wlan1

WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN)
WLANs are networks that utilize wireless communication technology to link

devices within a limited area such as a home, office, or campus.
These networks typically operate based on IEEE 802.11 standards and employ
radio waves to transmit data between devices, providing users with flexible
connectivity without the constraints of physical cables.
Operating Frequency Range: - Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) use high-
frequency radio waves to connect wirelessly.
• The most common WLAN frequency bands are 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz
• 2.4 GHz band is the most widely used WiFi frequency band, divided into 11
channels, each 20 MHz wide.
• The 5 GHz range has many more channels, depending on the frequency
Channel Bandwidth: -
• 802.11 Wi-Fi standards specify a bandwidth of 22 MHz and channels are on
a 5 MHz incremental step.
• 2.4 GHz band is divided into 13 channels of width 22 MHz, spaced 5 MHz
apart
Access Method: -
• IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs use a media access control protocol called
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
• "listen before talk" method that reduces collisions caused by multiple radios
transmitting simultaneously
Modulation Schemes: -
Wireless LANs use digital modulation to transmit digital signals. Modulation
schemes define the phase and amplitude required for bit computing.They are:
• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) are relatively simple and offer robustness at the expense of data
rates.
• Higher-order QAM: offers higher data rates but is more prone to noise.
• M-ary (4-PSK, 64-PSK and so on) modulation scheme: and multi-carrier
modulation scheme (OFDM and its variants/extensions) are some popular
modulation schemes.
Data Rates: -
Data rate is the number of bits transmitted from one device to another or over a
network per second. It is measured in bits/s or baud.
• Wi-Fi 7: Can deliver peak rates of over 40 Gbps
• 802.11n, 2.4 or 5 GHz: 450 Mbps
• 802.11g, 2.4 GHz: 54 Mbps
Coding Methods: -
The Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) is an index that measures Wi-Fi
connection parameters. It's based on several parameters, including:
Data rate
Channel width
Number of antennas or spatial streams in the device
Guard intervals
Modulation
Coding rate for spatial streams
MCS is an indicator that WLAN uses to specify the data rate for each frame in
802.11n and 802.11ac.
It's more effective than simply assessing signal strength because it shows actual
performance for a client
.MCS has five kinds of modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM.
MCS15 means you are using 64QAM 5/6 modulation with two spatial streams.
➢ Most wireless routers and access points can support about 250 devices
connected at once. This includes computers, cameras, tablets, mobile
smartphones, appliances, and other devices that are connected to the internet.
The advantages of WLAN Are:

• Easier to add or remove work stations.
• Easier to provide connectivity.
• Installation is fast and easy.
• Access to the network can be from anywhere within the range of
access points.
The disadvantages are:
• Poor quality of service.
• Long time to establish global solutions like license free frequency
band.
• Less secure
IEEE PROTOCOL 802.11 STACK

ARCHITECTURE
802.11 has two types of services:
BSS-Basic Service Set
ESS -Extended Service Set
BSS has two categories:-

a) Infrastructure Based
The infrastructure network provide access through wireless nodes and access
points.
Source node called station are connected to access points.
Stations are terminals with access mechanism to the wireless medium and to the
access points.
The stations and access points together form a basic service set(BSS).
Ex:-Multiple mobiles connected with the router in home.
b) Adhoc Based
Each node can communicate directly with other nodes without using access points.
One or more independent network can be used with this architecture.
The interconnection of several station of several station within a region forms
independent basic service set.
Ex:-Multiple mobile connected through Wifi hotspot.
Extended Service Set

ESS is made up of 2 or more BSS.
AP of BSS can communicate with AP of other BSS via the distribution system.

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WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN)

WLANs are networks that utilize wireless communication technology to link

The advantages of WLAN Are:

IEEE PROTOCOL 802.11 STACK

BSS has two categories:-

Extended Service Set

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