Ud 5 Heat and Temperature

UD 5
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
1. Thermal energy
2. Temperature
3. Thermal dilation
4. Heat and thermal equilibrium
5. Heat transfer
1.- Thermal energy

What is thermal energy
First of all, we should remember that:

All particles in matter are in movement all the time. The higher the
temperature, the faster do they move.
Speed of particles in matter is directly proportional to temperature.

1.- Thermal energy
In solids, particles can only vibrate. Their

position is always the same in the
structure and they are always in contact.
In liquids, particles can vibrate but they

can also flow (roll one over the other
without losing contact).
In gases, particles move freely. Their

speed is very high and they are not in
contact.
1.- Thermal energy

Secondly, we also should remember that:
The kinetic energy of a

body depends of its
speed. So the higher the
speed, the higher its
kinetic energy will be.
1.- Thermal Energy
Having these two concepts in mind, we can give a definition of
thermal energy:
The thermal energy of a

body is a measurement
of the average kinetic
energy of its particles.
1.- Thermal energy

Thermal energy and the changes of state
Let us remember a T vs. t graph

1.- Thermal energy
As temperature is related to the speed of particles, and the speed of
particles is related to thermal energy, we can conclude that thermal
energy is related with temperature.
So we can draw the previous T vs. t graph using thermal energy

instead of temperature:
1.- Thermal energy

Why does the temperature of a body remain constant while it is
changing its state?
The answer to this question is:
While a body is changing its state,

the energy that its particles receive is
not used so they move faster. It is
used to break the attractive forces
between those particles instead.
Therefore the kinetic energy of

particles is NOT changing, so the
temperature remains constant.
1.- Thermal energy
To sum up:
●
Particles in a system are moving continuously. The higher the
temperature, the higher their speed. So they have kinetic energy.
●
It is impossible to measure the speed and kinetic energy of all the
particles in a system. So we do an average of it value.
●
The thermal energy of a system is the average kinetic speed of its
paricles.
●
While a substance is changing state, its temperature remains constant
because the energy that the system receives is used to break the
attractive forces between its particles, and not to increase their speed.
2.- Temperature
What is temperature?
Temperature is a measurement of the thermal energy of a

substance
So:
A hot body has a high temperature,

so it has a high amount of thermal
energy. Its particles move fast.
A cold body has a low temperature,

so it has a low amount of thermal
energy. Its particles move slowly.
2.- Temperature
Measuring temperature
To measure the temperature of a body we use an instrument called

“thermometre”.
There are three types of thermometres:
●
Based on thermal dilation of a liquid.
●
Based on electrical conductivity.
●
Based on infrarred radiation.
2.- Temperature
Thermometres based on electrical conductivity
They are digital and use special materials called thermistors.

This materials change their electrical conductivity with
temperature.
2.- Temperature
Thermometres based on infrared (IR) radiation
They capture the infrared radiation emitted by our bodies,
which is related to our temperature.
2.- Temperature
Temperature scales
Temperature can be measured using many scales. We will have a

look at two very important temperature scales:
- Celsius (or centigrade) scale
- Kelvin scale
CELSIUS SCALE
- Proposed in 1742 by Celsius.
- It is a relative scale that uses the melting and boiling

points of water as a reference. The difference between
them is divided into 100 equal parts.
- Its symbol is: ºC. For example, 36ºC
2.- Temperature
KELVIN SCALE
- It is an absolute scale, based on the minimum possible

temperature in the Universe. This temperature is called
absolute zero and it is -273,15ºC.
- At absolute zero, particles have zero movement. They can

not even vibrate.
- Its symbol is: K. For example, 390 K

2.- Temperature
¿How many degrees celsius are the

equivalent to 0 K?
T = 0 – 273 = - 273ºC
The lowest possible temperature in the

Universe is – 273ºC.
3.- Thermal expansion
What is thermal expansion?
Thermal expansion is the rise in a substance’s volume when temperature

increases.
Thermal expansion is present in solids, liquids and gases.
●
Solids → they have very little thermal expansion.
●
Liquids → they experiment little thermal expansion; but bigger than in solids.
●
Gases → they experiment very high thermal expansion when temperature varies.
There is a law that relates volume and temperature in gases: it is the Charles’
Law.

Expansion in a solid
Example 1:
Example 2:
Expansion joints in railways and roads.

Expansion in a liquid
When the temperature rises in a liquid, its volume rises too.

Some thermometres work because of the thermal expansion of a
liquid inside them.
Liquid mercury thermometre works

because the mercury inside expands This thermometre has a
when temperature increases. coloured liquid alcohol inside.
The alcohol expands with
temperature.

Expansion in a gas
Thermal expansion is greater in gases than in liquids and solids.

Thermal expansion can be studied using Charles’ Law.
In gases, volume and temperature are directly related. So if the temperature rises,
the gas’ volume will rise too.
V
=constant
T
This means that volume and temperature for an initial situation (1) have the same
ratio as in the final situation (2). Charles’ Law equation can be used as follows:
V1 V2 In this equation, V1 and V2 can have any unit but both

= the same. T1 and T2 have to be in kelvin.
T1 T2
4.- Heat and thermal equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium
Heat is a pysical agent that produces changes:

●
Changes of temperature.
●
Expansions.
●
Changes of state.
Heat is thermal energy being transferred

between two bodies at different temperatures.
Heat always flows from the hotter body to the

colder one.
4.- Heat and thermal equilibrium
Important concepts about heat and thermal equilibrium
Bodies DO NOT contain heat.
Bodies contain thermal energy.
Heat is thermal energy being transferred from one body at a higher

temperature to another body at a lower temperature.
When both bodies have the same temperature, we reach the

thermal equilibrium.
5.- Heat transfer

Heat transfer mechanisms
Heat can transfer in three different ways:
●
By conduction → in solids.
●
By convection → in fluids (liquids and gases).
●
By radiation → in vacuum.
5.- Heat transfer
Thermal conductors and insulators
●
Thermal conductors can transfer thermal energy very fast. Metals
are good examples of thermal conductors.
●
Thermal insulators take long time to transfer thermal energy.
Polymers (plastics), wood and stone are good examples of thermal
insulators.

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UD 5

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

1.- Thermal energy

First of all, we should remember that:

Speed of particles in matter is directly proportional to temperature.

In solids, particles can only vibrate. Their

In liquids, particles can vibrate but they

In gases, particles move freely. Their

1.- Thermal energy

The kinetic energy of a

The thermal energy of a

1.- Thermal energy

Let us remember a T vs. t graph

So we can draw the previous T vs. t graph using thermal energy

1.- Thermal energy

While a body is changing its state,

Therefore the kinetic energy of

Temperature is a measurement of the thermal energy of a

A hot body has a high temperature,

A cold body has a low temperature,

To measure the temperature of a body we use an instrument called

There are three types of thermometres:

They are digital and use special materials called thermistors.

Temperature can be measured using many scales. We will have a

- It is a relative scale that uses the melting and boiling

- Its symbol is: ºC. For example, 36ºC

- It is an absolute scale, based on the minimum possible

- At absolute zero, particles have zero movement. They can

- Its symbol is: K. For example, 390 K

¿How many degrees celsius are the

The lowest possible temperature in the

Thermal expansion is the rise in a substance’s volume when temperature

Thermal expansion is present in solids, liquids and gases.

3.- Thermal expansion

Expansion joints in railways and roads.

3.- Thermal expansion

When the temperature rises in a liquid, its volume rises too.

Liquid mercury thermometre works

3.- Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is greater in gases than in liquids and solids.

V1 V2 In this equation, V1 and V2 can have any unit but both

4.- Heat and thermal equilibrium

Heat is a pysical agent that produces changes:

Heat is thermal energy being transferred

Heat always flows from the hotter body to the

Bodies DO NOT contain heat.

Bodies contain thermal energy.

Heat is thermal energy being transferred from one body at a higher

When both bodies have the same temperature, we reach the

5.- Heat transfer

Heat can transfer in three different ways:

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