1

Power Quality Awareness Program

Khalid Mohamed Nor

Ph.D (Manchester), B.Eng (L’pool, 1st Class Hons), SMIEEE.

Perundingan KMN
[email protected]
 2

Outline

 Introduction
 Project Objectives
 Overview of PQ Standards
 Voltage Sags
o ITIC
o SEMI F47
 Harmonics
 Methodology
 Result summary
 Lessons Learned
 Conclusion
 3

Introduction

Definition of Power Quality

 Power quality or conducted Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is

defined by IEC as "the ability of a device, equipment or system to function
satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing
intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment."
[IEC 61000-1-1]

 In IEC there are two sides to the EMC equation:

 Source equipment whose emissions must be limited; and
 Equipment that needs to have sufficient immunity to those disturbances in its
environment within which it operates.
Voltage Sag Standard:
ITIC & SEMI F47

100
90 No Interruption Region

% Nominal Voltage
80
70
60
50
40
30
Equipment Shutdown
20 Region
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Duration (s)

SEMI F47 IEC 61000-4-34 (Class 3)

4
 SARFI Comparison among
5

Power Utility Companies in

Selected Countries in 2010
Power Company SARFI90 SARFI80 SARFI70
Singapore Power Grid 13.2 10.6 7.8
United State DPQ Project 49.7 27.3 17.7
Europe Mixed System (UNIPEDE) 103.1 0 44
Europe Cable System (UNIPEDE) 34.6 0 11

South Africa NRS-048 Indicate Levels 153 78 47

Tenaga National Berhad 34 21 15
Extracted from Suruhanjaya Tenaga report
Bentong , Malaysia, Year 2011
ITIC = 6 SEMI F47 = 2 11 6 5
 Power Quality Project in
6

Singapore
 In Singapore, Singapore_Power publishes a SARFI map on its website.
 The System Average RMS (Variation) Frequency Index, or SARFIx in short
is the number of sags per year a customer on the average would have
experienced, with remaining voltage is less than x percent of the declared
voltage.
 7
Power Quality Baseline
Study: Peninsular Malaysia

 In Malaysia, the power quality survey focused on the following tasks:

 Analysis of power quality events (ie: voltage sag, harmonics)

 Power quality survey to analyze the economic losses due to power

quality events

 Determine the suitable mitigations

 Validation of power quality standards with respect to Malaysia and

Malaysia regulatory framework.
 Comparison to Previous
8

Studies
 TNB and AAIBE has conducted a PQ study in year 2001 and 2002 for Peninsular
Malaysia. Internationally many study have been done on Power Quality.

 The present study used the latest and up-to-date standards and better equipment than
the study in by TNB and AAIBE in 2002.

 In contrast to the previous study which is strictly from utility perspective, the present
study used measurements from customer side of the meter.

 The present study include study on harmonics which was not done in 2002.

 Another important aspect is the estimation of the cost impact to the customer as well
for utility and thus by extension to all stakeholders, which has not been done before in
Malaysia.

 The present study benchmarks its findings and recommendations against international
standards and findings.
 9
Project Objectives
To obtain baseline data on power quality events and sources of events
through power quality monitoring programs and ascertain in power quality
limits based the results obtain.

To estimate the economic loss to industry due to power quality events.

To validate the international standards applicability to Malaysian

Environment.

To determine the suitable period for implementation & enforcement of the

regulations and standards.

To determine the standard utility and consumer reference impedance of the

Malaysia electricity supply network.
 Scope of Consultant
10

Work
 The duration of this project is approximately 30 months

 The study is carried out at sites covering the northern, southern, eastern and
central region of Peninsular Malaysia, involving all utilities and customers in
the said area.

 25 Power quality monitors are to be purchased by the Suruhanjaya Tenaga,

maintained by its contractor.

 500 LV sites are to be logged for 24 hours at one minute interval.

 Scope of Consultant
11

Work
 In the first year the 25 power quality monitor will be installed at the Northern
and Eastern Region and in the second year the 25 Power Quality monitors will
be installed in the Central and Southern region.

 The logging sites is 250 in the north and eastern region and 250 for the central
and southern region.

 Customer sites are chosen to be logged for 24 hours at one minute interval.

 Logging sites and monitoring sites are to be proposed by the consultants, with
consultation with ST and TNB and agreement with the study technical
committee.
 12

Overall Methodology

 Sites selection is based on proper sampling so that the results are

representative of all stakeholders’ loads and equipment.

 Customer participation on voluntary basis

 All measurement will use IEC standards equipment with emphasis on

safety and accuracy.

 Data collection is through efficient computer network with sufficient

backup and redundancy to ensure no corruption or missing data.

 Raw data are archived so that it can be verified independently.

 13

Overall Methodology

 Analysis of data and cost use internationally accepted standards and

techniques taken from publication of high international standings. The
analysis technique will be transparent such that independent party can
repeat the analysis for verification.

 Manufacturers’ equipment data will be used in this study.

 Data and results of analysis are benchmarked against international

findings to help in verification and validation.

 Recommendation will be based on real data, data analysis, simulation

of practical scenarios and feedback from all stakeholders.
 Methodology Flow Chart
14

Stage 1:
Literature
study on
power
quality.

Stage 2:
Selection of
industrial
site.

Stage 3:
Measurement
and data
collection.
 Methodology Flow Chart15

Correlate power quality events with

TNB system disturbances

Stage 4: Data
analysis. Determine reference impedance
from logged data
PQ Database

Data Analysis

Developed a simulation technique to Perform analysis and simulation

Stage 5: Evaluation determine which customers that will

be affected due to any voltage sag
based on the monitoring statistics and
manufacturer data to study cost of
event harmonics effects
and validation on
International and Each event will be compared Determine and estimate the cost
Readings will be compared with
MS IEC-61000-3-2 and MS IEC
Malaysian Standards with MS IEC-61000-4-11 to
determine event severities
of voltages sags and harmonics
by using customer survey
61000-3-4 to determine the
harmonic limit for Malaysia
on power quality.
Determine and estimate the cost voltage sag
mitigation and harmonic mitigation

Compare data with the first year result to ensure no

erroneous or spurious results that can give
Stage 6: Formulation misleading interpretation. Benchmark with
equivalent international survey data
of recommendation
Give recommendations and suggestions on the
Propose a new mitigation and suitable technique to Malaysian power quality standards based on IEC
overcome power quality problems standards and the findings from PQ data
measurement, analysis and simulation
 Overall Voltage Sag
16

Results
 For power quality monitoring, the event recorded from January 2011 until
August 2012 are analysed by the consultant.

 From January 2011 until December, 2011, the power quality

monitors, Fluke 1750 recorded 781 voltage sag events. The events can be
viewed by using Fluke Power Analyzer software.

 From January 2012 until August 2012, the power quality monitors recorded
258 voltage sag events.

 Voltage sag can be caused by an internal or external factor. These factors

can be determined by analysing the voltage and current waveform.
Location of Monitoring
17

Sites
 Overview on External and
18

Internal Factor that

caused Voltage Sag

Voltage and current waveform (Internal Voltage and current waveform (External
Factor) Factor)
Power, P = VI where V and I is voltage and During a fault, the load is considered constant
current respectively. and the occurrence of voltage sag can be
analysed using Ohm’s Law, v=IR.
During start-up of large load/motor, the
incoming power is considered constant. The When the voltage from the supply dropped, the
current will be increased as it has to supply the current tends to drop because the energy is not
large load which will make the voltage tend to supplied to the load, but diverted to the fault that
increase. This condition can also be caused by occurred outside of the premise.
the internal fault.
 Summary of External and ITIC19

Voltage sag Events for 2011

Number ITIC Number ITIC
Site Name Site Name
of Event violation of Event violation
Kangar, Perlis 4 4 Jelapang, Perak 3 2
Alor Setar, Kedah 1 0 Ipoh, Perak 1 1
Alor Setar, Kedah 2 0 Ipoh, Perak 6 3
Kulim, Kedah 1 1 Ipoh, Perak 0 0
Kulim, Kedah 1 0 Kota Bharu,
4 4
Sg.Petani Kedah 1 1 Kelantan
Bayan Lepas, Penang 2 2 Kemaman,
1 0
Nibong Tebal, Terengganu
0 0
Penang Cukai, Terengganu 5 3
Bukit Minyak, K.Terengganu,
1 0 2 2
Penang Terengganu
Seberang Prai, Kuantan, Pahang 3 3
0 0
Penang Pekan, Pahang 2 2
Georgetown, Penang 2 2 Bentong, Pahang 11 6
Bayan Lepas, Penang 2 1 TOTAL 55 37
 Summary of External and ITIC 20

Voltage Sag Events for 2012

Number ITIC Number ITIC
Site Name Site Name
of Event Violation of Event Violation
Petaling Jaya, Selangor 0 0 Cyberjaya, Selangor 2 1
Jalan Duta, Kuala Senawang, Negeri
6 2 5 2
Lumpur Sembilan
T. Panglima Garang, Gemas, Negeri
2 0 1 0
Selangor Sembilan
Klang, Selangor 1 0 Muar, Johor 3 1
Precint 2, Putrajaya 2 2 Batu Pahat, Johor 3 2
Klang, Selangor 0 0 Merlimau, Melaka 2 1
Balakong, Selangor 1 1 Kota Tinggi, Johor 5 3
Parcel E, Putrajaya 4 2 Gelang Patah, Johor 3 1
Sepang , Selangor 1 1 Pasir Gudang, Johor 1 0
Rawang, Selangor 2 2 Larkin, Johor 5 2
Shah Alam, Selangor 1 0 Pasir Gudang, Johor 12 2
Kuala Lumpur 3 1 TOTAL 65 26
Precint 4, Putrajaya 0 0
 Benchmarking Cost21

against European Studies

 Leonardo Power Quality Initiative has sponsored study on

the impact of Power Quality in European Countries (EU)

 As a benchmark against the Suruhanjaya Study we present

salient point of the studies.
 European Countries PQ
22

Questionnaire: Respondents
(by Country)
Slovenia (21)

France (13)

Spain (12)

Poland (5)

United Kingdom (5)

Austria (1)

Italy (4)

Portugal (1)

Respondents in the European Countries (by country)

 European Countries PQ
23

Questionnaire:
Respondents (by sector)
Pulp Paper, 6
Retail, 1 Continuous
Semiconducto Manufacturing, 6
r, 1 Food Beverage, 4
Banks, 3 Manufacturing
,5
Metallurgy, 5
Pharmaceutic Oil Chemical, 7
al, 4 Hospitals, 6
Newspaper
Hotels, 1 Publishing, 2
Telecom, 4
Design, 1
Transport, 5

Respondents in the European Countries (by sector)

 European Countries PQ
24

Questionnaire:
PQ Cost per Event
1.2 Cost in million €
Voltage Dip
1
Short Interruption
0.8
Long Interruption
0.6
Transient & Surges
0.4
0.2
0

PQ Cost per Event for Different Disturbance

 European Countries PQ
25

Questionnaire: PQ Cost
per Voltage Sag Event
Industry € 141 635

Services € 22 064

Average € 119 357

Industry* € 4 682

Services* € 2 120

Average* € 4 177

*Note: 2 out of the 62 companies surveyed (semiconductor and retail) filtered out
Malaysian PQ Questionnaire
26

Results: Respondents
Total number of respondents = 87
 PQ Cost Per Sector for
27

Malaysian’s Industries
Industry Cost (RM)
Glass/ Stone/ Clay/ Cement & Ceramic & Tiles RM 400,000
Metal / aluminium / copper products RM 700,000
Plastics/Rubber RM 153,000
Services (Hospitals / Pharmaceuticals/ Banks/Hotels/ leisure/Commercial
RM 100,000
Premise/Wholesale Business)
Semiconductors/ wafer RM 3,000,000
Semiconductors/ EMS (Electronics Manufacturing Services)/Electrical &
RM 500,000
Electronics
Oil / petroleum refining/ Gas product /Petrochemicals & Polymers RM 200,000
Wood based / Furniture RM 200,000
Food products Manufacturing RM 200,000
Automotive/Machinery & Equipment RM 229,537
Printing/Packaging (Paper) RM 91,000
Garment Textile /Apparel RM 300,000
Petrochemicals RM 164,000
 28

Voltage Sag Event Analysis

ITIC Standard < 70% of Vnominal

SEMI F47 Standard < 50% of Vnominal

Duration = 0.0689 s
LPC Affected = 386 Sites
Total Cost of Losses = RM94, 334, 554

Area of Vulnerability Due to Single Line to Ground Fault at Line between Bus ABBA132
and SRDG132 (5 May 2012)
 29
Voltage Sag Event Analysis
ITIC Standard < 70% of Vnominal

SEMI F47 Standard < 50% of Vnominal

Duration = 0.0799s
LPC Affected = 1149 Sites
Total Cost of Losses = RM 317,044,165

Area of Vulnerability Due to Kuala Lumpur East 275 kV Bus Coupler Tripped
(16 April 2012)
 Cost per Voltage sagEvent that 30

violate ITIC for 2012

Voltage Detected by No. of TNB
No. Site Name Date Cost (RM)
Drop (pu) no of monitor LPC Affected
1 Sepang, Selangor 6 Feb 2012 0.6648 1 108 29,416,759
2 Kota Tinggi, Johor 10 Feb 2012 0.534 1 47 20,639,000
3 Senawang, Negeri 27 Feb 2012 0.5697 1 98 19,382,537
Sembilan
4 Balakong, Selangor 1 Mar 2012 0.4766 9 114 29,956,000
5 Gelang Patah, Johor 05 Mar 2012 0.6885 5 253 73,192,000
6 Larkin, Johor 29 Mar 2012 0.6923 1 309 50,032,537
7 Rawang, Selangor 3 Apr 2012 0.6117 1 12 9,711,611
8 Precint 2, Putrajaya 15 Apr 2012 0.6864 7 114 31,274,148
9 Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur 16 Apr 2012 0.6457 15 1149 317,044,165
10 Merlimau, Melaka 24 Apr 2012 0.5545 10 668 176,427,702
11 Senawang, Negeri 24 Apr 2012 0.7941 1 35 7,588,573
Sembilan
12 Pasir Gudang, Johor 01 May 2012 0.574 6 377 101,186,685
13 Precint 2, Putrajaya 05 May 2012 0.6405 6 386 94,334,554
 PQ Cost per Event that 31

violate ITIC for 2012

Voltage Detected by No. of TNB
No. Site Name Date Cost (RM)
Drop (pu) no of monitor LPC Affected
14 Muar, Johor 23 May 2012 0.5603 1 178 50,092,000
15 Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur 25 May 2012 0.3978 15 377 81,286,907
16 Rawang, Selangor 21 June 2012 0.8898 1 176 46,044,074
17 Batu Pahat, Johor 4 Jul 2012 0.7501 1 75 23,100,000
18 Kuala Lumpur 05 Jul 2012 0.681 9 441 101,087,592
19 Pasir Gudang, Johor 31 Jul 2012 0.7888 2 75 23,100,000
20 Kota Tinggi, Johor 8 Aug 2012 0.644 1 47 20,639,000
21 Parcel E, Putrajaya 11 Aug 2012 0.6883 1 31 3,100,000
22 Parcel E, Putrajaya 12 Aug 2012 0.6836 5 307 74,827,833
23 Kota Tinggi, Johor 18 Aug 2012 0.6102 1 156 43,559,000
24 Larkin, Johor 18 Aug 2012 0.67 6 156 43,559,000
25 Batu Pahat, Johor 18 Aug 2012 0.5608 1 75 23,100,000
26 Cyberjaya 19 Aug 2012 0.6037 6 127 23,182,537
TOTAL 1,516,864,214
 PQ Cost per Event that
32

violate ITIC for 2012

PQ Cost per Event
350,000,000

300,000,000

250,000,000
Cost (RM)

200,000,000

150,000,000

100,000,000

50,000,000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Event
 33

Mitigation Options

Mark Stephens, EPRI Solutions, Power Quality and Utilisation Guide,

“PQ In Continuous Manufacturing”, 2006
 34
Mitigation Options

Source: Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan and H. Wayne Beaty,

TK1001.D84 (1996) “Electrical Power Systems Quality”, Mc Graw-Hill. Pages
1-8 and 39-80.
 PQ Cost per Event that
35

violate SEMI F47 for 2012

Detected by no No. of TNB
No Site Name Date Cost (RM)
of Monitor LPC Affected
1 Sepang, Selangor 6 Feb 2012 1 108 29,416,759
2 Kota Tinggi, Johor 10 Feb 2012 1 47 20,639,000
3 Senawang, Negeri Sembilan 27 Feb 2012 1 98 19,382,537
4 Balakong, Selangor 1 Mar 2012 9 114 29,956,000
5 Larkin, Johor 29 Mar 2012 1 309 50,032,537
6 Rawang, Selangor 3 Apr 2012 1 12 9,711,611
7 Precint 2, Putrajaya 15 Apr 2012 7 114 31,274,148
8 Senawang, Negeri Sembilan 24 Apr 2012 1 35 7,588,573
9 Muar, Johor 23 May 2012 1 178 50,092,000
10 Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur 25 May 2012 15 377 81,286,907
11 Batu Pahat, Johor 4 Jul 2012 1 75 23,100,000
12 Pasir Gudang, Johor 31 Jul 2012 2 75 23,100,000
13 Kota Tinggi, Johor 8 Aug 2012 1 47 20,639,000
14 Parcel E, Putrajaya 11 Aug 2012 1 31 3,100,000
15 Larkin, Johor 18 Aug 2012 6 156 43,559,000
16 Batu Pahat, Johor 18 Aug 2012 1 75 23,100,000
Total 465,978,072
 PQ Cost per Event that
36

violate SEMI F47 for 2012

PQ cost per event in 2012
90,000,000
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000
Cost (RM)

50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Events
 Harmonic Standard:
37

Voltage & Current

Harmonic Limits
 According to IEC 61000-3-4, IEC 61000-3-6 and IEEE 519-92, the
current and voltage harmonic limits are as follows:
Harmonics Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible
Harmonic Current Harmonic Voltage
(%) (%)
THD
16.0 5.0
(Total Harmonic Distortion)
3rd 21.6 6.5
5th 10.7 6.0
7th 7.2 5.0
9th 3.8 1.5
11th 3.1 3.5
 Current THD for all 500 sites 38

in Peninsular Malaysia
 From the total of 500 logged sites in Peninsular Malaysia, it is found that
343 sites exceeded the Current THD limit.
*343 sites from 500 sites is 68.6%

All 500 Logged Sites in Peninsular Malaysia

68.6 31.4
% %

All 500 Logged

All 500 SitesSites
 Voltage THD for all 500 sites
39

in Peninsular Malaysia
 From the total of 500 logged sites in Peninsular Malaysia, it is found that
236 sites exceeded the Voltage THD limit.
*236 sites from 500 sites is 47.2%

All 500 Logged Sites in Peninsular Malaysia

47.2 52.8
% %
 40

Current THD by
Sectors (1)
(1)
The figures show Current THD(%) versus
industrial, commercial and residential sites Commercial Sites

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 Current THD by Sectors
41

(2))
(2
Residential
Exceed The number of sites that exceed the
Limit Current THD Limit are as follows:
58.20%
Industrial  Industrial Sites: 173 sites (58.2%)
 Commercial Sites: 118 sites (79.2%)
Commercial 41.80%
 Residential Sites: 52 sites (96.3%)

Residential
Commercial
Commercial Exceed
Exceed
Limit
Limit Residential
Industrial 96.3%
79.2%
Industrial

20.8%
3.7%
 42

3rd Harmonic Current

The number of sites that exceed the 3rd 3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%
Harmonic Current Limit are as follows:
 Industrial Sites: 68 sites (22.9%)
 Commercial Sites: 80 sites (53.7%)
 Residential Sites: 38 sites (70.4%) Commercial Sites

3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%

3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 43

5th Harmonic Current

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%
The number of sites that exceed the 5th
Harmonic Current Limit are as follows:
 Industrial Sites: 154 sites (51.9%)
 Commercial Sites: 112 sites (75.2%)
 Residential Sites: 49 sites (90.7%) Commercial Sites

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 44

7th Harmonic Current

The number of sites that exceed the 7th 7th Current Harmonic Limit : 7.2%
Harmonic Current Limit are as follows:
 Industrial Sites: 170 sites (57.2%)
 Commercial Sites: 112 sites (75.2%)
 Residential Sites: 47 sites (87.0%) Commercial Sites

7th Current Harmonic Limit : 7.2%

7th Current Harmonic Limit : 7.2%

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 45

3rd Harmonic Current

The number of sites that exceed the 3rd 3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%
Harmonic Current Limit are as follows:
 Industrial Sites: 68 sites (22.9%)
 Commercial Sites: 80 sites (53.7%)
 Residential Sites: 38 sites (70.4%) Commercial Sites

3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%

3rd Current Harmonic Limit : 21.6%

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 46

5th Harmonic Current

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%
The number of sites that exceed the 5th
Harmonic Current Limit are as follows:
 Industrial Sites: 154 sites (51.9%)
 Commercial Sites: 112 sites (75.2%)
 Residential Sites: 49 sites (90.7%) Commercial Sites

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%

5th Current Harmonic Limit : 10.7%

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 47

7th Harmonic Current

The number of sites that exceed the 7th 7th Current Harmonic Limit : 7.2%
Harmonic Current Limit are as follows:
 Industrial Sites: 170 sites (57.2%)
 Commercial Sites: 112 sites (75.2%)
 Residential Sites: 47 sites (87.0%) Commercial Sites

7th Current Harmonic Limit : 7.2%

7th Current Harmonic Limit : 7.2%

Industrial Sites Residential Sites

 48

Summary of THD
Sites
NO OF SITES (TOTAL) Industrial Commercial Residential
297 149 54

120
Sites that exceed THD

100 96.3
79.2
80
limit (%)

58.2 63
60 49 Current THD
43.4 Voltage THD
40
20
0
Industrial Commercial Residential
 Summary of Harmonic49

spectrums
100 94.4
90.7 88.9
90 87 84.6
Sites that exceed current

80 75.2 75.2 77.9

harmonic limit (%)

70.4 67.3
70
60 57.2
53.7 51.9
50
40 36.7
30 22.9
20
10
0
3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th
Industrial Commercial Residential
 50

Power Factor
 Power Factor is the ratio of real power, P(kW) to the apparent power S
(kVA). (displacement power factor)
used as an index to determine the electricity charges for the
customer.
measured from 0 to 1.
the decreasing in power factor will cause lower electricity efficiency.
for 132kV (and above) customer, the power factor surcharge will be
imposed if their power factor is less than 0.9.
for below than 132kV customer, the power factor surcharge will be
imposed if their power factor is below than 0.85.
 51

True Power Factor

 True power factor = Power factor with harmonic effect.
 Displacement power factor = Power factor without harmonic effect.
 The relation between the displacement and true power factor is as follow:
True power factor = Displacement power factor × Distortion factor

 Where the distortion factor (DF) is equal to:

 Calculation of power factor by TNB:

 This is a monthly average displacement power factor.

 True Power Factor
52

Occurrence
 The percentage of true power factor occurrences that occur less than 0.85 is 82.6%.
 The number of sites that have true power factor less than 0.85 is 479 sites.
*479 sites from 500 sites is 95.8%
 53
Losses due to harmonics

Supplementary losses and heating

Iron losses (Eddy current losses)

Insulation ageing
Costs due to
harmonics
Resonance Phenomena

Derating of equipment (ie: Transformer)

Equipment malfunction
 Harmonic Cost
54

Calculation: Losses in
 Industrial losses: Industrial Site
Type of Losses Rated losses Losses without Losses with harmonic
(W) harmonic effect (W) effect (W)

No load 3200 3200 3200

Copper losses, I2R 16666.67 8166.67 8444.68

Winding eddy current 3344.00 1638.56 2548.25

Other stray 6789.33 3326.77 3540.21

Total losses 30000.00 16332.00 17733.14

Total load losses 26800.00 13132.00 14533.14

 Harmonic Cost 55

Calculation: Losses in
Industrial Sites
p.u load 0.7 No Load Loss Capitalization, A 19.6690
Interest rate 0.1 Load Loss Capitalization, B 4.0950
Inflation rate 0.031 Total cost of transformer losses
Transformer lifetime 11 without harmonic (1 year)_RM 116,716.71
KWh price (RM/kWh) tariff Total Cost of Losses with harmonic
E2 0.304 effect (1 year)_RM 122,454.43
Loading current 1521
Rated current 3333.43 Increased cost of losses due to
Transformer price (RM) 200000
harmonic (RM)/year 5,737.72
Imax(pu) 0.906261941
Transformer price/kVA (RM) 80
Equivalent kVA 2265.654852
Transformer size (kVA) 2500
Present worth 7.3859 Capacity loss (RM) 18,747.61

Year when the transformer is

damaged (years) 18
Present value for 1 year (RM) 9,000.00
Present value before damage (RM) 162,000.00
Present value for aging cost (RM) 18,000.00
 Harmonic Cost
56

Calculation: Losses in
 Commercial losses:
Commercial Site
Type of Losses Rated losses Losses without Losses with
(W) harmonic effect (W) harmonic effect (W)

No load 3200 3200 3200

Copper losses, I2R 16666.67 2666.67 2794.43

Winding eddy current 6789.33 1086.29 1900.87

Other stray 3344.00 535.04 582.31

Total losses 30000.00 7488.00 8477.61

Total load losses 26800.00 4288.00 5277.61

 Harmonic Cost 57

Calculation: Losses in
Commercial Sites
p.u load 0.4 No Load Loss Capitalization, A 20.1866
Interest rate 0.1 Load Loss Capitalization, B 2.1982
Inflation rate 0.031 Total cost of transformer losses
Transformer lifetime 11 without harmonic (1 year)_RM 74,022.90
KWh price (RM/kWh) tariff E2 0.312 Total Cost of Losses with harmonic
Loading current 1100 effect (1 year)_RM 76,198.26
Rated current 3333.43
Transformer price (RM) 200000 Increased cost of losses due to
Transformer price/kVA (RM) 80 harmonic (RM)/year 2,175.35
Transformer size (kVA) 2500 Imax(pu) 0.298285666
Present Worth 7.3859 Equivalent kVA 745.7141652
Capacity loss (RM) 140,342.87

Year when the transformer is damaged

(years) 18
Present value for 1 year (RM) 12,000.00
Present value before damage (RM) 216,000.00
Present value for aging cost (RM) 24,000.00
 Harmonic Cost
58

Calculation: Total
 Malaysia harmonic cost:
Sector Total Increased cost of losses No of Annual cost of losses (RM)
number of due to harmonic transformers
consumers (RM)/year
Industrial 24929 5,737.72 12500 71,721,485.82
Commercial 1056954 2,175.35 5000 10,876,757.49
82,598,243.31

Sector Total Aging cost if transformer No of Annualized aging cost (RM)

number of is damage after 18 years transformers
consumers (RM)
Industrial 24929 18,000.00 12500 12,500,000.00
Commercial 1056954 24,000.00 5000 6,666,666.67
19,166,666.67
 59 LESSONS LEARNED
 Financial losses due to voltage sags can be huge
 There is a baseline voltage sag frequency in the
system due to the background conditions, such as
weather related system interruptions.
 System operator can minimise the voltage sags to
events that cannot be avoided by proper system
design, maintenance and operation.
 Customer Good engineering practice such
as, selecting PQ standard compliance equipment
reduces operational disruption due to voltage sag
events.
 60 LESSONS LEARNED

 In pre-existing installation, mitigation devices can

reduce operation disruption as a results of voltage
sags.
 It is possible to estimate the risk of financial losses
from voltage sag events.
 It is therefore feasible for cost Benefit analysis from
financial risk and investment cost for retrofitting
and/or installing PQ standard compliance
equipment.
 LESSONS LEARNED
 HARMONICS
 Malaysian industries hardly comply with
international best practice as far as
harmonic control is concerned.
 The loss due to harmonics is chronic and
cancer like.
 The cost is mainly due to faster aging and
energy losses.
 It is avoidable.
 The financial cost makes our economy
less competitive.
THANK YOU