Nature of Heat

A journey for the truth

David Robinson
 What is a theory?
A theory is an intelligent
History of heat explanation about some
phenomenon.
● In the 18th century there was the caloric theory which suggested that:
● Heat was a fluid or substance that travelled through all matter.
● Each body possessed a certain amount of caloric. A hot body was said to
possess more caloric than a cold body.
● Caloric particles were supposed to repel each other so they would tend to
leave the hot object and flow to the cold object thus explained why bodies
when heated, gaining caloric, would expand.
● Since caloric was a substance it had volume and this fact explained why
bodies when heated, gaining caloric, would expand.
● Caloric being a fluid would have mass and therefore a body, when hot,
would have a bigger mass than when cold.
 Weaknesses of the caloric theory
1. Lack of experimental evidence. Due to technological
limitations they couldn’t weight objects properly while
heating.
2. No explanation for why when 2 objects were heated
together they wouldn’t reach the same temperature at the
same time.
3. It could not explain why when heat was supplied during
melting , the temperature did not rise.
Story Time
Brownian motion

Brownian motion is the random, uncontrolled

movement of particles in a fluid as they constantly
collide with other molecules.
This is one of the discover that led to the truth or at
the very least much closer to it.
Kinetic Theory
Kinetic Theory

All matter is made up of particles that are in constant random

motion.

These atoms are attracted and held to each other through

intermolecular bonds.

Hence, it was proposed that heating involved some form of

molecular motion . Thus was born the kinetic theory of heat.

A battle between the two rival theories was born.

 Rumford’s Cannon experiment
“Being engaged, lately, in superintending the boring of cannon, in the
workshops of the military arsenal at Munich, I was struck with the very
considerable degree of heat which a brass gun acquires, in a short time, in
being bored; and with the still more intense heat (much greater than that
of boiling water, as I found by experiment) of the metallic chips separated
from it by the borer.
The more I meditated on these phenomena the more they appeared to
me to be curious and interesting. A thorough investigation of them
seemed even to bid fair to give a further insight into the hidden nature of
heat; and to enable us to form some reasonable conjectures respecting
the existence, or non-existence, of an igneous fluid: a subject on which
the opinions of philosophers have, in all ages, been much divided.”
 Cannon experiment
When he did actually get around to
conduct his experiment in 1798, he
showed that the "work" expended by
a team of two draft horses , turning a
cannon boring drill bit at a rate of
thirty-two revolutions per minute,
inside of a cannon barrel, which itself
was submerged in a tank of water,
will generate "heat" in the cannon
barrel to the effect that it caused the
water to boil at 2 hours and 30
minutes.
James Joule

An english brewer who did science as a hobby in his spare

time.

He designed an experiment to prove the Kinetic theory of

heat.
The
Experiment
in a more
interesting
way.

Boiling
water with a
blender.
 Remember the scientific method
Theory Caloric theory Theory Kinetic theory

Experiment Joule’s experiment Experiment Joule’s experiment

Data analysis Heat is a form of energy Data analysis Heat is a form of energy

Inconsistent with caloric theory Consistent with kinetic theory

THEORY REJECTED THEORY ACCEPTED

What is
temperature?
Temperature and Heat

David Robinson
 Recall: Kinetic Theory
Kinetic theory – particles are constantly moving
and have kinetic energy. The higher the
temperature, the faster they move, so the more
kinetic energy they contain.

Energy will flow from a hotter object to a colder one.

energy
Particles in the hot object will lose kinetic energy,
whereas particles in the cold object will gain energy.

Energy will continue to flow until both objects reach

the same temperature. Objects at the same
temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy per particle.
 Are temperature and heat the same?

More Heat
Higher
energy
Temperature
Which has the most
energy?
Which has the
higher temperature?
 Heat vs Temperature
Are Heat and Temperature describes the average
Heat - describes the transfer of
Temperature thermal energy between molecules
kinetic energy of molecules within a
material or system and is measured in
the same? within a system and is measured in
Celsius(oC) or Kelvin (K)
joules.

The connection: Heat is a transfer of thermal energy caused by a difference in

temperature between molecules.
 Units of Temperature

Celsius (oC) also called centigrade, scale based on 0° for the

freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point of water.
Kelvin (K) base unit of temperature measurement (Si unit of
Other Temperature). The Kelvin Scale starts at Absolute Zero.
Temperature
scales include:
Fahrenheit(oF) .:. Absolute zero: the lowest temperature that is theoretically
And possible, at which the motion of particles which constitutes
Rankine(oR) heat would be minimal. It is zero on the Kelvin scale,
equivalent to −273.15°C.
Let’s Add some Heat

When heat energy is added to an object:

The average kinetic energy of the atoms in the object

increases.

The temperature will increase (with an exception).

The object will expand.

The state of matter may change.

 A Change in temperature can affect
Which of these
the properties of an object.
Properties can be
used to measure Size (expansion/contraction)
temperature.
State of matter
Electrical resistance
Pressure
Rate of diffusion
Solubility
Rate of reactions
Expansion
&
Thermometers
 Simulations
These are some
simulations Phet diffusion sim
which can help (https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/diffusion/latest/diffusi
you get a better on_en.html )
visual of what
happens at the Phet Phase Change
macroscopic Sim(https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter/la
level. test/states-of-matter_en.html )
JavaLab sim (https://javalab.org/en/bimetal_en/ )
Questions to answer:

1, What happens
when a material is
heated.

2. Is it the same for

all materials.

3. Does it happen
at the same rate in
all materials.
 Where else should we take thermal
Tell me why expansion into account?
😊 Buildings
Or you can ask (if
you are too chicken Bridges
to tell me) Bottles

😒 Roads & Sidewalks

Fire arms
Electronics
*Bio-metallic strips
Thermometers

Many thermometers we encounter on the day to day take

advantage of the thermal properties of matter.

Whether it be changes in volume by expansion, pressure by

kinetic energy of gas particle, changes in electrical resistance
or ,release heat energy via infrared radiation.

All of these properties can be used to see Who is hot and who
is not.
Here are some examples of
thermometers.
Lab thermometer

Infrared thermometer

Clinical thermometer

Constant volume gas thermometer

Thermocouple
Lab Thermometer

The lab thermometer is a liquid in glass thermometer. It holds

a liquid in the bulb at the bottom of the thermometer. When
the bulb is placed in a substance the liquid in the thermometer
will begging to contract or expand depending of the
temperature of the substance.

It will expand when heated and contract when cooled.

Range typical -10 to 110 ℃

Infrared Thermometer

An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers

temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation
sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object
being measured.

Black-body radiation refers to the spectrum of light emitted

by any heated object; common examples include the heating
element of a toaster and the filament of a light bulb.

RELAX!!! we will get to this later on.

Clinical Thermometer
Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

● A constant volume gas thermometer usually consists of a

bulb filled with a fixed amount of a dilute gas which is
attached to a mercury manometer.
● The manometer is used to measure variation in pressure.
● The pressure Law (Gay-Lussac's law) states that the
pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the
absolute temperature of the gas when the volume is kept
constant. I said RELAX!!! we will get to this later on.
 Thermocouple
Thermocouple uses a change in It consists of 2 wires made of
potential difference( Voltage) to different metals, when the end of
determine the temperature. the wire is exposed to a
temperature the wires will have a
different p.d between them.
Giving the temperature reading.
Range 95 to 1600 ℃
.:.Different types will have
different ranges
Calibrating a thermometer
To define a temperature scale,
we first choose two reference
temperatures called the fixed
points.

Upper Fixed Point - the temperature

of pure boiling water at normal
atmospheric pressure.

Lower Fixed Point - the temperature

of pure melting ice at normal
atmospheric pressure.
Phases of Matter
States of Matter
The 3 State of Matter
Solid

Liquid

Gas
Solid
● The intermolecular forces between neighboring
molecules are strong enough to keep them locked in
position
● Solids (like liquids) are not very compressible due to the
lack of space between molecules
● If the molecules in a solid adopt a highly ordered packing
arrangement, the structures are said to be crystalline.
Liquid
The intermolecular attractive forces are strong enough to
hold molecules close together
Liquids have a definite volume, independent of the size and
shape of their container
The attractive forces are not strong enough to keep
neighboring molecules in a fixed position and molecules are
free to move past or slide over one another.
Slightly Compressible hence why it is said to be
incompressible at times.
Gas
A collection of widely separated molecules

The kinetic energy of the molecules is greater than any

attractive forces between the molecules

The lack of any significant attractive force between molecules

allows a gas to expand to fill its container

If attractive forces become large enough, then the gases

exhibit non-ideal behavior. Hmmm. Ideal Gas HMMMM!!!
Change of State
Change of State
 Changes of state

Melting Freezing
Boiling Condensation
Sublimation Deposition
Adding heat energy Removing heat energy
Where you paying attention!
Gas Laws
What do we notice about the Pressure against
Temperature graph below. (P/T)
Is there a difference
between the:

Pressure /temperature
and the
volume /temperature
graphs.
Simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/ga
s-properties_en.html

Have at it (test it out)

Add particles to the chamber.

Change the constants and observe the effects of each.

 Convert between Celsius and Kelvin
Imagine
that's all
there is to
the Kelvin = Celsius + 273 Celsius = Kelvin - 273
conversion.
E.g, 20oC to Kelvin E.g. 50K to oC
NOTE we
will use 273 K = 20oC +273 oC = 50K - 273
at this level
for the K = 293K oC = -223oC
conversion .
Gas Laws
you will only
be using
Kelvin
 The Gas laws

Homework Boyle’s Law ( PV = constant)

go read up
about them Charles’ Law ( V/T = constant)

for next
Pressure Law ( P/T = constant)
class.
Combined Gas Law ( (PV)/ T = constant)
For CSEC Physics :
Don’t sweat the moles.
Don’t sweat the “R”
R is the Ideal Gas constant

If you are doing Chemistry

CSEC maybe sweat the
above.

NOTE: The units we will use:

Pressure = Pascals = Pa
Volume = meters cube = m3
Temperature= Kelvin = K

However as you will see

units will cancel each other
out. So examples with atm
mmHg will not matter.
Boyle’s Law

At constant temperature the volume of a fixed mass of gas

varies inversely with the pressure.

P ∝1/V or P = constant x 1/ V

PV = constant

For different pressures p1,p2 and corresponding volumes V1,

V2 on a fixed mass of gas, then

p1V1 = p2V2
Boyle's law

As the volume of the gas decreases, the gas particles have less
room to move around in, and they collide more often with the
walls of the container, thus increasing the pressure:
 Boyle’s Law

p1V1 = p2V2 p1V1 = p2V2

Eg.

P1 = 50kPa 50kPa x 20m3 = p2 x 10m3

P2=? P2 = (50kPa x 20m3 )/10m3

V1=20m3 P2 = 100kPa

V2 = 10m3
 Charles’ Law
The volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
The constant depends on amount of gas and pressure. So, as
volume goes up, so does temperature, and vice versa.
This equation can also be described as saying that the volume
divided by the temperature of a gas is constant:
V ∝ T or V/T = constant
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Charles’ Law example

As the balloon warms up, the gas particles start to move

faster, and hit the walls of the balloon harder and more
frequently. For the pressure to remain constant, the balloon
must expand, so the collisions occur over a larger area.
 V1/T1 = V2/T2 V1/T1 = V2/T2
V1 = 30cm3 30cm3 / 10K = 100cm3 / T2

T1 = 10K T2 = (100cm3 x 10K) / 30cm3

V2 = 100cm3 T2 = 33.3K

T2 = ?
 Pressure Law
This law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held
at constant volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature.
So, if pressure increases, so will the temperature, and vice
versa.
This is the same as saying that the pressure of a gas divided by
the temperature will be constant.
P ∝ T or P / T = constant
P1/T1 = P2/T2
 P1/T1 = P2/T2 P1/T1 = P2/T2
P1 = ? P1 / 10℃ = 65 kPa / 30℃

T1 = 10K P1 = (65 kPa x 10K )/ 30K

P2 = 65kPa P1 = 21.7kPa

T2 = 30K
Gay Lussac’s pressure law
General Gas Law

All of the previous laws can be combined into a single

proportion:

V ∝ T/P

P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2

The volume of a given amount of gas is proportional to the

ratio of its Kelvin temperature and its pressure.
Examples

P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2 Have Fun !!!

P1 = 350kPa

V1 = 50cm3

T1 = 300K

P2 = 900kPa

V2 = 90cm3

T2 = ?
Revision
 Remember Pressure
We made reference to how pressure under your feet can compress
soft ground making you sink.

How water can be pulled up a straw by sucking it.

How air pressure can crush an evacuated can/bottle.

How a pressure cooker cooks foods faster.

How a car tire will explode on a hot long day of driving.

 The formulas you’ve seen before
Pressure = Normal Force / Area or p=F/A

How does this relate to Gas?

Pressure = Height x Density x Gravity or P = hρg

What is an example with gases that you can think of?

Which is heavier a deflated balloon or a balloon with air

How gases exert pressure
This is just for Interest, involves water pressure this
is not apart of gas pressure, well kind of, whatever
just enjoy.
 Question 1
Compression of a gas reduces volume
and raises temperature. P1 = 1.0 atm

A bicycle pump holds 60cm3 of air P2 = ?

when the piston is drawn out. The air V1 =60cm3
is initially at 17℃ and 1 atmospheres
pressure. V2 = 15cm3

Calculate the pressure of the air as it is T1 = 17℃ = 17 + 273 = 290K

forced into the tyre if compression T2 = 27℃ = 27 + 273= 300K
reduces its volume to 15cm3 and raises
its temperature to 27℃. Answer: 4.1 atm
 Question 2
In a Chemistry experiment, 240cm3
of oxygen gas is collected. The P1 = 770 mmHg
temperature of the room is 20℃ and
the atmospheric pressure, read on P2 = 760 mmHg
the barometer, is 770 mm of
T1 = 293 K
mercury.
Calculate the volume of gas at T2 = 273 K
standard temperature and V1 =240cm3
pressure.(Standard temperature is
0℃ and standard pressure is 760 mm V2 = ?
of mercury)
Answer: 227cm3
 Your task
Using kinetic theory and molecular motion explain the Gas laws, using your
own words (Google is not you, but can help you confirm you explanation)

Plus describe the Formulas used using terms like directly proportional or
inversely proportional.

This task should be done in your book, this is to help you to have explanation
that is easy for you to remember.
Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity

Compare an electric kettle with an immersion heater in a hot

water tank, an electric kettle holds 1.6kg of water and a hot
water tank could hold about 160kg of water.
The power of the kettle is 2.5kW and the power of the
immersion heater in the water tank is 5kW.
As the 5kW immersion heater heats twice as quickly as the
2.5kW kettle, it will take only half as long to produce the same
amount of heat.
Heat Capacity

So if the kettle takes 2 minutes to heat 1.6kg of water, the

immersion heater would take only 1 minute to heat 1.6kg. But in
fact the immersion heater takes 100 minutes to heat 160kg of
water.
We find that the amount of heat needed is directly proportional to
the mass of water.
This agrees with our personal experiences, while putting on the
electric kettle doesn’t take long , you have to make sure to turn oh
the hot water heater as you wake up else that water gonna be
chilly.
Which requires more energy to heat up by 1℃?

Water must be
supplied with nearly
five times as much
energy as aluminium
for the same rise in
temperature.

4200 J of energy 900 J of energy

The heat capacity of an object depends on its material.

 Heat Capacity “C”
Heat capacity refers to a whole object hence:

The heat capacity, C, of an object is the energy needed to raise its

temperature by 1 Kelvin (or 1℃).

Heat capacity = heat energy / temperature change

C = EH/ΔT units are J/K or JK-1

Rearrange the formula to find the heat needed to raise temperature.

EH = CΔT
 Specific Heat capacity “c”
Specific heat capacity refers to 1kg of a substance. We use the
word specific in physics to mean per unit mass.
The Specific Heat Capacity, c, of a substance is the heat energy
needed to , raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1K (or
1℃)
Specific heat capacity = heat energy / (mass x temperature change)
c = EH / (m x ΔT) units in Jkg-1K-1
Rearranged to find the heat needed:
EH = mcΔT
 Get the calculators!
What do we know:
Recall: Power = energy / time Power (P) = 2.5kW = 2500W
Time (t) = 2 minutes = 120s
Hence: Energy = power x time ΔT = T2- T1= 60℃ -20℃ =40℃ or 40K difference
Mass of water = 1.6kg
The power of the electric
Calculate the energy
kettle is 2.5kW the time spent EH = 2500W X120s = 300,000J
heating was 2 minutes, the
Calculate the heat capacity:
initial temperature of 1.6kg of C = EH /ΔT =
water was 20℃ and the final is C = 300,000J / 40K = 7,500JK-1

60℃. Calculate the specific heat capacity:

c = EH / (m x ΔT) =
c = 300,000J / (1.6kg x 40K) = 4700Jkg-1K-1
Latent Heat
 Fun facts!!!
An iceberg can survive many weeks floating in the sea before it
all finally melts.

It takes much longer time to turn a kettle full of boiling water

You don’t into steam, than it does to bring cold water to the boil in a kettle.
say!!!
You can test this in your kitchen, get a stopwatch (phone), an put
some cold water into a pot. Start the stopwatch as you turn on
the stove record the time for when it starts to boil, then record
the time when the water all evaporates.
Latent Heat

The heat energy needed to change the phase or state of a

substance is called latent heat.

Latent heat means “hidden” heat. As the heat which changes

ice into water is hidden in the sense that when the ice melts it
is no hotter than before it received the heat. The latent, heat
turns ice at 0℃ into water at 0℃. So latent heat changes the
phase of an object without causing a change in temperature.
Hmm! Which one needs more energy?

Melting Vaporisation
Cooling Curve Heating Curve
 Fusion vs Vaporisation
The specific latent heat of fusion, The specific latent heat of
l , of a solid substance is the heat vaporisation , l , of a liquid
energy required to change 1 kg of substance is the heat energy
it from solid to liquid without any required to change 1 kg of it
temperature change. from liquid to gas without any
temperature change.
Difference in heat of fusion and Vaporization
Latent Heat formula

Heat energy = latent heat x mass

EH = l x m
l = EH/m
Latent heat of Fusion and vaporisation uses the same symbol
use your head to determine which one to use.
 MATH Time!
Determine the amount of heat absorbed by 1 kg water to change phase
from liquid to vapor (steam). Heat of vaporization for water = 2256 x 103
J/kg.
Known: Q is the same as EH
Mass (m) = 1 kg
Heat of vaporization (LV) = 2256 x 103 J/kg
Q = m lV
Q = (1 kg)(2256 x 103 J/kg)
Q = 2256 x 103 J
 Another one
A popsicle has a mass of 100g. If the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
is 340,000Jkg-1, calculate the heat energy needed to melt the popsicle.

EH = l m

= 340,000Jkg-1 x 0.1kg

= 34,000J
Evaporation

In evaporation a liquid changes to a vapour without ever

reaching its boiling point. A puddle of water in the road
evaporates and does so much more rapidly when there is:

Wind

Sun (Heat energy)

Low Humidity (amount of water vapour in the air)

Evaporation vs Boiling

Evaporation Boiling

1. Occurs at any 1. Occurs at a definite

temperature. temperature - the
2. Occurs at surface of boiling point.
liquid: no bubbles. 2. Occurs within liquid:
bubbles appear.
Evaporation

Volatile liquids are substances that evaporate readily at

normal temperatures. E.g. (Acetone).

Have you ever cleaned off nail polish and feel the skin on your
fingers get super cold! I wonder why?

This is because the Acetone takes the heat energy from your
skin, for it to vaporize, hence cooling you down.

Why do you think you sweat?

 Refrigerator & Air Conditioning
Refrigerators and air
conditioners take
advantage of the cooling
properties of volatile
liquids.
Heat capacity and latent and
formulas
Formulas:
Heat capacity
C = EH / ΔT
Specific Heat capacity
c = EH / (m x ΔT)
Specific Latent heat
L = EH / m
 Specific heat capacity and Latent Heat
Water Ice Aluminium An aluminum can of mass 100g contains
Specific Heat capacity 4200 2000 900
200g of water. Both, initially at 15℃, are
(Jkg-1℃-1) placed in a refrigerator at -5.0℃.
Specific Latent Heat 340,000 Calculate the quantity of heat that has to
-1
(Jkg )
be removed from the water and the can
What do you have to look at to
for their temperature to fall to -5.0℃.
complete this questions?
Heat lost by can.
Heat lost by water.
Freezing of water.
Heat lost of ice.
Add all for final energy lose.
 Water Ice Aluminium
Specific Heat capacity
-1 -1
(Jkg ℃ )
4200 2000 900 Worked question
-1 340,000
Specific Latent Heat (Jkg )

Heat lost by can from 15℃ to - 5℃ Heat lost by water from 15℃ to 0℃
Formulas:
EHc = mc x cc x ΔT EHw = mw x cw xΔT
Heat capacity
= 0.1kg x 900 Jkg-1℃-1 x (15℃-(-5℃)) = 0.2kg x 4200Jkg-1℃-1 x 15℃
C = EH / ΔT
=0.1kg x 900 x 20 EHw=12600J
Specific Heat capacity
c = EH / (m x ΔT) EHc= 1800J

Specific Latent heat

L = EH / m
 Water Ice Aluminium
Specific Heat capacity
-1 -1
(Jkg ℃ )
4200 2000 900 Worked question
-1 340,000
Specific Latent Heat (Jkg )

Heat lost by water at 0℃ to ice at 0℃ Heat lost by ice from 0℃ to -5℃

Formulas:
EHw = mw x Lf EHw = mi x ci xΔT
Heat capacity
= 0.2kg x 340,000Jkg-1 = 0.2kg x 2000Jkg-1℃-1 x 5℃
C = EH / ΔT
EHc= 68,000J EHw=2,000J
Specific Heat capacity
c = EH / (m x ΔT)
Specific Latent heat
Total EH lost = 1,800 + 12,600 + 68,000 + 2,000 = 84,400J
L = EH / m
 Questions

What are the units for: 2. Find the energy released

by a copper block when it is
A. Heat Capacity “C”
cooled from 100°C to 20°C.
B. Specific heat Capacity “c”
Given that the heat capacity
C. Specific latent Heat “L”
of the block is 770 J°C-1. [2
[1 mark each 3 Marks total] Marks]
 Questions continued
3. When an electric heater is supplied with an electric power of 2.0 kW to
heat 4.0 kg of water for 1 minute, calculate the increase in temperature of the
water. Assume that the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 0C-1 and
there is no heat loss to the surroundings. [3 Marks]
4. Find the energy released by 0.3 kg of a liquid sample at 200oC to change
to its solid state at 50oC. Given that the specific heat capacity of the sample in
solid state and liquid state are 770 J kg-1 oC-1 and 900 J kg-1 oC-1 respectively.
The melting point of the sample is 100oC and the specific latent heat of fusion
of it is 10 kJ kg-1. [5 Marks]
👺👺👺Experiments / LABS 👺👺👺
Note these are not going to be done at this moment but just
know that whenever the time is right they will pop-up.

1. Cooling/ heat curves

2. Specific Heat capacity/ Specific Latent Heat Capacity
Thermal transfer
Heat Transfer: The Thermal processes

How can heat be transferred?

Conduction

Convection

Radiation
Conduction
Conduction of heat

The flow of heat through a material without the flow

of the material.
Conduction
Material Time for pin to fall Material Textbook relative conductivity values.
(secs)
Aluminium 204
Aluminium 125
Brass 109
Brass 189
Copper 385
Copper 73
Steel 16
Steel 340
Convection
Convection of heat

The movement caused within a fluid by the

tendency of hotter and therefore less
dense material to rise, and colder, denser
material to sink under the influence of
gravity, which consequently results in
transfer of heat.
1. As the convector heater
gets warmer, it heats air
immediately above it.

2. The warm air rises,

carrying thermal energy all
around the room.

3. As the air cools, so it falls

towards the floor before
being heated again.
Radiation
Radiation
Radiation is the thirds way in which heat can travel,
but whereas conduction and convection both need
matter to be present, radiation can be transmitted
in a vacuum.
Radiation is how heat and light reach us from the
sun, also mostly through a vacuum.
Radiation travels in waves.
Definition: Radiation is the flow of heat from one
place to another by means of Electromagnetic
waves.
Radiation
Vacuum bottles
Vacuum bottles are effective because they reduce heat
transfer caused by conduction, convection, and
radiation.

The insulating plastic cap reduces the lost of heat via

convection and conduction.

The silvered surface inside the bottle reflects the

thermal radiation back to the inside of the bottle.

The vacuum separating the layers of the bottle reduces

the transfer of heat via conduction.
Thermal process Recap
 Thermal Conduction
Conduction - The flow of heat through a material without
the flow of the material.
Of the 3 states of matter solids are the best conductors
as their particles are closely packed together.
The greater a materials conductivity the better it is as a
conductor.
A material with a low conductivity is call and insulator.
Doesn’t occur in a vacuum.
Thermal Convection
Convection is the movement of fluids(liquid and gas)
due to difference in temperature, that causes the hot
fluids to flow upwards and the cold fluid to flow down.
Convection currents are the cyclic movement of the
fluid.
Convection is one of the reasons for wind.
Does not occur in a vacuum.
Thermal Radiation

Thermal radiation, process by which energy, in the form of

electromagnetic radiation, is emitted by a heated surface in all
directions.

All objects emit thermal radiation. All heated bodies emit

Blackbody radiation Eg. heating elements in a toaster.

Can travel through a vacuum, as it uses electromagnetic

waves to move rather than matter.
Solar
Water
Heater
Thermal radiation entering earth
The End