See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/382469433

An Analysis of Power Distribution Network in Nigeria for Power Quality-Based

Reinforcements and Investment Planning

Conference Paper · July 2024

DOI: 10.4028/v-aLwc3x

CITATIONS READS

0 15

2 authors:

Oluwadare Olakunle Adegoke Oladipo Melodi

Elizade University Federal University of Technology, Akure
2 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS 47 PUBLICATIONS 159 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Oluwadare Olakunle on 23 July 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Advances in Science and Technology Submitted: 2024-03-20
ISSN: 1662-0356, Vol. 154, pp 213-223 Accepted: 2024-04-18
© 2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland Online: 2024-07-23

An Analysis of Power Distribution Network in Nigeria for Power

Quality-Based Reinforcements and Investment Planning
Olakunle Oluwadare Raphael1,a*, Melodi Adegoke Oladipo1,b.
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering
Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
a
[email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Harmonic analysis, Network reinforcement, Capacitor bank, Passive Harmonic filters

Abstract. In this study, power flow analysis was carried out on a typical Nigerian 43-bus radial
distribution network feeder incorporated with non-linear loads using NEPLAN software to determine
its operating parameters. Also, adequate reinforcements were provided to achieve power system
parameters within recommended limits and the associated costs of implementation evaluated. The
results obtained showed its voltage profile ranges from 87.12% to 97.07% and the harmonic distortion
level (THDV) ranges from 4.5% to 6.43% which is in violation of recommended ±5% of bus nominal
voltage and 5% harmonic distortion limit for 11 kV nodes. A hybrid optimization technique that
combine Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Direct Search method was used in the sizing and location of
capacitor bank and passive harmonic filters to reinforce the distribution networks. The results
obtained showed that voltage profile improved to the range of 96.73% to 100.27% and the THDV
improved to the range of 2.99% to 4.46% with active power loss reduction from initial 707.24 kW to
558.1 kW after reinforcement. The estimated investment cost options on reinforcement devices
ranges from 48 million Naira to 138.81 million Naira with a payback period of three (3) years for an
optimum reinforcement billing charge of ₦10/kWh increase on tariff charge.

Introduction
The power quality of a distribution network is described by the system operating parameters in terms
of voltage, current, frequency and the stability of the supply. The parameters of concern to the
electricity distribution companies in Nigeria are voltage and frequency which are monitored and
controlled in the traditional distribution network connected with linear loads [1]. In a modern
distribution network with the connection of non-linear loads with characteristic energy-saving
capability, a new concept known as harmonic distortion has also been introduced to described the
quality of power but electricity distribution companies in Nigeria are yet unaware of the problems
caused by the harmonic current generated by these non-linear loads and its effect on the supply
voltage are neither monitored nor controlled [2].
The problem associated with the radial distribution networks in Nigeria characterized by long feeder
length and highly loaded buses is poor voltage profile with significant deviation of the voltage from
the nominal value at the load buses [3]. With the adoption and increasing penetration of harmonic
producing loads such as compact fluorescent lights (CFL), switch-mode power supplies used in
computers and chargers and power electronics equipment used in rectifiers and drives which injects
harmonic current into the distribution network, therefore causing further degradation in the quality of
the power delivered by the distribution network [4].
The injected harmonics by the non-linear loads causes over-heating at the points of common coupling
which affects both the electricity distribution components and the electricity consumers connected
equipment. The overheating causes problems such as thermal tripping of protective devices, vibration
and noises in electrical machines such as motors and transformers and a reduced lifespan of connected
devices due to the elevated operating temperature. There is also significant increase in the overall
power losses as a result of an increase in the amount of current flowing through the distribution
network. This therefore increases the operating cost of delivering power on the distribution network.

All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (#654665791, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria-17/07/24,10:12:45)
214 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Annual Conference
(SEET Conference)

The power flow analysis of the distribution networks with penetration of non-linear loads can either
be done using a power quality logging equipment to record the data of power quality phenomenon
which is then used to accurately model the distribution network or the standard power quality load
models are incorporated into the distribution network for simulation analysis [5]. The harmonic
source penetration can be classified as a deterministic model or probabilistic model with the non-
linear load current injections modelled as constant current sources [6, 7]. The harmonic spectra of
typical non-linear loads have been published in literature [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
Power quality problem is both a technical and an economic problem which requires a robust
distribution network infrastructure incorporated with power quality-based reinforcement devices such
as dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM), unified power
quality conditioner (UPQC), harmonic filters (active, passive and hybrid) and capacitor bank to
achieve high quality power supply [13]. The effectiveness of capacitor bank and harmonic filters for
voltage profile improvement and harmonic distortion reduction were investigated in the study by [14]
and [15] respectively.
The lack of investment by the distribution companies is considered as one of the causes of poor quality
of power delivered in the distribution network [16]. The rate of return on investment with a short
payback period must be determined through proper investment planning to encourage the
reinforcements of the distribution networks by the distribution companies and the unit cost of kWh
energy consumption affordable for electricity user.
In this study, an IEEE 33-Bus network and a 43-Bus Nigerian distribution network feeder were
modelled with configuration and loading typical of Nigerian networks. These networks were selected
as a reference case to study the operating conditions in terms of voltage and THDV of Nigerian
distribution networks. Power flow analysis were conducted on these distribution networks using
NEPLAN software to obtain their operating parameters and the combined use of capacitor bank and
passive harmonic filters were used to reinforce the distribution networks to ensure the quality of
power delivered were within the specified limits. The specific costs of investment on reinforcement
devices and its payback period were evaluated to determine the economic feasibility of the
investment.
 Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 154 215

Methodology
The step-by-step approach to the implementation of the research is shown in Figure 1.

Star

Input Network data

Distribution Network Modelling

Load Flow analysis Harmonic Flow Analysis

Power supply quality Analysis

No Are there Power Yes

Quality Violations?

Cost Analysis Reinforcement with reactive

power compensators and filters

Conclusion and Recommendation

End

Fig. 1. Developed approach to the implementation of the research

The IEEE 33-Bus distribution network was modelled with the data obtained from Sreevidya et al.,
(2019) and the mapping chart data of Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC), Ado-Ekiti
Business District was used to model Ajilosun 43-Bus Feeder network. The networks were rated on a
nominal voltage of 11 kV and 15 MVA source transformer capacities. The IEEE-33 Bus network
was modelled as a reference network to the 43-Bus network to ensure proper modelling and to
correlate the accuracy of the results obtained.
The probabilistic approach model for harmonic source penetration based on the usage trend of
common harmonic producing loads and bottom-up approach modelling described in [17] for
harmonic injection were used to incorporate non-linear loads into the distribution networks. The
connected non-linear loads proportion of total connected loads is 13.2% and 28.67% for the IEEE 33-
Bus and Ajilosun 43-Bus distribution networks respectively. The non-linear loads proportion used in
this study is lower than the stated global account of residential non-linear loads of 38-42 % of total
utility loads [18]. The harmonic spectra used were obtained from [11, 19].
The load flow analysis module and harmonic flow analysis module of NEPLAN software were used
in the analysis of the distribution networks to determine their operating parameters. The extended
Newton-Raphson (NR) algorithm was used for the load flow analysis due to its early convergence
and the frequency domain analysis method was used for the harmonic flow analysis with both based
on nodal analysis method.
The nodal analysis method for the load flow is given in equation (1).
216 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Annual Conference
(SEET Conference)

𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑌𝑌𝑛𝑛 × 𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛 , 𝑛𝑛 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛 (1)

where Yn is the node admittance matrix, In is the vector of the node current, Un is the vector of node
voltage and n is the bus number.
The nodal analysis method for the harmonic flow is given in equation (2).

𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 = 𝑌𝑌𝑚𝑚 × 𝑈𝑈𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚 = 1,2, … , ℎ (2)

where Ym is the system node admittance matrix, Im is the vector of the node injected current sources,
Um is the vector of the node voltage, m is the harmonic order and Ym will be generated separately for
each harmonic order.
The NEPLAN model of the modified IEEE 33-Bus and Ajilosun 43-Bus distribution network is
shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively. Fig. 4a and Fig.4b showed the probabilistic non-linear load
penetration level on the IEEE 33-Bus and Ajilosun 43-Bus distribution network feeders respectively.

Fig. 2. Section of the NEPLAN model of modified IEEE 33-Bus network

 Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 154 217

Fig. 3. Section of the NEPLAN model of 43-Bus Ajilosun distribution network

Fig. 4. (a): IEEE 33-Bus non-linear loads Fig. 4. (b): Ajilosun 43-Bus non-linear loads
The implementation of optimal reinforcements must be capable of solving the multi-objective
problems of voltage profile and harmonic distortion while ensuring minimal power loss in the
distribution network. The criteria in the selection of optimal reinforcement are the attainment of bus
voltage profile within ±5% specified nominal voltage and THDV of not more than 5% and 8% in the
11 and 0.415 kV buses respectively.
This objective function of the optimization problem is mathematically represented by Equations (3)
and (4).

𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 ). (3)

Subject to:

𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.) ≤ 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.)

� 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶. (4)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.)

where 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 is the voltage at the ith node, 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 ) is the maximized voltage at the ith node, 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.)
is the minimum permissible voltage at the ith node, 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.) is the maximum permissible voltage
at the ith node, 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖,(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.) is the maximum permissible voltage total harmonic distortion at the
ith node.
218 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Annual Conference
(SEET Conference)

Achieving the voltage magnitude objective function has a corresponding effect on the THDV level.
The simulation approach employed for the reinforcements of the distribution networks has the
advantage of depicting the network behaviour under combine application of capacitor bank and
passive harmonic filters to achieve optimum reinforcement.
Genetic Algorithm (GA) employed in the optimal capacitor placement (OCP) module of NEPLAN
software to provide reactive power compensation was used to search for the candidate buses and sizes
of reactive power compensation required to improve the voltage profile of the distribution networks.
Passive harmonic filters with reactive compensation system were installed at these candidate buses
and the load flow analysis and harmonic flow analysis were carried out using the provided modules
on NEPLAN software. The results of the distribution networks operating parameters obtained were
used as a starting point for the direct search procedure. This involves the selection of candidate buses
independently around the current point where the results obtained for the objective function is better
than the current point until the constraints of the objective function were satisfied.
The total investment cost of installing the required capacitor bank and passive harmonic filters in the
Ajilosun 43-Bus distribution network is given in Equations (5) and (6).

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) = (𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐 × 𝑄𝑄𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 ) + 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.) . (5)

where 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐 KC is the unit cost of capacitor bank in $/kVar and 𝑄𝑄𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 Qvar is the required reactive power
of the capacitor bank and 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.) Ccap.(install.) is the cost of installation of the capacitor bank. An
installation cost of 10% of purchase cost is assumed for this study.
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓.(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) = �𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓 × 𝑄𝑄𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 � + 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓.(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.) . (6)
where 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓 is the unit cost of the passive harmonic filter in $/kVar and 𝑄𝑄𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 is the reactive power
compensation provided by the passive harmonic filter and 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓.(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.) is the passive harmonic filter
installation cost.
The possible investment cost option(s) in the reinforcements of the distribution networks is calculated
using Equation (7).
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) + 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓.(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) �𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓1 , 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓2 , 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓3 , 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓4 , 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓5 �. (7)

To compute the cost of reinforcement per annum to determine the payback period on the return on
investment, the annuity factor given in Equation (8) expressed in the study [20] was adopted.
𝑟𝑟
𝐴𝐴 = 1− (1+𝑟𝑟)−𝑛𝑛
. (8)

where r is the rate of return on investment and n is the number of equipment lifespan year.
The cost of reinforcement per annum is computed using Equation (9).
𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎) = 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇). (9)
The cost of reinforcement per delivered power in a month is calculated using Equation (10).
𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎) /12
𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑚𝑚) = . (10)
𝐸𝐸𝑀𝑀.𝐶𝐶

where EM.C is the monthly energy consumption in kWh.

Results and Discussion

The results of the analysis using the methods outlined in Section 2 showed that 82% and 86% of the
11 kV buses of the modelled IEEE 33-Bus and Ajilosun 43-Bus distribution network feeders
respectively have percentage voltage deviation (V.D%) outside the recommended ±5% limits
specified in IEEE-519 standard as shown in Fig. 5(a). The THDV on the load buses due to the
harmonic current propagated in the distribution networks is as shown in Fig. 5(b). It was observed
 Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 154 219

that 81% and 79% of the buses on the IEEE 33-Bus and Ajilosun 43-Bus networks respectively
violated the recommended 5% limits specified for 11 kV buses.

Fig. 5. Operating parameters of the distribution networks before reinforcements

It can be observed from Fig. 5(a) that the level of voltage deviation recorded is affected by factors
such as bus loading, proportion of non-linear loads to the total load on the bus, the farther the bus to
the sending-end, and low power factor of the non-linear loads which increase the reactive power
demand from the feeder networks. These factors contributed to the high low-voltage recorded for the
network feeders. The overall operating conditions of the networks under study showed that poor
quality of power is being delivered at the load buses.
The optimal reinforcements of the selected distribution network feeders using the hybrid optimization
technique described in Section 2 to improve the system operating conditions using capacitor bank
and passive harmonic filters is therefore required. The results obtained for the reinforcements required
are as follows:
For the IEEE 33-Bus network, the installation of 11 kV, 5 Mvar capacitor bank connected to the 11
kV bus of the 33/11 kV primary distribution power transformer is required and the required sizes and
locations of passive harmonic filters with reactive compensation system installed on the 0.415 kV
bus of the secondary distribution transformers is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Required passive harmonic filters elements
Bus Computed sizes Available sizes R (mΩ) L (H) C (mF) Fo
(kVar) (kVar)
b15 255.7 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b16 162.1 150 3 0.2719 2.58 190
b19 261.8 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b25 425.1 400 1 0.1020 6.88 190
b27 105.8 100 5 0.4079 1.72 190
b31 725.3 750 1 0.0439 13.08 210
b34 156.9 150 3 0.2719 2.58 190

For the Ajilosun 43-Bus network, the installation of 11 kV, 500 kVar capacitor bank connected to the
11 kV bus of the 33/11 kV primary distribution power transformer is required and the required sizes
and locations of passive harmonic filters with reactive compensation installed on the 0.415 kV of the
secondary distribution transformers is shown in Table 2.
220 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Annual Conference
(SEET Conference)

Table 2. Required parameters for the passive harmonic filters for the 43-Bus network
Bus Computed Sizes Available Sizes R (mΩ) L (H) C (mF) Fo
(kVar) (kVar)
b11 799.4 750 1 0.0544 12.9 190
b12 513.1 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b14 516.2 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b15 255.5 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b16 250.4 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b17 243.1 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b18 530.6 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b22 236.7 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b27 531.1 500 1 0.0659 8.7 210
b30 791.1 750 1 0.0544 12.9 190
b31 502.1 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b33 798.9 750 1 0.0439 13.1 210
b35 536.8 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b36 518.7 500 1 0.0659 8.7 210
b37 492.1 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b38 537.8 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b39 243.9 250 2 0.1632 4.3 190
b40 521.0 500 1 0.0816 8.6 190
b41 493.4 500 1 0.0544 12.9 190
b42 492.1 500 1 0.0659 8.7 210
b43 487.9 500 1 0.0544 12.9 190

The operating conditions of the distribution networks under study after the installation of the
reinforcement devices is shown in Fig. 6 for IEEE 33-Bus and Ajilosun 43-Bus feeders.

Fig. 6. Operating parameters of the distribution networks after reinforcements

The results showed that the operating parameters of the networks after reinforcement are within the
recommended limits. It was also observed from the results obtained that the power losses on the
networks were reduced as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Power losses on the Distribution Network Feeders
Power Losses Before Reinforcements After Reinforcements
IEEE 33-Bus P- 385.67 kW, Q- 697.28 kVar P- 222.46 kW, Q- 648.33 kVar
Ajilosun 43-Bus P- 707.24 kW, Q- 1,458.9 kVar P- 558.1 kW, Q- 1,227.95 kVar
 Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 154 221

The results on Table 3 depicts a feeder capacity increase for the distribution networks due to the
reduction in active power losses and an improvement in the power factor due to the reduction in
reactive power losses. This will reduce the overall cost of power delivery and also increase the
electricity customer base with an increase in revenue for the distribution companies.
The investment in the reinforcement was computed using the methods described in Section 2. The
estimated total cost required for the reinforcement of Ajilosun 43-Bus network at the rate of
$11.4/kVar for the required capacitor bank size and the commercially available passive filter cost at
different rate of 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓 = 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 $/kVar in equivalent cost (₦) is shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Total cost of Reinforcement for the different available options

Reinforcement cost Capacitor Bank Passive Harmonic Filters Total cost of

options (₦) ( ₦) Reinforcement (₦)
𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓1 , 2,588,256.00 45,408,000.00 47,996,256.00
𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓2 2,588,256.00 68,112,000.00 70,700,256.00
𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓3 2,588,256.00 90,816,000.00 93,404,256.00
𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓4 2,588,256.00 113,520,000.00 116,108,256.00
𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓5 2,588,256.00 136,224,000.00 138,812,256.00

A 10 % rate of return on investment and equipment life span of 10 years was assumed to estimate the
annuity factor used in calculating the per annum and monthly cost of reinforcement. The result is
shown in Table 5 for the different available reinforcements cost options.
Table 5. Computed cost functions for the different available options
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) (₦) 𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎) (₦) 𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑚𝑚) (₦)
47,996,256.00 8,159,363.52 679,946.96
70,700,256.00 12,019,043.52 1,001,586.96
93,404,256.00 15,878,723.52 1,323,226.96
116,108,256.00 19,738,403.52 1,644,866.96
138,812,256.00 23,598,083.52 1,966,506.96

The results obtained in Table 5 for 𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑚𝑚) and 𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅. 𝑝𝑝.𝑎𝑎) were used to determine the boundary
limit for the tariff charge. The payback period on the investment was computed on the estimated
monthly cost of reinforcement. For a total connected load of 9085.94 kW, the energy delivered for a
month while assuming a 14-hr availability of supply is 3816094.8 kWh. The estimated payback
period is shown in Fig. 7.

8 7.3
7 6.1
6
4.9
Payback Period (Years)

5
3.7 3.6
4 3.1
3 2.5 2.5 2.4
1.9 2.1
1.6 1.8
2 1.3 1.5 1.5
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Kf1 Kf2 Kf3 Kf4 Kf5
Reinforcement Billing Charge (₦)
Fig. 7. Different rate of return on investment based on tariff charge
222 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Annual Conference
(SEET Conference)

It can be observed from Figure 7 that the available reinforcement cost options have an optimal
payback period of three (3) years with a reinforcement billing charge of ₦10/kWh.

Conclusions
In this study, the operating conditions of distribution network feeders were investigated and adequate
reinforcements were provided to achieve good quality operating parameters in terms of voltage,
THDV. The results obtained showed that 11 kV, 500 kVar capacitor bank and 21 units of passive
harmonic filters were required to obtain good quality operating condition on the Ajilosun distribution
network feeder.
The investment cost required for the reinforcement of the network feeder was estimated to a range of
forty-seven million, nine hundred and ninety-six thousand, two hundred and fifty-six naira to one
hundred and thirty-eight million, eight hundred and twelve thousand, two hundred and fifty-six naira.
The payback period for the computed investment cost on reinforcement was estimated to a range 1
year to 3 years and six months with an optimal reinforcement billing charge of ₦10/ kWh on energy
consumption by the electricity users.

References

[1] O. Adebisi, I. Adejumobi, R. Jokojeje, O. Adekoya, Assessing the Performance of Harmonic

Filters for Power Quality Improvement on Industrial Load: 7-Up Industry PLC Power Network
as a Case Study, ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD), 1
(2017) pp. 32-48.
[2] S. Gbadamosi, A. Melodi, Effects of steel plants with three-phase induction furnaces on power
distribution quality of existing 33 kV network in Nigeria, Advances in Science and Technology
Research Journal, 9 (2015) pp. 1-10.
[3] A. Melodi, P. Ogunboyo, Power Distribution Problems on 11 kV Feeder Networks in Akure,
Nigeria, IEEE International Conference on Emerging & Sustainable Technologies for Power &
ICT in a Developing Society (NIGERCON), (2013) pp. 292-300.
[4] J. Milanovic, S. Abdelrahman, H. Liao, Compound index for power quality evaluation and
benchmarking, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12 (2018) pp. 4269-4279.
[5] A. Melodi, K. Temikotan, A Model Unavailability Perspective of Existing Nigerian Township
Electricity Distribution, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE),
7 (2017) pp. 77-85.
[6] J. Yadav, K. Vasudevan, D. Kumar, P. Shanmugam, Power Quality Assessment for an
Industrial Plant, IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy
Systems (PEDES), Chennai, India, (2018) pp. 1-6.
[7] G. Melo, L. Oliveira, J. Souza, C. Canesin, R. G. B. Silva, System of Analysis and Management
of Power Quality Indices in Distribution Networks, 2015 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies Latin America (ISGT LATAM), Uruguay, (2015) pp. 219-224.
[8] J. Caicedo, A. Romero, H. Zini, Assessment of the harmonic distortion in residential ditribution
networks: literature review, Ingenieria e Investigacion, 37 (2017) pp. 72-84.
[9] J. Leite, M. Azevedo, U. Bezerra, I. Abril, C. Benitez, Harmonic propagation from the Low
Voltage Four-wire Delta Systems, Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 4 (2016) pp. 1-
19.
 Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 154 223

[10] G. Ye, M. Nijhuis, V. Cuk, J. Cobben, Stochastic Residential Harmonic Source Modeling for
Grid Impact Studies, Energies, 10 (2017) pp. 1-21.
[11] S. Ahsan, H. Khan, S. Akhtar Hussain, N. Zaffar, Harmonic analysis of grid -connected solar
PV systems with non-linear household loads in low-voltage distribution networks,
Sustainability, 13 (2021) pp. 2-23.
[12] M. Keerio, M. Bajwa, A. Saand, M. Memon, Harmonics Measurement in Computer Laboratory
and Design of Passive Harmonic Filter using MATLAB, International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science and Applications, 8 (2017) pp. 240-247.
[13] A. Priyadharshini, N. Devarajan, A. Uma Saranya, R. Anitt, Survey of Harmonics in Non Linear
Loads, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 1 (2012) pp. 92-
97.
[14] R. Patidar, S. Singh, Harmonics Estimation and Modelling of Residential and Commercial
Loads, 2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA, (2009) pp.
1-6.
[15] M. Shwehdi, F. Al-Ismail, Investigating University Personnel Computers (PC) Produced
Harmonics Effects on Line Currents, in International Conference on Renewable Energies and
Power quality (ICREPQ'12), Santiago de Compostela , Spain, (2012) pp. 1219-1224.
[16] L. Sreevidya, S. Prabha, S. Sathiya, Evaluation of the Reliability of Distribution Syatem with
Distributed Generation using ETAP, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering,
8 (2019) pp. 1-4.
[17] Q. Mohsin, X. Lin, F. Flaih, S. Dawoud, M. Kdair, Optimal Placement and Capacity of
Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System, 2016 International Conference on Energy
Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), (2016) pp. 416-423.
[18] Q. Shi, H. Liang, T. B. L. Hou, W. Xu, F. Li, Passive Filter Installation for Harmonic Mitigation
in Residential Distribution Systems, 2017 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting,
(2017) pp. 1-5.
[19] A. KC, T. Regmi, Optimal allocation of Capacitor Bank for Loss Minimization and Voltage
Improvement Using Analytical Method, SCITECH, 14 (2019) pp. 1-7.
[20] N. Mohd. Shafiul Islam, A. K. Sakil, A. Khandakar, A. Iqbal, H. Abu-Rub, Power Quality Effect
of Using Incandescent, Fluorescent, CFL and LED Lamps on Utility Grid, 2015 First Workshop
on Smart Grid and renewable Energy, (2015) pp. 1-5.

View publication stats