrigation of greenbelt. The schematic diagram of the effluents and
wastewater management is presented in Figure 4.19. Hence the impact of wastewater
shall be for the duration of park operation, with a negative impact due to surface water
usage.

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Figure 4.19 Effluents and Domestic Wastewater management

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The industrial park site is in coastal area with a relief of about 4 m except for a mound in
an area of 8 acres, with multiple drains passing across the site both vertically and
horizontally. Majority of the site area was under intensive agriculture when it was
acquired 15 years with its water channels and return drains. Most of these return drains
join Jammeru flowing from northeast to southwest across the site. Jammeru turns into a
creek in the southwestern boundary of the site attracting CRZ regulation. The design of
the stormwater drain network shall consider the increased volumes of runoff. The
industrial park construction also increases the impervious areas resulting in increased
runoff volume and change in quality during monsoon due to construction of infrastructure
and also multiple roofs of member units. The biggest threat to the surface water regime is
the release of process materials into drains and spills of other liquids resulting in
contaminated water joining surface water streams. The emissions from the park which are
significantly large have the potential to acidifying the watercourses and water bodies due
to dry and wet deposition. The impacts due to various activities during the lifetime of the
project including emergency scenarios on water environment for both surface water and
groundwater are presented in Table 4.14 and Table 4.15 respectively. The impact
significance is calculated using RIAM and presented in Table 4.16 and Table 4.22
respectively for both surface and groundwater environment.

The impact assessment for surface water indicates that the proposed park has moderately
negative change/impact due to release of process related spills and materials
considering the predominant chemical manufacturing industry anticipated in the park.
There will be a positive impact due to the modernization and redevelopment of old
disused agricultural drainage system with an engineered drainage in the park, which
also enhances the channel morphology. Negative change/impact is anticipated due to
change in runoff quantity, change in peak runoff flow, and change in erosion and
sedimentation.

The impact assessment of groundwater indicates slightly negative change in ground water
quality, quantity, groundwater flow regime and change in ground water and surface water
interaction, mainly due to proposed ground water usage during the initial days of common
infrastructure construction until either surface water from Samalkot canal or from
desalination plant is made available.

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Table 4.14 Impacts on Surface Water


Impact

sedimentation
Change in the

Surface water

groundwater

Dry and wet


morphology
runoff peak

erosion and
surface and

interaction

deposition
Change in

Change in

Change in

Change in

Change in

Change in

leading to
drainage
quantity

channel
Quality
pattern
surface

acidity
runoff

flow
Activity
Construction Stage
Clearing and grubbing √ √ √ √ √
Leveling by way of cut and fill √ √ √ √ √
Road formation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Drainage construction √ √ √ √
Foundation excavation √
Civil Construction √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
External development and Compound √ √ √
Wall/fencing
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Domestic wastewater transfer and treatment √ √
Storage of solvents √ √
Storage of fuels – coal, HSD etc., √ √
Solid waste storage and management √ √
Operation stage – Individual units
Regular operation
Water use √
Effluent generation √
Domestic Wastewater generation √
Utility emissions √ √
Process emissions √ √
Solid waste transfer and storage √ √
Effluent transfer and Pre-Treatment √ √

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Wastewater Transfer and Pre-Treatment √ √


Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Spillage √ √
Containment failure √
Accidents during transport of Raw materials and √
products
Accidents during transport of wastes √
Arson and Vandalism √
Extreme Weather phenomenon √ √ √ √ √ √
Decommissioning of Park/ Individual units
Transfer and disposal of material √
Transfer and disposal of wastes √
Decontamination of equipment and containers as √
needed
Dismantling of facilities √
Demolition Waste √ √ √
Site cleanup √
Capping drains and locking water sources √ √ √
√ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.15 Impacts on Groundwater


Impact Change in Change to Change in Change in groundwater
groundwater quantity groundwater quality groundwater flow and surface water
regime interaction
Activity
Construction Stage
Leveling by way of cut and fill √ √
Road formation √ √
Foundation excavation √
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Solid waste storage and management √
Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Extreme Weather phenomenon √ √ √ √
Decommissioning of Park/ Individual units
Capping drains and locking water sources √ √ √ √
√ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.16 Impacts Significance - Surface Water


Impact Importan Magnitude Perman Reversi Cumul (a1) x (a2) (b1) + (b2) + (aT) x (bT) = Significance
ce of of ence bility ative = aT (b3) = bT ES
condition change/eff (B1) (B2) (B3)
(A1) ect (A2)
Change in runoff quantity 2 -1 3 2 2 -2 7 -14 -B
Change in runoff peak flow 2 -1 3 2 2 -2 7 -14 -B
Change in surface drainage 2 1 3 3 2 2 8 16 +B
pattern
Change in Surface water Quality 1 -1 2 2 2 -1 6 -6 -A
Change in surface and 1 -1 3 3 2 -1 8 -8 -A
groundwater interaction
Change in channel morphology 2 1 3 2 2 2 7 14 +B
Change in erosion and 2 -1 3 2 2 -2 7 -14 -B
sedimentation
Release of process related 2 -2 3 2 2 -4 7 -28 -C
materials and spills
Dry and wet deposition leading 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B
to acidity

Table 4.17 Impacts Significance - Groundwater


Impact/aspect Importance Magnitude Permanence Reversibility Cumulative (a1) x (b1) + (aT) x Significance
of condition of change/ (B1) (B2) (B3) (a2) = (b2) + (bT) =
(A1) effect (A2) aT (b3) = bT ES
Change in groundwater quantity 1 -1 2 1 2 -1 5 -5 -A
Change to groundwater quality 1 -1 2 1 2 -1 5 -5 -A
Change in groundwater flow 1 -1 2 1 2 -1 5 -5 -A
regime
Change in groundwater and 1 -1 3 1 2 -1 6 -6 -A
surface water interaction

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4.2.9 Mitigation Measures (Specific Conditions viii)


The construction stage water requirement at a maximum of 50 – 1000 KLD is mainly for
road construction, curing RCC, preparation of RMC, and domestic use. The wastewater
from domestic use is sent to mobile STP and the treated wastewater is used for flushing
followed by HVAC cooling and for on-land irrigation of greenbelt. It is proposed to use
ground water initially during construction phase, and hence ground water abstraction
has to be regulated considering the coastal nature of the site. The groundwater
development in the project area is to be carried out judiciously by installing low-capacity
pumps as the thickness of freshwater aquifer is limited and also due to high tidal effects
the areas adjacent to the coastal streams are affected by salinity problems. Therefore, only
shallow wells have to be constructed away from the coastal streams, so that they can
supply fresh water in summer. In the soft rock areas, by using direct mud rotary shallow
tube wells of depth range between 30 – 50 m bgl and deep tube wells of 100 – 200 m bgl
range with discharge of less than 300 lpm are feasible. In order to monitor the movement
of fresh water/saline water interface advancing towards inland in due course of
movement with rapid groundwater development along the coast, it is necessary for
construction of piezometers perpendicular to the coastline to monitor the water level and
chemical quality of water.

Water consumption during operation phase of the park is for process, utilities and
domestic use. The effluents are segregated into 3 different streams containing high COD
and TDS stream, low COD and TDS streams and high TDS stream. The high COD and
TDS stream is sent to effluent treatment system consisting of stripper, multiple effect
evaporator and agitated thin film dryer and the condensate from both is treated in
biological treatment system followed by common marine outfall. The high TDS stream
consisting mainly of blowdowns of utilities is neutralized followed by industrial RO
system, similarly low COD and TDS streams are treated in biological treatment system
followed by industrial RO system. The product from RO system is reused in process and
utilities while the reject is sent for blending with other treated effluents that are sent to
common marine outfall. The total effluent generation is 65.88 MLD of which 30.1 MLD
is treated and reused while 40.78 MLD is sent to marine disposal facility. The domestic
wastewater is treated in biological treatment systems and the treated wastewater is
reused for flushing, on-land irrigation and HVAC cooling towers. The mitigation and

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control measures proposed for adoption during operation phase is presented in Table
4.18.

The site has a relief of 4 meters and the natural drainage in the site has to be rehabilitated
ensuring that both the inlet and outlet points of storm water drains in the site are not
disturbed. The drainage design shall consider highest rainfall in the past 50 years with
a provision for maintaining the same during pre-monsoon season. This aspect shall be
adequately addressed during detailed design stage Drainage shall be rehabilitated
considering the increased runoff after construction. The site being in the coastal area
with high water table it is not envisaged to have any rainwater harvesting structures,
and the runoff during monsoon shall be stored in the ground level surface reservoir to
be reused in process/utilities of the park and its member units.

The industrial park shall have storage tanks of 100 ML and a partition shall be made in
these tanks to store 50 ML of run-off, thereby reducing excess run-off flow into Jammeru.
The proposed drainage plan is designed considering rainfall intensity of 100 mm. The
storage tank shall ensure that the downstream drains are not flooded leading to erosion
and sedimentation. It may be noted that the runoff quantity will not change much as the
percolation in the present site is high due to predominant sandy soil in the park.

Groundwater Management Strategy

The scope for further development of groundwater in the area varies widely. Scientific
and judicious development and management of available water resource will contribute
to the overall planned development. In the area, the groundwater is supplementary
source for irrigation requirements in limited mandals, while it is the prominent source
for drinking water requirements.

Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge (Specific Conditions vi)

Construction of artificial recharge structures like check-dams, contour trenches,


percolation tanks and water conservation structures like sub-surface dykes are feasible
in the areas where water levels are declining and over exploitation of groundwater
resources is taking place along with roof top rainwater harvesting is to be implemented.

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Groundwater should be judiciously exploited in the shallow freshwater aquifers without


disturbing the fresh/saline water interface. There is a need for proper monitoring of the
saline water – freshwater interface in the area by establishing purpose-built piezometers
with predefined monitoring parameters of level and quality with reference to depth.
There is an urgent need for special studies for estimating the status of sea water ingress
on a regular basis. In the area along the coast, it is very much essential to demarcate the
dynamic boundary of saline and freshwater interface and proper measures should be
taken up to restrict the interface below the maximum pumping water level

The aqua culture development should be restricted to areas close to the coast only. The
practice of converting agricultural lands into aquafarms in the inland areas should be
stopped to avoid the pollution of fresh water aquifers. In upland areas conjunctive use
of surface and groundwater need to be planned in the command area, to prevent the
adverse effects of the water logging conditions.

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Table 4.18 Mitigation Measures – Water – Operation Phase


Activity Impact Mitigation measure
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Earth works ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ All earthworks be conducted during the dry season to prevent
the problem of soil run-off during monsoon season
➢ Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon
season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets
➢ identify construction waste/excess disposal sites prior to start
of work
➢ install temporary silt traps along the drainage leading to
Jammeru or Upputeru
➢ Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any
drainage leading to water bodies
➢ Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in
designated sites
Road laying – water consumption ➢ Change in ground water quantity ➢ Provision of storm water drains in the first stage of
➢ Change in ground water quality construction.
➢ Change in ground water flow regime ➢ Rainwater harvesting/storage for reuse
➢ Change in ground water and surface water ➢ Shallow bore wells only with limited abstraction.
interaction ➢ Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any
drainage leading to water bodies
➢ Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in
designated sites
Drain and cross drainage structures ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Engineered drainage ensuring free flow of peak runoff for a
Construction ➢ Change in surface water drainage hundred-year peak rainfall.
➢ Change in channel morphology ➢ Inlet and outlet locations to be connected at the end after
➢ Change in ground water and surface water ensuring no muck or sediment in the constructed drains.
interaction
Construction labor camp ➢ Change in ground water quantity ➢ Supply of domestic water for drinking and sanitary purpose
➢ Change in ground water quality due to sewage ➢ Provision of mobile STP and reuse of treated wastewater for
disposal construction or green belt development
➢ Change in ground water and surface water ➢ Must be located away from schools, residential areas, drains
interaction and water bodies

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Activity Impact Mitigation measure


➢ Provision of sanitation facilities – separate toilets and
bathrooms for men and women.
OPERATION PHASE
Operation of Co-generation plant – ➢ Change in surface water quantity ➢ Preference to depend on desalination plant instead of
water consumption Samalkot canal
➢ Reuse of treated wastewater
➢ Increase of cooling towers concentration cycles to reduce blow
downs
Drainage – sediment load ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Ensuring pre monsoon maintenance

Wastewater from utilities ➢ Change in ground water quality ➢ Treatment in ETP followed by reuse
➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Transfer by closed pipeline for Low COD and TDS wastewater
Domestic wastewater ➢ Change in ground water quality ➢ Treatment in STP
➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Reuse of treated wastewater for flushing, on land irrigation
for green belt development and HVAC.
➢ Water conservation measures like usage of dual flush systems,
low flow shower heads and low flow faucets.
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Technical grade pesticides and Petrochemicals
Process effluent, washings, ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Segregation of effluents
scrubbers, R&D ➢ Soil contamination ➢ The mother liquors from the first crop shall be reused for
➢ Health Impacts process
➢ Optimization of cleaning cycles by adopting appropriate
production plan.
➢ Use of third and fourth washing water for first and second
washing of the reactor and agitated nutche filter and dryer
(ANFD)
➢ Effluent treatment system followed by common marine
outfall system
Chlor- Alkali, and inorganic industry
Process effluent, washings, ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Transfer by closed Pipeline
scrubbers ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Reuse of scrubber effluent for brine make-up.
➢ Health Impacts ➢ Effluent treatment system followed by reuse of treated
wastewater in utilities and process.

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Activity Impact Mitigation measure


Chemical fertilizers, Orange Category units and other industries
Process effluents, washings, ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Transfer by closed Pipeline
scrubbers ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Effluent treatment system followed by reuse of treated
➢ Health Impacts wastewater in utilities and process.
➢ Disposal of RO reject to common marine outfall
Co-Generation Power Plant
Utility Blowdowns ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Closed Pipeline transfer
➢ Soil contamination ➢ Effluent treatment system followed by reuse of treated
➢ Health Impacts wastewater in utilities and process.
➢ Disposal of RO reject to common marine outfall
Secondary Metallurgy
Steel making ➢ Change in surface water quality ➢ Strom water Collected in two-stage settling pits
➢ Spray water on casters ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Slag water Collection pit with recycling & make up
➢ Hot strip finishing train ➢ Health Impacts ➢ Oil separation and wastewater to Effluent treatment system
cooling followed by reuse of treated wastewater in utilities.
➢ LF hood & electrode cooling
Wastewater
➢ Slag cooling area
➢ Mould cooling area
➢ Descaling area

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4.2.10 Noise and Vibration

Industrial parks have multiple industries and various operations due to large mechanical
equipment operations and maintenance in addition to transport activity. Noise is
distinguished in three categories; the noise of mechanical origin like a pulverizes,
conveyors etc., noise of aerodynamic origin like fans, compressors, valves, and noise of
electric origin. Similarly, vibrations are distinguished as mechanical vibrations (fans),
vibrations from combustion, and aerodynamic vibrations (gas ducts). The project activities
that have an impact on noise environment are; operation of scrap metal handling in
secondary metallurgy, steam ejectors in synthetic organic chemicals, pesticides and
petrochemical units, soot blowing in boiler operations, ventilation fans, crushers, waste
gas fans, cooling fans, motors, pumps, compressors, furnaces, turbines, boilers, DG sets,
transfer by conveyors, dedusting equipment due to high evacuation rates, blower plants,
rotating equipment and transport of raw materials and products. The noise levels from
these activities and equipment range from 60 – 110 dBA. The transport of materials and
men by road may have a negative impact adjacent to the roads. These activities result in
noise and vibration and an increase in ambient noise levels. The workers in the common
facilities of effluent and wastewater treatment plants, solvent recovery system and
cogeneration plant are prone to noise impacts of change in behavior due to noise, while
those living outside have less chance of getting impacted. Sensitive receptors along the
roads mainly children and aged people may have gradual impairment due to Noise levels
from transport activity.

Excessive noise will trigger health risks such as headaches, depression, deafness, and
retardation of sensory mechanisms in the impact area population. Incremental noise levels
due to these activities were predicted and predicted values reflect low impact outside the
premises. The incremental noise levels, however, shall have a direct negative impact on the
noise levels, with low significance due to mitigation measures and also due to the absence
of sensitive receptors within 0.5 km from major noise sources. The pyramid of effects of
noise levels is presented in Figure 4.20. Various studies established the relation of noise
impacts on health is presented in Table 4.19. The impact significance is calculated using
RIAM. The impacts due to various activities during the lifetime of the project including

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the emergency scenarios on noise levels are presented in Table 4.20. The impact
significance on noise levels is presented in Table 4.21.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed industrial park will have a negative
change in noise and vibration, ambient noise levels, and change in behavior due to noise.
The probability of effects on sensitive receptors is less however the change/impact is
negative considering the large population of employees in the park.

Figure 4.20 Pyramid of impacts due to Noise (WHO)

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Table 4.19 Effects of Noise on Wellbeing and Health with Sufficient Evidence
Effect Dimension Acoustic Threshold** Time Domain
indicator*
Annoyance and disturbance Psychosocial, Lden 42 Chronic
Quality of life
Self-reported sleep disturbance Quality of life, somatic health Lnight 42 Chronic
Learning, memory Performance Leq 50 Acute, Chornic
Stress hormones Stress indicator Lmax, Leq NA Acute, Chronic
Sleep (polysomonographic) Arousal, motility and sleep quality Lmax indoors 32 Acute, Chronic
Reported awakening Sleep SELindoors 53 Acute, Chronic
Reported health Wellbeing, clinical health Lden 50 Chronic
Hypertension Physiology, somatic health Lden 50 Chronic
Ischaemic heart disease Clinical health Lden 60 Chronic
Note: Lden and Lnight are defined as outside exposure levels. Lden is average sound pressure level overall days, evenings, and nights in a year, In this compound
indicator, the evening value gets a penalty of 5 dB and night value of 10 dB. Lmax may be either internal or external as indicated.
** level above which effects start to occur or start to rise above background.
Source: Good practice guide on noise exposure and potential health effects, European Environment Agency, 2010

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Table 4.20 Impacts on Noise Level


Impact Noise and Change in ambient Change in Effects on sensitive
vibration noise levels behavior due receptors leading to gradual
to noise impairment
Activity
Construction Stage
Clearing and grubbing √ √
Leveling by way of cut and fill √ √
Road formation √ √
Drainage construction √ √
Foundation excavation √ √
Civil Construction √ √
Equipment and machinery erection √ √
Services installation √ √
Piping and insulation √ √
External development and Compound Wall/fencing √ √
Commissioning and Testing of Services √ √
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Transport and storage of raw materials and water √
Transport of Personnel √ √
Domestic wastewater transfer and treatment √ √
Solvent recovery system operation √ √
Co-generation plant operation √ √ √ √
Maintenance – Electromechanical and civil √ √
Transport of Finished product and wastes √ √
Operation stage – Individual units
Regular operation
Raw material and finished product transport √
Transfer of raw materials and products √
Emissions control √ √
Machine and Equipment Operation √ √ √ √

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Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Equipment Failures √ √
Fire accidents √ √
Extreme Weather phenomenon
Decommissioning of Park/ Individual units
Dismantling of facilities √ √
Site cleanup √ √
√ Indicates Impact
Table 4.21 Impact Significance – Noise Level
Impact Importance of Magnitude Permanence Reversibility Cumulative (a1) x (a2) (b1) + (b2) (aT) x Significance
condition (A1) of change/ (B1) (B2) (B3) = aT + (b3) = (bT) =
effect (A2) bT ES
Noise and Vibration 2 -1 2 2 3 -2 7 -14 -B
Change in ambient noise 2 -1 3 2 3 -2 8 -16 -B
levels
Change in behavior due 2 -1 3 2 2 -2 -7 -14 -B
to noise
Effects on sensitive 1 -1 3 3 2 -1 8 -8 -A
receptors leading to
gradual impairment

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4.2.11 Prediction of Impact on Noise Quality (Terms of reference xxx)


The sound pressure level generated by noise source decreases with increasing distance
from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure levels
also occurs with increasing distance from the source due to atmospheric effect or
interaction with the objects in the transmission path. This is due to excess attenuation. The
sound pressure level is also affected by the medium of travel and environmental
conditions. The propagation model has been devised to take into account these factors and
predict the noise levels at various distances around single or multiple sources. The model
uses the following formula as a basis for such predictions.

(Lob) = (Lr) - (Ldiv) - (Latm)


Where (Lob) = Observed noise level at a distance R from source
(Lr) = Noise level of source measured at reference distance r
(Ldiv) = Loss due to divergence at distance R from source
= 20 log (R/r)
(Latm) = Attenuation due to atmosphere at distance R from the source.
= a x R/100, where a is atmospheric attenuation coefficient in
dB (A)/100m.
For hemispherical wave divergence in a homogenous loss-free atmosphere (Latm) = 0.
The total impact of all sources at a particular place is then estimated by adding as the
contribution of noise from each of the following sources as follows;
i=n (Lob)i/10
(Leq) = 10 log  {10 }
i=1
Where n = total number of sources
The calculated noise levels are further superimposed (logarithmically) on the background
noise levels. The model assumes that the noise spectrum is mainly centered on a spectrum
of 1000 Hz and attenuation due to building materials is also at the same frequency.
The major sources of noise generation and the noise levels ranging from 55 – 90 dB(A),
considered for modeling is presented in Table 4.22. The predicted cumulative noise levels
due to the source and the existing level as calculated from the logarithmic model without
noise attenuation ranged between 45 to 65 dB(A) during day time and 48 to 60 dB(A) during
night time. The maximum noise level is at distances ranging between 145 to 190 m which

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falls within the plant boundary and along the transport corridors for rail and road up to 30
m. The impact of noise on the population in the surrounding area will be negligible as the
green belt and other mitigation measures ensure minimal propagation outside the site
boundary. It was observed that the noise levels due to transport activity will have an
impact on habitation compared to industrial activities.
Table 4.22 Typical Noise Sources and Levels (Tentative)
Source of Noise Leq dB(A) Source of Noise Leq dB(A)
Construction Phase Operation Phase
Bulldozer 80 Conveyors 113-119
Front end loader 72-84 Turbines 96-101
Dump truck 83-94 Boilers 87-92
Jack Hammer 81-98 Chillers 90-103
Backhoe 72-93 Compressors 40-92
Scrapper 80-93 Cooling Towers 50-60
Crane 75-77 Motors 26-48
Welding generator 71-82 Pumps 80-85
Concrete Mixer 74-88 Engines 70-95
Concrete Pump 81-84 Blowers 70-120
Concrete Vibrator 76 Furnaces 90-105
Air Compressor 74-87 Agitators 60-70
Truck 83-94 DG sets 85-90
Tamper 74-77 Nitrogen Plant 55-60
Paver 86-88 Instrument Air Plant 85-95

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Figure 4.21 Noise Propagation

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4.2.12 Mitigation Measures

The industrial park is spread longitudinally with the nearest habitation on the boundary
of the site in the southern part at Perumallapuram village and the farthest at 300 meters
at northern part of the site The predominant wind direction during baseline data
collection period is south-south-east, and the IMD data for Kakinada indicates south-
east. The connecting roads presently pass through many habitations and the proposed
Bharatmala road may reduce the habitations along the connecting road as it is envisaged
to be access controlled. It is also proposed to provide a minimum width of 15 m of
greenery along the boundary.
The sources of noise during construction phase are mainly transport, material transfer,
construction equipment, DG sets, sand blasting, rod cutting, accidental dropping of
implements. The sources of noise during operation phase are mainly transport, material
transfer, fans, motors, compressors, conveyors, DG sets, turbines, and other rotating
equipment resulting in continuous, intermittent and impulse noise based on the activity.
The sources of vibration are all rotating equipment including motors, fans etc. The
mitigation measures follow the principles of mitigation at source, control in the pathway,
and control at the receptor. The mitigation measures envisaged both during construction
and operation stages are presented in Table 4.23.

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Table 4.23 Mitigation measures envisaged both during construction and operation stages
Activity Impact Mitigation measure
Construction phase
Transport vehicles ➢ Increase in Noise levels ➢ Avoidance of engine idling.
➢ Transport during day time.
➢ Periodic maintenance.
Construction equipment: ➢ Increase in noise levels, and ➢ Periodic maintenance.
drills, Pneumatic equipment, vibration ➢ Enclosed operator room.
excavators, dumpers etc. ➢ Attenuating screens between operators and sources.
➢ Periodic maintenance.
➢ Barriers, guard covers, isolation of equipment, antivibration pads.
➢ Training to operators and drivers.
➢ PPE to operators.
Material Transfer ➢ Increase in noise levels ➢ Reduced drop height.
➢ Rubber padding at discharge point and at the impact point, avoidance of metal bunkers.
Other construction works ➢ Impact on workers health due to ➢ Training to workers.
noise levels ➢ Provision of PPE.
Operational Phase - Common infrastructure and Member Units
Transport vehicles ➢ Increased noise levels on site ➢ Periodic maintenance.
and in habitation along the ➢ Training to drivers.
roads. ➢ Avoidance of idling engines.
➢ Provision of noise barriers or other suitable measures along the road after a detailed
study during operation stage.
Material transfer ➢ Increased noise levels, impact on ➢ Reduced drop height.
employee health. ➢ Telescopic chutes.
➢ Covered conveyor system wherever required, in case of large quantity transfers.
➢ Attenuating screens between operators and sources.
➢ Casing and guards, anti-vibration pads to motors.
➢ Avoidance of noisy activity during night time.
➢ Insulation for steam transfer pipe lines.
➢ Vibration monitoring.
➢ Periodic maintenance.
➢ PPE to employees.
➢ Hearing conservation program.

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Activity Impact Mitigation measure


Compressors, fans and ➢ Increased noise levels, ➢ Concrete housing for fans, maintaining low fan tip frequency.
motors ➢ Vibration, ➢ Attenuating screens between operators and sources.
➢ Impact on employee health. ➢ Casing and guards, anti-vibration pads to motors.
➢ Insulation of ventilation pipes, usage of dampers.
➢ Acoustic insulation of operational control rooms.
➢ Isolation of equipment and acoustic insulation.
➢ Vibration monitoring.
➢ Periodic maintenance ensuring adequate lubrication.
➢ PPE to employees.
➢ Hearing conservation program.
Boilers and Turbines ➢ Increased noise levels. ➢ Acoustic insulation of operational control rooms.
➢ Impact on employee health. ➢ Vibration monitoring.
➢ Vibration. ➢ Periodic maintenance.
➢ PPE to employees.
➢ Hearing conservation program.
DG sets ➢ Increased noise levels. ➢ Acoustic enclosure
➢ Impact on employee health. ➢ PPE to employees
➢ Vibration ➢ Anti vibration pads for foundations
➢ Vibration monitoring.
➢ Periodic maintenance.
➢ Hearing conservation program

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4.2.13 Land Environment


The industrial park site is a plain land gently sloping with a relief of 4 m horizontally
spread over a distance of 17 km. The land area was acquired in 2006 and was converted
to non-agricultural land by Government of Andhra Pradesh. The soil cover has eroded
in few patches while wild growth of acacia and Borassus is seen in many places. The
industrial park shall provide various infrastructure facilities of connectivity and shall
provide common infrastructure of water, wastewater, steam (partial), electricity (partial),
CETPs and STPs while the member units shall have manufacturing of mainly chemical
products. Though there is a minor terrain alteration by way of cut and fill, there will be
significant area with sealing of land due to footprint of structures and other
infrastructure.

Major sources of solid wastes are member units, and utilities including treatment systems
of industrial park. Construction and demolition waste is anticipated during construction
phase, while e-waste, bio-medical waste, battery waste, hazardous wastes, and other
solid wastes are anticipated from both park level and member unit level during operation
phase. The decommission stage, and incidents and accidents shall also generate solid
wastes which fall in the above-mentioned categories. The impact significance is
calculated using RIAM. The impacts due to various activities during the lifetime of
project including emergency scenarios on the land environment is presented in Table
4.24. The impact significance on the land environment is presented in Table 4.25.

The impact assessment indicates that the proposed integrated park will have significant
negative change/impact on soil due to soil profile disturbance considering the coastal
nature and sandy nature of the soils, moderately negative impact due to accidental
releases leading to degradation of soil quality, reduced soil biodiversity and ecological
integrity, alteration of terrain, land capability effects, soil compaction for road
construction, ground sealing due to roads, infrastructure and industrial sheds, change in
filter function of soil, and change in soil pH due to wet and dry deposition mainly
affecting the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and base saturation. There will be
negative impact on soil due to loss of emission protection, erosion during construction
stage, and due to loss of nutrients in soil.

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Table 4.24 Impacts on Land Environment


Impact Soil Erosi Accidental Soil Alterati Land Soil Ground Change in Change in acid Loss
prof on releases biodivers on of capabil compa sealing: filter buffering of
ile leading to ity and terrain ity ction change function: function due emis
dist the ecological effects in water permeabilit to wet and dry sion
urba degradatio integrity: balance y deposition: prote
nce n of soil C/N ratio CEC and base ction
quality saturation
Activity
Construction Stage
Clearing and grubbing √ √ √ √
Leveling by way of cut and fill √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Road formation √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Foundation excavation √ √ √
External development and
√ √ √
Compound Wall/fencing
Operation Stage – Industrial
Park
Transport and storage of raw
√ √ √ √ √ √
materials and water
Solid waste storage and
√ √ √ √ √ √
management
Wastewater Transfer and
√ √
Treatment
Diffuse emissions (SRS and

storages)
Operation stage – Individual
units
Regular operation
Utility emissions √
Process emissions √
Diffuse emissions √

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Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Spillage √ √
Containment failure √
Accidents during transport of
√ √
Raw materials and products
Accidents during transport of
√ √
wastes
Arson and Vandalism √ √
Extreme Weather phenomenon √
Decommissioning of Park/
Individual units
Transfer and disposal of material √
Transfer and disposal of wastes √
Decontamination of equipment

and containers as needed
Site cleanup √
Capping drains and locking √ √
water sources
√ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.25 Impact Significance – Land environment


Impact Importance Magnitude of Perma Reversibi Cumu (a1) x (a2) (b1) + (b2) (aT) x (bT) = Significance
of condition change/effect nence lity (B2) lative = aT + (b3) = bT ES
(A1) (A2) (B1) (B3)
Soil profile disturbance 2 -3 3 3 2 -6 8 -48 -D
Erosion 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B
Accidental releases leading to 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
degradation of soil quality
Soil biodiversity and ecological 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
integrity: C/N ratio
Alteration of terrain 2 -2 3 3 2 -4 8 -32 -C
Land capability effects 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
Soil compaction 2 -2 2 3 2 -4 7 -28 -C
Ground sealing: change in water 2 -2 3 3 2 -4 8 -32 -C
balance
Change in filter function: 2 -2 3 3 2 -4 8 -32 -C
permeability
Change in acid buffering 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
function due to wet and dry
deposition: CEC and base
saturation
Loss of emission protection 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B
Loss of nutrients due to land use 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B
operations

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4.2.14 Mitigation Measures


The excavation, leveling soil compaction, and loss of soil during construction phase are
unavoidable and lead to permanent impact. These impacts are mitigated by reducing
the footprint of construction activity to minimum area, and restricting activity outside
the battery limits, and designated construction areas. Soil contamination is avoided by
not allowing vehicle cleaning on site, segregating the construction and demolition wastes,
and covered storage and lined ground for storage of fuels, paints and other hazardous
materials.

A variety of solid wastes are generated during construction phase ranging from packing
materials, paper, plastic, e-waste, biomedical wastes, hazardous wastes like CETP sludge,
solvent residue, evaporation salts, organic and inorganic process wastes, waste batteries,
used lubricants etc. All the wastes are enumerated from the common infrastructure
facilities while a tentative list of wastes without quantification is made for prospective
member units. Storage facilities for various wastes shall be provided at park level for
storage of coal ash, hazardous wastes from CETP and solvent recovery systems, waste
oils, used batteries from utilities and other non-hazardous recyclable wastes like metals,
paper, plastic etc. It is proposed to provide a waste exchange within the industrial park
so as to facilitate exchange of usable wastes/byproducts among member units and the
park management. All the solid wastes are segregated and stored based on the type of
wastes. The identification of solid wastes follows a protocol prescribed by CPCB as
presented in Figure 4.22. Yard trimmings consisting of grass, fallen leaves, tree and bush
trimmings are sent to vermicomposting/organic waste converter. Typical wastes
generated from industrial plots and mode of disposal are presented in Table 4.26. Wastes
generated from proposed common facilities and mode of disposal are presented in Table
4.27. The mitigation measures for solid waste management are presented in Table 4.28.

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Figure 4.22 Protocol Prescribed by CPCB for Solid Waste

Figure 4.23 Typical Hazardous Waste/ Solid Waste Label

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Table 4.26 Typical Wastes Generated from Industrial Plots and Mode of Disposal
Type of Solid Waste Mode of Disposal
From Industrial Plots
Organic Residue Sent to Cement Plants
Distillation Bottom Residue Sent to Cement Plants
Process Waste Sent to Cement Plants
Inorganic Residue Sent to TSDF
Spent Carbon Sent to Cement Plants
Hyflow Sent to TSDF
Catalyst Sent to TSDF
Spent Solvents Sent to Solvent Recovery System
Spent Mixed Solvents Sent to Solvent Recovery System/Cement Plants
Used PPE Sent to authorized vendor
Metal Scrap Sale to outside agencies/ recyclers
Used Filters (HEPA filters, Oil Filters) Sent to TSDF
Used / Discarded RO Membranes Sent to TSDF
Detoxified containers & bags Sent to authorized recyclers
E- Waste Authorized recyclers
Slag Sent to Cement Plants/ Sinter Plants
Mill Scale Reused in process
Plastic Waste Sent to authorized recyclers
Construction and demolition waste Sent to end users
Copper scrap Sent to end users
Rejected batteries Sent to authorized recyclers
Waste Silicon Sent to end-users
Chemical Sludge Sent to TSDF
Glass Waste Sent to authorized recyclers
Waste from Ceramic, sanitary ware & Glass Sent to authorized recyclers
units
Solid waste from domestic/employee Sent to local body

Table 4.27 Wastes Generated from Proposed Common Facilities and Mode of
Disposal
Description Unit Quantity Mode of Disposal
Stripper Distillate TPM 5000 Sent to Cement Plants
Evaporation Salts TPM 24810 Sent to TSDF
ETP Sludge TPM 9880 Sent to TSDF
Ash TPM 8181 Sent to Cement Plants
Used Batteries TPM 120 Sent to authorized recyclers
Used Oil TPM 10 Sent to authorized recyclers
Bio medical Waste TPM 1.6 Sent to authorized common
biomedical treatment facility
(CBMWTF)
Solid waste from TPM 45 Segregation at source into bio-
domestic/employee degradable, non-bio- degradable
and Domestic Hazardous wastes.
Disposal of recyclable waste to

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Description Unit Quantity Mode of Disposal


Authorized Waste Pickers /
Authorized Recyclers. Balance
segregated waste given to
Authorized Agency of Local Body.
STP Sludge TPM 1209 Used as manure
Used PPE TPM 10 Sent to authorized vendor
Metal Scrap TPM 35 Sale to outside agencies/ recyclers
Used / Discarded RO TPM 0.2 Sent to TSDF
Membranes
Detoxified containers & bags Nos./ 2000 Sent to authorized recyclers
month
E- Waste TPM 0.8 Authorized recyclers
Plastic Waste TPM 2 Sent to authorized recyclers
Construction and demolition TPM 10 Sent to end users
waste
Glass Waste TPM 0.3 Sent to authorized recyclers

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Table 4.28 Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Land Environment


Activity Impact Mitigation measure
Construction phase
Infrastructure ➢ Soil profile disturbance ➢ Will be confined within the site premises.
development ➢ Accidental release of oils, paints etc. leading ➢ Segregation at source and disposal to Municipal Solid waste facilities
to degradation of soil quality ➢ Provision of storm water drains in the first stage of construction.
➢ Erosion ➢ Stockpiles, lubricants, fuels, and other materials should be located away from
➢ Ground sealing; change in water balance slopes and water bodies
➢ Soil compaction ➢ Avoid stockpiling any excess spoils or excess excavated soils should be
disposed to approved designated areas.
➢ Storage of hazardous materials like fuels, solvents, paints on paved area.
➢ Hazardous wastes such as oils, and lubricants shall be disposed to authorized
recyclers
➢ ensure that wastes are not haphazardly dumped in and around Project areas
Construction & ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Segregation followed by reuse or disposal to recyclers
Demolition waste
Plastic Waste - ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Disposal to recyclers
containers and liners ➢ Clogging of drains ➢ Pre monsoon maintenance of all drains
Waste Oils ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Stored in labeled containers
➢ Sold to authorized recyclers
Municipal Solid waste ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Bio degradable waste sent to Vermicompost and reused as manure, recyclables
➢ Change in odor and health related are sent to recyclers, inerts are used for filling low lying areas.
containments ➢ Do not burn construction / domestic waste
Biomedical waste ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Sent to common biomedical waste treatment facility (CBMWTF)
containments
Metal Scrap ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Sale to outside agencies/ recyclers
Used PPE ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Disposal to TSDF
Construction labor ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Provision for solid waste bins with segregation plan
camp ➢ After completion of the work, restore the site to original condition
Occupation Phase
Storage of Process ➢ Accidental release of materials leading to ➢ Designated covered storage
residue, solvent degradation of soil quality ➢ Labeled containers
residue, stripper ➢ Fire Accident ➢ Garland drains to storage facility connected to effluent collection tank
➢ Disposal of all organic residues to Cement plants for co-incineration

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Activity Impact Mitigation measure


distillate, Spent carbon, ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
catalyst containments
Process Wastes ➢ Soil Contamination ➢ At source reduction of hazardous substance usage
➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Upgradation of production systems and technology
contaminants ➢ Reuse or in process recycling
➢ Change in air quality ➢ Resource efficient cleaner production
➢ Health impact ➢ Segregation of wastes facilitating recovery
➢ Waste exchange program – onsite or offsite exchange
➢ Adoption of technologies to reduce volume, mass and toxicity of waste
➢ Industrial symbiosis – exchange of industrial byproducts, energy, waste,
byproducts and processing waste
ETP sludge, MEE salts ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Designated covered storage
➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Labeled containers
containments ➢ Garland drains to storage facility
➢ Disposal to Cement plants for co-incineration/blending
➢ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Coal Ash ➢ Change in air quality ➢ Storage silo with ash conditioning facility
➢ Health impact ➢ Disposal to brick/cement manufacturers
Plastic Waste - ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Disposal to recyclers
containers and liners ➢ Clogging of drains ➢ Pre monsoon maintenance of all drains
Waste Oils ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Stored in labeled containers
➢ Sold to authorized recyclers
Municipal Solid waste ➢ Soil contamination ➢ Bio degradable waste sent to Vermicompost and reused as manure, recyclables
➢ Change in odor and health related are sent to recyclers, inerts are used for filling low lying areas.
containments ➢ Do not burn construction / domestic waste
Biomedical waste ➢ Change in odor and health related ➢ Sent to common biomedical waste treatment facility (CBMWTF)
containments
Metal Scrap ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Sale to outside agencies/ recyclers
Used PPE ➢ Soil quality degradation ➢ Disposal to TSDF

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4.2.15 Biological Environment


The ecological factors that are considered most significant as far as the impact on flora
and fauna concerned are:

a) Whether there shall be any reduction in species diversity?


b) Whether there shall be any habitat loss or fragmentation?
c) Whether there shall be any additional risk or threat to the rare or endangered or
endemic or threatened (REET) species?
d) Whether there shall be any impairment of ecological functions such as
i. Disruption of food chains,
ii. The decline in species population and or
iii. Alterations in predator-prey relationships?
e) Whether it is possible to attain the global objectives of ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity?
f) Whether it is possible to improve biological diversity through the proposed activity?
There is no direct threat to any rare or endangered or threatened biological species as
indicated by the baseline data, due to proposed industrial park. The project may result
in fragmentation of habitat, and may not result in disruption of food cycles or destruction
of breeding grounds, or blockage of migratory routes. The major impacts of the project
are mainly during construction and subsequently on account of atmospheric pollution.
The project is required to limit its emissions as per the NAAQ of 2009. It has to strictly
adhere to the conditions stipulated by the regulatory bodies. The project authorities are
going to take all steps and measures in order to strictly comply with the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards of 2009 (NAAQ- 2009). The project may not have an
impact on terrestrial flora and fauna. Further, as there are no rare or endangered or
threatened (RET) species within the impact area, the project does not pose any direct
threat to the survival of any rare species. Hence, the proposed project activity is unlikely
to pose any additional threat to RET species in the impact area. It may be concluded that
the impacts are indirect, and positive due to the development of a green belt, and low
significance. The impacts due to various activities during the lifetime of the project
including the emergency scenarios on flora and fauna are presented in Table 4.29 and
Table 4.30 respectively. The impact significance on Flora and Fauna is presented in
Table 4.31 and Table 4.32 respectively.

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The impact assessment indicates that the proposed industrial park has moderately
negative impact due to loss of terrestrial vegetation, removal of traditionally used plants,
while negative impact is due to reduction in landscape diversity, habitat fragmentation,
and potential acid input and N2 deposition. The impact assessment indicates that the
proposed project on fauna will have moderately negative change/impact due to loss or
alteration of habitat availability, reduced habitat connectivity, and increased mortality
risk considering proposed chemical industries and negative impact due to reduced
diversity and habitat fragmentation. However, the mitigation measure of providing at
least 15 m of green belt all along the boundary shall improve the species diversity and
compensate habitat loss within 5 years.

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Table 4.29 Impacts on Flora


Impact Terrestrial Removal of Reduction in Reduction Potential Fragmentation
vegetation traditionally species and in acid input of habitat
reduction used plants community landscape and N2
diversity diversity deposition
Activity
Construction Stage
Clearing and grubbing √ √ √ √ √
External development and Compound Wall/fencing √ √ √ √
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Diffuse emissions (SRS and storages) √
Operation Stage – Individual units
Regular operation
Utility emissions √
Process emissions √
Diffuse emissions √
Effluent transfer and Pre-Treatment √
Wastewater Transfer and Pre-Treatment √
Emissions control √
Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Spillage √
Fugitive emissions √
Containment failure √
Accidents during transport of Raw materials and √
products
Accidents during transport of wastes √
Arson and Vandalism √ √
Extreme Weather phenomenon √
Decommissioning of Park/ Individual units
Decontamination of equipment and containers as needed √
√ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.30 Impacts on Fauna


Impact Habitat availability- Habitat Reduced Increased Reduced
loss or alteration fragmentation habitat mortality abundance/
connectivity risk diversity
Activity
Construction Stage
Clearing and grubbing √ √ √ √ √
Commissioning and Testing of Services √ √
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Domestic wastewater transfer and treatment √
Storage of solvents √
Storage of fuels – coal, HSD etc., √
Solvent recovery system operation √
Maintenance – Electromechanical and civil √
Diffuse emissions (SRS and storages) √
Operation Stage – Individual Units
Regular operation
Utility emissions √ √
Process emissions √ √
Diffuse emissions √ √
Emissions control √ √
Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Spillage √
Fugitive emissions √
Containment failure √
Accidents during transport of Raw materials and products √ √
Accidents during transport of wastes √
Arson and Vandalism √
Extreme Weather phenomenon √
Decommissioning of Park/ Individual units
Site cleanup √
Capping drains and locking water sources √
√ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.31 Impact Significance – Flora


Impact/aspect Importance Magnitude of Permanence Reversibility Cumulative (a1) x (b1) + (aT) x Significance
of condition change/effect (B1) (B2) (B3) (a2) = (b2) + (bT) =
(A1) (A2) aT (b3) = bT ES
Terrestrical vegetation reduction 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
Removal of traditionally used 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
plants
Reduction in species and 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
community diversity
Reduction in landscape diversity 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B
Potential acid input and N2 2 -1 2 2 2 -4 6 -12 -B
deposition
Fragmentation of habitat 2 -1 3 3 3 -2 9 -18 -B

Table 4.32 Impact Significance – Fauna


Impact Importance of Magnitude Permanence Reversibility Cumulative (a1) x (b1) + (b2) (aT) x Significance
condition (A1) of change/ (B1) (B2) (B3) (a2) = + (b3) = bT (bT) =
effect (A2) aT ES
Habitat availability - loss or 2 -2 2 2 2 -4 6 -24 -C
alteration
Habitat fragmentation 2 -1 2 3 2 -2 7 -14 -B
Reduced habitat connectivity 2 -2 3 3 2 -4 8 -32 -C
Increased mortality risk 2 -2 3 2 2 -4 7 -28 -C
Reduced 2 -1 2 2 2 -2 6 -12 -B
abundance/diversity

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4.2.16 Mitigation Measures

The project site area is non-agriculture without any farming in the past 15 years, with wild
shrub growth. The site clearing activity will impact flora and fauna by disturbing the
habitat of the vegetation and its fauna. The project being a predominantly air and water
polluting industrial park, there will be a 33% land area allocated for greenery (11.94% as
common facility from the park and the balance by the individual units) with a minimum
of 15 m width of green belt along the boundary as a mitigative measure and as an aesthetic
measure. The proposed industrial park shall have green belt of 196.77 ha to enhance
environmental quality through; mitigation of fugitive emissions, attenuation of noise
levels, balancing eco-environment, consumption of treated wastewater, prevention of soil
erosion, and creation of aesthetic environment. Tall trees are proposed to be planted all
along the boundary while relatively short, bushy ornamental trees are proposed for the
inner circle. Between these two, locally adapted multipurpose trees will be grown so that
an alley like structure is formed. The green belt is expected to provide an excellent
ambience besides minimizing the migration of emissions. There is going to be major
disturbances in the entire area during construction and erection. But these are reversible
and the permanent greenery that develops can adequately compensate for the loss of some
seasonal vegetation.

Greenbelt / Roadside Plantation Programme (Specific Conditions ii)

Greenbelt is planting of special type of plants suitable to that particular agroclimatic zone
and soil characteristics in a place which will make the area cooler, reduce air pollution,
prevent soil erosion and further improve the soil fertility status. A greenbelt around the
periphery of boundary and roadside of the proposed industrial park will be created to
avoid soil erosion, minimize air pollution and noise pollution.

The green plants are capable of absorbing air pollutants and forming sinks for pollutants.
Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, absorb pollutants on their surface, effectively
reducing their concentration and the ambient noise level.

According to Central Pollution Control Board guidelines for developing greenbelts, there
are 15 agroclimatic zones, each of these zones is further divided into 68 sub-zones based

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on annual rainfall, climatic condition and soil types. The species recommended for the
greenbelt are quite adopted to such climatic condition and grow well in the above zones.

Proposed Greenbelt:

It is proposed to develop greenbelt in 196.77 ha i.e., 11.94% of the total project area.
Indigenous species will be planted in greenbelt. Extensive greenbelt development will be
started during the construction phase, which will continue for three years i.e., till
operation of the plant. About 2500 plants will be planted per hectare all-round the plants,
approach roads and all open spaces available within the premises. A nursery will be
developed where 3,00,000 seedlings will be raised every year for plantation purpose.
Apart from greenbelt, extensive lawns, gardens and road-side plantation will be carried
out at appropriate available places. Native species which are resistant to pollutants will
be planted.

Guidelines for Greenbelt Development

➢ Design and development of greenbelt shall be in adherence to industry specific


requirements and prevalent climatic conditions. The park management shall ensure
good survival, healthy and dense greenbelt throughout the project life.
➢ The park management shall follow CPCB guidelines for development and
maintenance of greenbelt area.
➢ The park management shall plant tree species with density of 1500 to 2000 seedlings
per hectare.
➢ Indigenous plant species with fast growth shall be selected under greenbelt
development.
➢ The park management shall ensure replacement of casualties to ensure good
survival rate.
➢ The park management shall ensure irrigation and fertilization schedule of greenbelt
area as required from time to time.
➢ The tree species shall be planted as per their height in three-tier pattern to ensure
that the entire area is covered and ensure effective pollution abatement. For this,
management will ensure that plantation of tree species will include mixture of lower,

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higher, and middle canopy structure/storey, which will be mixed appropriately /


proportionately/uniformly.

Greenbelt Design and Techniques:

Extensive survey in the project area was undertaken to know the structure and
composition of vegetation. Hence a combination of plant species is selected depending
upon the topographical suitability and species selected as per CPCB guidelines. The soil
characteristics are also kept in mind. Based on this survey and climatic conditions of the
site, suitable indigenous plant species have been proposed for greenbelt development
plan.

The following methodology will be adopted during designing of greenbelt development.


Indigenous species seedlings grown in bags of one to one and half year-old having
minimum 3 to 4 ft height, sturdy and erect stem will be planted at a density of 2500 per
Ha. The spacing between the tree species will be maintained as per CPCB guidelines i.e.,
5m X 5m (25 sq. m) for large trees with dense canopy, 3m X 3m (9 sq. m) for medium tree
species with medium canopy and 2m X 2m (4 sq. m) for small tree species and having less
canopy. Apart from the tree species suggested under greenbelt, shrubs, herbs, grasses and
ornamental plants will also be raised. In addition, climbers / creepers will be planted
along the boundary wall to enhance its insulation capacity. The general spacement shall
be followed as per the space available and type of plant, duly maintaining sufficient
spacing between the tree species to facilitate effective height of greenbelt. Planting of tree
species will be in staggered orientation in rows. Tall, evergreen, un-branched trees with
very high leaf area index (>10 m height) will be grown in very high density along the
boundary as the outer rows (away from plant side). The short trees (< 10 m height) will
be grown in the inner rows (towards plant side) of the green belt. The middle rows will
have multipurpose branched trees. Pits will be made as per the seedling bag size (Normal
pit size for tree species is 45 cm X 45cm X 45 cm). Since the soil is sandy/gravelly in the
project site, fertile soil will be filled in the pits along with farmyard manure. Necessary
maintenance including irrigation, fertilizer application will be done regularly as per
schedule. Each plant will be taken care with appropriate protection measures to increase
the survival rate. Re-plantation shall be done as per the survival of plant species. Organic
fertilizers are usually (recycled) plant or animal derived matter will be used as manure.

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All plant species selected should be suitable to local environment i.e., edaphic and climatic
factors. Plantation technique, maintenance of plantation, protection measures, watering,
manpower, type of plants and financial support shall be followed by the management as
per the 5-year plantation program suggested.

Selection of plant species for Greenbelt Development


The selection of plant species for the development depends on various factors such as
climate, topography, elevation and soil. The plants would exhibit the following desirable
characteristics in order to be selected for plantation. The species should be indigenous and
locally available. The species should be fast growing and dense canopy. The species
should have optimum penetrability, deep rooted and wind resistant. Species should be
tolerant to air pollution. The species should be permeable to help create air turbulence and
mixing within the belt of trees. The species should be able to withstand conditions like
inundation and drought, should be able to attract birds, good flowering and fruit bearing
species. The green belt shall facilitate sustainable green cover with minimal maintenance.

Nursery stage
Healthy and properly graded seedlings of one to one-and-half year old, having optimum
height, sturdy and erect stem seedlings only be selected for planting.

Advance operation stage:


Pitting will be taken up at least 3 months prior to the planting to ensure proper weathering
of the pit. Installation of drip system will be taken up prior to planting of seedlings in the
field.

Planting stage
The steps involved in planting stage are; sterilization of each and every pit by applying 20
gm of Polydol dust. Planting to be taken up by using imported soil and farmyard manure
to each and every pit. Total plantation will be completed in 3 years and maintained for
another 2 years. Weeding, soil working around the plants, fertilization and watering will
be given to all the plants during raising and maintenance period. Replacement of
casualties will be taken up in raising year and also in first maintenance year of the
plantation and ensured full stocking in the greenbelt will be ensured.

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Table 4.33 List of Trees recommended for Greenbelt within the proposed site
As per CPCB Area of Total Area of the
Botanical Name Telugu Name No of trees Space, m
Manual Each Tree trees, m2
A2 Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Earleaf acacia 5000 2X2 4 20000
A32 Albizia procera Benth Tella Chinduga 5000 2X2 4 20000
A29 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Dirisanam 5000 2X2 4 20000
A36 Alstonia scholaris (l.) r. br. Edakala pala 5000 2X2 4 20000
A42 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Jack fruit 5000 2X2 4 20000
A44 Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Vepa 5000 2X2 4 20000
B2 Bambusa arundinacea (retz) roxb. Bamboo Spiny bamboo 30000 2X2 4 120000
B8 Bauhinia racemose Lomk. Basavanapada 5000 2X2 4 20000
B17 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Modhuga 5000 2X2 4 20000
C1 Caesalpinia pulcherrima L Swartz Rathna gandhi 5000 2X2 4 20000
C2 Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Crimson bottlebrush 5000 2X2 4 20000
C7 Cassia fistula linn . Rela 5000 2X2 4 20000
C11 Cassia siamea lamk Seema thangedu 5000 2X2 4 20000
C12 Casuarina equisetifolia Linn. Sarugudu 30000 2X2 4 120000
C13 Ceiba pentandra (linn) Gaertn. Tella buruga 10000 2X2 4 40000
C19 Cocos nucifera Linn. Coconut 5000 2X2 4 20000
D1 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb Jiteegi 5000 2X2 4 20000
D2 Dalbergia sissoo roxb. Sisu 5000 2X2 4 20000
D3 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Chittikesaram 5000 2X2 4 20000
D4 Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. Sanna vedru 5000 2X2 4 20000
D5 Derris indica (lam) bennet. Kanuga 5000 2X2 4 20000
D6 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb Tunki 5000 2X2 4 20000
E1 Emblica officinalis gaertn. Amla 5000 2X2 4 20000
E4 Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook.) Lemon - scented Gum 30000 2X2 4 120000
E5 Eucalyptus hybrid L'Hér. Forest Red Gum 30000 2X2 4 120000
F1 Ficus benghalensis linn. Banyan tree 5000 2X2 4 20000
F2 Ficus benjamina linn. weeping fig 5000 2X2 4 20000
F7 Ficus religiosa L. Raavi 5000 2X2 4 20000
G6 Grevillea robusta A cunn. Silver Oak 5000 2X2 4 20000
Grewia hirsuta Vahl Jaani Chettu 5000 2X2 4 20000

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As per CPCB Area of Total Area of the


Botanical Name Telugu Name No of trees Space, m
Manual Each Tree trees, m2
I3 Ixora coccinea L. Ramabanam 5000 2X2 4 20000
K1 Kigelia africana lamk. Sausage tree 5000 2X2 4 20000
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Gumpena 5000 2X2 4 20000
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Subabul 5000 2X2 4 20000
M2 Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) vippa chettu 5000 2X2 4 20000
Magnolia champaca Champak 5000 2X2 4 20000
M5 Mangifera indica L. Mamidi 5000 2X2 4 20000
M7 Melia azedarach Linn. Turaka vepa 5000 2X2 4 20000
M9 Millingtonia hortensis l.f. Indian Cork Tree 5000 2X2 4 20000
M10 Mimusops elengi linn. Pogada chettu 5000 2X2 4 20000
Neolamarckia cadamba Kadamba 5000 2X2 4 20000
Pandanus tectorius Pandanaceae 30000 2X2 4 120000
P1 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne Konda chintha 6925 2X2 4 27700
P3 Phyllanthus acidus (L). Chinna Usiri 5000 2X2 4 20000
Plumeria alba L. Temple tree 5000 2X2 4 20000
Plumeria pudica L. 5000 2X2 4 20000
P9 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites 10000 2X2 4 40000
S6 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree 5000 2X2 4 20000
S7 Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. Kunkudu 10000 2X2 4 40000
S9 Saraca asoca Roxb De Wilde. Asoka tree 5000 2X2 4 20000
S14 Spathodea campanulata beauv. African tulip tree 10000 2X2 4 40000
Syzygium aqueum Watery apple 10000 2X2 4 40000
S20 Syzygium cumini Linn Neredu 10000 2X2 4 40000
T3 Tecoma stans linn. Yellow bells 10000 2X2 4 40000
T4 Tectona grandis linn. Teak 10000 2X2 4 40000
T8 Terminalia catappa Linn Badam 10000 2X2 4 40000
T10 Thespesia populneoides (Roxb) Kostel Ganga Raavi 20000 2X2 4 80000
T11 Thevetia peruviana (pers) merrill. Yellow oleander 10000 2X2 4 40000
T12 Thuja occidentalis linn. Tree of life 10000 2X2 4 40000
Total 491925 1967700

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Source: CPCB Guidelines for Development of Greenbelts Probes/75/ENVIS 1999-2000

Table 4.34 Proposed financial Budget for the Maintenance of Greenbelt development (Rs in Lakhs)
S.No Component First year Second year Third year Fourth year Fifth year Total
1 Purchase of trees and Fencing material 50.0 30.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
2 Soil 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 10.0
3 Pit making and Transportation of trees 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 50.0
4 Gardener’s Cost 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 50.0
5 Fertilizers cost 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 25.0
6 Water supply 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 25.0
Grand Total 82.0 62.0 52.0 32.0 32.0 260.0

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Figure 4.24 Green Belt Plan

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4.2.17 Management strategies

The proposed activity is required to operate and maintain the vaporous emissions and
effluents within the limits specified by the CPCB / State PCB, the direct effects on the
flora and fauna of the study area are restricted to terrestrial ecosystem within the core
zone during construction phase. Neither the storm water nor the effluent water nor any
other kind of wastewater from the activity shall get into the drinking water resources or
sea water. Further tall, wind resistant evergreen trees will be grown in the green belt to
act a windbreak around the project area. Hence, the anticipated environmental impacts
on the flora and fauna of the study area are manageable and easily reversible up to
certain extent. A comprehensive green belt programme will improve the ecological
condition of the region. Our field study reported presence of scheduled -I fauna in the
buffer areas of project site. Habitat specific, Species specific and Project activity specific
detailed managemental strategies are discussed here.
I. Measures for Habitat specific alterations
There are few eco sensitive habitats within the study area. In these, it was found from
the primary data that all 11 scheduled fauna species need for conservation. The following
measures are to be taken during construction and operation phases of the proposed SEZ:
➢ The water bodies are to be protected from all kinds of pollutants.
➢ The water from nearby ponds should not be utilised for industrial purpose.
➢ The construction material should not be taken from the nearby reserve forests.
➢ Proper training and protection measures to be given to working groups.
➢ Protection measures such as fencing etc. are to be strictly followed
➢ Mangroves need to be protected as per Mangrove conservation plan
➢ Sign boards and display boards are to be kept near the Mangrove and eco sensitive
zones
➢ Greenbelt plan shall be followed in the proposed project site.
➢ During transportation, proper care should be taken towards scheduled Fauna.
➢ Seasonal or Annual monitoring should be taken up on population status of
conservation priority species with expert Ecologist.
➢ Not to discharge and solid or liquid wastes directly or indirectly into the surrounding
habitat.

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➢ Regular consultation with local forest officials and NGOs to improve the degraded
habitat and participate in conservation practices also with them.
➢ Conducting more awareness programmes near the surrounding villagers and local
staff members.
II. Measures for Species- specific alterations
It is recommended that project proponent shall minimize disturbance caused by noise,
vibrations and illuminations in the core area which could lower impact on the species.
Even small vibrations could disturb sensitive, nocturnal carnivore species such as
Leopard.
Maintaining records on Awareness programmes, Animal sightings, Deaths, accidents
etc. and shall inform to forest department for further action.
➢ Necessary guidelines shall be taken from forest authorities throughout the
construction phase.
➢ The contractors to establish environmental units and implement public awareness
programs during construction regarding the impacts caused by the construction
activity.
➢ All building material for workers should be brought carried from outside the project
area (Nearby villages).
➢ Workers should be supplied all food material cooked outside the project core area.
➢ Project staff and workers should not be allowed to have fire-arms and animal traps
etc.
➢ Forest fires must be avoided by the worker activities.
➢ Employment agreements should specify heavy penalties for illegal hunting, trapping
and wildlife trading – all other ancillary works should also agree not to participate in
such activities;
➢ If any of the hunting activity is observed then the worker will be removed from the
employment with immediate effect and legal action will be taken by forest
department.
➢ There should be speed limit for the material carrying trucks/dumpers while
traversing through the forest areas if at all. It is always better not to travel in the forest
areas that would disturb the animal behaviour.

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➢ Honking should be strictly prohibited in the forest area by the trucks and dumper
used for the construction activity.
➢ No disposal of construction waste in the forest premises
➢ No earthen material or water from the springs present in the forest area will be used
for the construction activity.
➢ Comply with environmental standards and strictly control workers to behave
responsibly with respect to environmental issues;
➢ Site-specific waste collection and disposal management plan should be in place to,
include good site practices such as: Providing the appropriate spill kits (e.g.,
containing absorbent cloths and disposal containers) on-site during construction;
Prohibition of dumping or burying wastes within Project site; Implementation of an
on-going waste management program consisting of reduction, reuse, and recycling of
materials.
➢ Work should be under ISO14001 accreditation for environmental management which
also be imposed on all the subcontractors; and cover each spot where excavated
material is stored when climate conditions require to effect dust control by usage of
dust suppression substances.
➢ It is recommended that project proponent shall take utmost care in controlling dust,
fugitive emissions using best pollution control methods during construction and
operation phases.
➢ The air and water pollution control measures during construction and operation
phases would ensure minimum degradation of surrounding vegetation, forest area
and water bodies.
➢ Vehicle movements in and around the project areas should be minimized. As far as
possible battery-operated vehicles shall be used for mobility inside the project area.
➢ Minimum or no movement of working staff shall be made during the night hours.
➢ No loudspeakers shall be used or installed in the project area.
➢ Keep all the machineries maintained so that minimum noise and vibrations are
generated in the surrounding area.
➢ Lightings within core area shall be adjusted to ensure minimum illuminations
spreading outside the project area.

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➢ All staff members shall be made aware of the kind of carnivore species found around
the project area.
➢ Project proponent shall financially support Forest Department in covering of open
wells in the surrounding villages.
➢ No food waste shall be dumped in open area and proper food waste disposal system
shall be in place.
➢ No plastic waste or any kind of solid waste shall be found inside the project area. Use
of plastic bags shall be strictly prohibited in the project area.
➢ Structures inside the core area shall not be painted with conspicuous colors, instead
green and camouflage colors shall be used to merge them with the surroundings.
➢ Construction of the structures should be such that it does not attract or provide any
shelter/space to roost, rest or hide for reptiles, birds and mammals etc.
➢ Maximum employment of local people shall be ensured as the local community has
better knowledge of local wildlife and their behavior as they have been coexisting with
them since long.
➢ The well pad areas shall be fenced with barbed wire so that there is no accidental
electrocution of animals is created.
➢ In case of presence of Leopard reported in or around project site, the project authority
shall immediately inform the local forest officials.
➢ All the staff members and tourists shall be informed on ethical tourism practices, and
the consequences of breaking rules.
➢ Night vision camera shall be fitted in the entire project premises with a central
monitoring room which could monitor movement of any wildlife or people in and
around project site.
➢ Project proponent shall develop an Environment Policy for this project with emphasis
on wildlife and nature conservation activities. The owners and the staff members
should be made aware of this policy.
III. Project specific management actions:
➢ No material carrying vehicles shall be allowed into the reserve forest areas or habitats
of the animal.
➢ No leakages of waste or construction material or raw or processed material shall be
from the vehicles.

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➢ Vehicle speed must be controlled and strict rules must be followed by the drivers as
suggested by forest department.

4.2.18 Socio-economic Environment

The employment potential of the industrial park is 90,000 direct jobs with an annual
salary outlay of Rs. 2,500 crores, part of which would be spent within the impact area.
This results in a positive impact, in addition to indirect jobs of 2,25,000 created due to
the development of industrial park. The proximity of the site to Kakinada, Pithapuram
and Annavaram towns, which has adequate infrastructure with respect to housing,
education, transport, health, and civic amenities, and hence the influx of people may
have a low impact on infrastructure availability considering the mandate of 75%
employment for locals. During the initial period, there may be a shortage of housing
and social infrastructure, which may be reversed in 2 to 3 years. The proposed CER
activity shall ensure improving local body infrastructure to achieve sufficient carrying
capacity for the expected increase in demand for education, health, water, sanitation,
solid waste management facilities, etc. The impact on health was assessed by air quality
impact predictions and was observed to be within prescribed NAAQ standards. There
will be medium significant, direct negative impact due to community expectations and
public safety concerns as the park has predominant chemical industry, also expressed
during focused group discussions held in December 2022. The proposed corporate
environment responsibility (CER) activities from the park management as well as the
member units shall also enhance the public approval for the proposed project and
ensure improvement in infrastructure in the surrounding villages. The impacts due to
various activities during the lifetime of the project including the emergency scenarios
on the socio-economic environment is presented in Table 4.35. The impact significance
calculated using the RIAM method on the socio-economic environment is presented in
Table 4.36.

The proposed project shall have significant negative impact due to in-migration
considering total direct and indirect employment of 3,15,000, and also health concern
considering the chemical industry in the park, with moderately negative impact on
traffic, traditional use of land, impact on health and public safety concern. There will
be slightly negative impact on common water resource as the project envisages to use

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surface water from Samalkot canal and or desalination plant. The project also has
significant positive impact due to increased employment, change in quality of life and
availability of business opportunities for the local population. The project shall also
have moderately positive impact on local body infrastructure, gender equity due to non-
discrimination in employment and due to possible increase in community expectations.

4.2.19 Mitigation Measures

The overall impact is positive considering improved livelihood opportunities due to


both direct and indirect employment, improved infrastructure, and business
opportunity. The negative impacts are due to increased traffic, possible health impact
and public safety concern, which shall be addressed as part of the corporate
environment responsibility plan. The park management of the industrial park proposes
to involve in social activities of the stakeholders/surrounding community by planning
the betterment of neighboring social conditions through awareness and welfare
programs ensuring an improved relation, useful in the long run. Many of the
beneficiaries of such programs shall include employees of the industrial park as well.
The goodwill of the local populace can never be ignored. Another important facet of
social environment identified by the project proponents is a green appearance, hence
the management will develop a green belt towards aesthetic beautification as the same
is necessary to be considered as a responsible, social neighbor. The construction labor
camps shall be provided with drinking water, cooking fuel, sanitation facilities of toilets
and bathrooms for both men and women, creche, health monitoring facilities while
locating them away from habitation, water bodies and drains. The construction labor
shall be made aware of health, sanitation, STD prevention etc. by frequent filming of
educational documentaries. The impact on housing and social infrastructure may lead
to positive benefit to the locals byway of rentals and also increasing the housing
potential. The social infrastructure required due to increase in-migration may result in
pressure on the local bodies and hence it is suggested that the project authorities should

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contribute to improving the social infrastructure like schools, health centres, libraries,
community halls etc.

4.2.20 Health Impacts and Mitigation


Large industrial parks are a major source of air pollution due to multiple combustion
equipment like boilers and DG sets in addition to process activities, and the air quality
impact prediction found significant increase in ambient air quality. The cumulative
concentrations were observed to be within the prescribed limits. However, it is proposed
to conduct health camps in habitations, to observe any change in health status and disease
burden. It is proposed to increase the density of greenery in the surrounding areas and
also on site, which will act as a secondary mitigation measure by absorbing gases and
particulates. Occupational health center and a regular health center with 8 beds shall be
provided on site, and all the employees will undergo periodic medical checkup.
Occupational safety and health programs are explained in Chapter 7. The construction
labor camps shall be allowed to use the existing hospital facility of the proponent, in
addition to provision of creche, first aid facilities as required under factory act. All
employees shall be provided with appropriate personal protective equipment in addition
to training as required.

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Table 4.35 Socio Economic Impacts


Impact

Impact on common

Change in quality
Migration: in and

Municipal/ Local

Impact on health

both ground and


Housing impact

Traditional use

Health concern
Gender equity
water resource
Traffic Impact
Infrastructure
infrastructure

surface water

Public safety
Employment

expectations
Community

opportunity
Business

concern
impact
Social

of life
Body
out
Activity
Construction Stage
Possession of land √ √ √ √ √
Clearing and grubbing √ √
Leveling by way of cut and fill √
Road formation √ √ √ √
Drainage construction √
Foundation excavation √
Civil Construction √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Equipment and machinery erection √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Services installation √ √ √ √ √
Piping and insulation √ √ √ √
Painting works √ √ √ √
External development and Compound
√ √ √ √
Wall/fencing
Operation Stage – Industrial Park
Transport and storage of raw materials and
√ √ √
water
Transport of raw water and treatment √
Solvent recovery system operation √ √ √ √ √
Co-generation plant operation √ √ √ √
Maintenance – Electromechanical and civil √ √ √
Waste gas management √ √ √
Solid waste storage and management √ √

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Transport of Finished product and wastes √ √


Operation Stage – Individual Units
Regular operation
Raw material and finished product transport √ √ √
Water use √
Utility emissions √
Process emissions √
Diffuse emissions √
Waste transport √ √ √
Operation stage
Incidents and Accidents
Spillage √ √ √
Fugitive emissions √ √ √
Equipment Failures √ √
Containment failure √ √
Fire accidents √ √
Accidents due to transport of materials/products √ √ √
Accidents during transport of wastes √ √ √
Decommissioning of Park/ Individual units
Inventory preparation √
Transfer and disposal of material √
Transfer and disposal of wastes √
Decontamination of equipment and containers as
√ √ √
needed
Disposal of Equipment and machinery √
Dismantling of facilities √
Demolition Waste √ √
Site cleanup √
Capping drains and locking water sources √
√ Indicates Impact

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Table 4.36 Impact Significance – Socio Economic


Impact

Permanence (B1)

Cumulative (B3)

(aT) x (bT) = ES
Condition (A1)

(a1) x (a2) = aT
Importance of

(b1)+(b2) + (b3)
change /effect
Magnitude of

Reversibility

Significance
(A2)

(B2)

= bT
Employment 3 2 3 3 3 6 9 54 +D
Migration: in and out 2 -2 3 3 3 -4 9 -36 -D
Housing impact 2 -2 3 3 -2 -4 4 -16 -B
Social infrastructure 2 -2 3 3 -2 -4 4 -16 -B
Municipal/Local Body Infrastructure 2 2 2 3 3 4 8 32 +C
Traffic Impact 2 -2 2 3 3 -4 8 -32 -C
Traditional use impact 2 -2 3 2 2 -4 7 -28 -C
Impact on health 2 -2 3 2 3 -4 8 -32 -C
Impact on common water resource 1 -1 3 2 3 -1 8 -8 -A
both ground and surface water
Change in quality of life 2 2 3 3 3 4 9 36 +D
Community expectations 2 2 2 3 3 4 8 32 +C
Gender equity 2 2 2 3 2 4 7 28 +C
Business opportunity 2 2 3 3 3 4 9 36 +D
Health concern 3 -2 2 3 3 -6 8 -48 -D
Public safety concern 2 -2 2 3 3 -4 8 -32 -C

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4.2.21 Corporate Environment Responsibility (Terms of reference xxxi)

The ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change issued an office memorandum
mandating corporate environment responsibility (CER) expenditure based on demands
in public consultation. An indicative list of CER activities is prepared on the basis of
need assessment study conducted in 32 habitations surrounding the site. Focus group
discussions in the surrounding habitations indicated 2 major concerns related to CER;
Kotha Mulapeta wanted a community hall, and possible damage to roads at 3 villages.

The need assessment data indicates availability of basic facilities like drinking water and
primary education, while infrastructure facilities are poor at most of the hamlets. Hence,
the CER expenditure shall be spent on improving infrastructure related to schools, water
supply, solid waste disposal, upgradation of schools, health centers in addition to
establishment of skill development center and technical training institute. The list of CER
activities is presented in Table 4.37, and the same will be finalized after consultation with
revenue authorities and local bodies based on public consultation.

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Table 4.37 Tentative CER activities List


Year wise breakup (in Lakh ₹)
Sector CER Activity 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year
Total
(2023-24) (2024-25) (2025-26) (2026-27) (2027-28)
i) Construction/Upgradation of Skill Development Centre 30 20 - - - 50
support & Skill
Development
Educational

ii) Training programs on skill development 5 5 5 5 5 25


iii) Construction/Upgradation of Technical Training centre 80 - - - - 80
iv) Technical training programs 10 5 5 - - 20
v) Upgradation of School Buildings and Additional Infrastructure 65 85 65 35 30 280
Subtotal-1 190 115 75 40 35 455
i) Construction/Upgradation of Public Health centres and sub centres 60 80 20 20 20 200
Sanitation
programs
Health &

ii) Upgradation of Veterinary Hospital 10 10 - - - 20


iii) Provision of Ambulance & its operation 35 - - - - 35
iv) Conducting medical camps 16 8 4 4 4 36
Subtotal-2 121 98 24 24 24 291
i) Plantation and maintenance programs in villages, schools, hospitals &
Environmental
Improvement

70 70 30 25 25 220
other government buildings.
Programs

ii) Roadside Plantation and maintenance programs in village roads. 15 15 10 10 10 60


iii) Desilting operations of tanks and deepening of ponds in villages 10 10 10 10 10 50
Subtotal-3 95 95 50 45 45 330
i) Vehicles for Municipal Solid waste collection 72 48 - - - 120
Infrastructure
Development

ii) Construction/Upgradation/ Repairs of roads in villages 200 150 50 50 50 500


iii) Construction/Upgradation of Anganwadi centres 5 10 20 15 10 60
iv) Construction /Upgradation of Reading rooms 10 10 10 10 10 50
v) Construction /Upgradation of Community centres 30 70 50 25 25 200
Subtotal-4 317 288 130 100 95 930
Grand Total 723 596 279 209 199 2006

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4.2.22 Prediction of Impact on Vehicular Traffic (Specific Conditions iii) (Terms of


reference xxvii & xxviii)

The park is located at a distance of 0.4 km distance from the proposed Bharatmala road
while the present connecting road has 2 lanes without a shoulder. The Government of
India has already allotted a 4-lane road (Bharatmala) project to facilitate project
connectivity and also enhance local body infrastructure. The traffic density of the
connecting road is low mainly consisting of local transport, agricultural produce, and
passenger vehicle traffic. The proposed project shall transport few raw materials and
part of production consumed within 100 km from the site, by road, which results in
additional truck traffic trips and in addition to the transport of personnel in peak hour
by 4050 PCU/hour during shift change hours. It envisages a peak hour trips of 555
PCU/hr. The level of service of the connecting road is 1800 PCU while 645 PCU during
peak hour in the operational stage. The impact hence is considered slightly negative.
Railway siding is provided near to site for Kakinada SEZ port.

The traffic study for the connecting road revealed that the peak traffic volume is 112
PCU/hr from 8 to 9 AM and the level of service of the connecting road remains “A”,
after the proposed project also. A new 4 lane Bharatmala road construction is about to
commence near the project. The modified level of service for connecting roads
considering the additional truck trips for the proposed project is presented in Table 4.40.

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Table 4.38 Modified level of services for connecting roads during construction phase (peak Passenger vehicle and Material
transport traffic)
Existing Modified
Existing Additional Modified Modified Los &
Road volume, volume/
volume/Capacity volume, PCU/hr Volume, PCU/hr performance
PCU/hr Capacity
Existing
Kakinada - site (Beach) 36 0.03 260 296 0.164 A (Excellent)
Annavaram - site (Beach) 112 0.03 178 290 0.161 A (Excellent)

Table 4.39 Modified level of services for connecting roads during operation phase – Peak Passenger vehicle traffic
Existing Additional Modified Modified
Existing volume, Modified Los &
Road volume/ volume, Volume, volume/
PCU/hr performance
Capacity PCU/hr PCU/hr Capacity
Existing
Kakinada - site (Beach) 36 0.020 310 346 0.192 A (Excellent)
Annavaram - site (Beach) 112 0.062 240 352 0.196 A (Excellent)
A.V.Nagaram - site Road 30 0.017 325 355 0.197 A (Excellent)
Patta Perumallapuram - site 42 0.023 315 357 0.198 A (Excellent)
Tuni - site 48 0.027 312 360 0.200 A (Excellent)
A Mallavaram - site 28 0.016 318 346 0.192 A (Excellent)
Antervedipeta- site 16 0.009 315 331 0.184 A (Excellent)
Gorsaaplem - site 14 0.008 270 284 0.158 A (Excellent)
Kodada - site 18 0.005 310 328 0.182 A (Excellent)
Bharatmala - Kakinada- site (Proposed) 112 0.028 680 792 0.198 A (Excellent)
Bharatmala NH16 – site (Proposed) 150 0.038 650 800 0.200 A (Excellent)

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Table 4.40 Modified level of services for connecting roads during operation phase – Peak material transportation traffic
Existing Additional Modified Modified
Modified Los &
Road Existing volume, PCU/hr volume/ volume, Volume, volume/
performance
Capacity PCU/hr PCU/hr Capacity
Existing
Kakinada - Site (Beach) 36 0.020 60 96 0.053 A (Excellent)
Annavaram - Site (Beach) 112 0.062 40 152 0.084 A (Excellent)
Site - KSEZ Port 48 0.027 175 223 0.124 A (Excellent)
Bharatmala - Kakinada- site (Proposed) 112 0.062 220 332 0.083 A (Excellent)
Bharatmala NH16 – site (Proposed) 150 0.083 60 210 0.053 A (Excellent)

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4.2.23 Mitigation Measures

The site will have a parking facility in 82.17 ha to ensure smooth internal circulation. The
parking facility shall be provided with basic amenities for vehicle drivers, including rest
rooms, toilets, dining room etc. Sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. are provided to the labour
force during construction as well as to the workers during operation phase. Vehicles will
not be allowed to wash onsite. There is a road network of 45 km within the site to facilitate
movement of material and men. Traffic signage including road safety mirrors shall be
posted along the roads. Speed shall be restricted to 30 km/hour within the site and shall
be strictly implemented to ensure safety of men, material and property.

4.3 Contributions to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

Development of industrial park has its own contribution to achieving the sustainable
development goals. The environmental protection, mitigation and control measures
proposed to be adopted by the park will contribute to achieve goal no. 6. The establishment
of co-generation power plants using bio briquettes/coal as fuel meeting about 25% of the
energy requirement of the park adds to clean energy (SDG 7) goal. The proposed
infrastructure facilitating common services like waste exchange, circular economy,
common treatment systems, solvent recovery systems shall contribute to achieving the
SDG goal no. 9 – Industry, innovation and infrastructure. The industrial park has a policy
of non-discrimination in employment and hence facilitates gender equity (SDG 5).
Employment potential of 90,000 direct jobs and about 2,25,000 indirect jobs shall facilitate
achievement of SDG 8 – decent work and economic growth due to provision of livelihood
and local economic benefits. The park envisages reuse of treated wastewater, reuse of
solid wastes through waste exchange program, and provision of common services leading
to energy conservation leads to responsible production (SDG 12). Development of green
belt, provision of common services saving fuel consumption and usage of bio briquette as
fuel contributes to climate action (SDG 13). The proposed green belt development and
afforestation in the surrounding villages will create a habitat contributing to life on land
(SDG 15). KSEZ MIP contribution to achieving sustainable development goals is presented
in Figure 4.25.

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