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    Lecture Seven

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    Lecture Seven

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    Lecture Seven

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    LECTURE SEVEN

    December 2, 2024
    Overview

    Vector Differential Calculus


    Scalar and Vector fields
    Space curves
    Vector tangent
    Scalar fields

    I In mathematics and physics, a


    scalar field or scalar-valued
    function associates a scalar value
    to every point in a space possibly
    physical space.
    I The scalar may either be a
    (dimensionless) mathematical
    number or a physical quantity.
    Scalar fields

    I Examples used in physics include


    the temperature distribution
    throughout space, the pressure
    distribution in a fluid, and
    spin-zero quantum fields, such as
    the Higgs field. These fields are
    the subject of scalar field theory.
    Scalar fields

    Figure: A scalar field such as temperature or pressure, where intensity of


    the field is represented by different hues of colors.
    Scalar fields

    Figure: The scalar field of sin(2π(xy + σ)) oscillating as σ increases. Red


    represents positive values, purple represents negative values, and sky blue
    represents values close to zero.
    Vector fields

    I function of two or three variables


    mapping to a vector is called a
    vector field.
    I In contrast, a function of two or
    three variables mapping to a scalar
    is called a scalar field.
    Vector fields

    Figure: Vector field on a sphere


    Vector fields

    Figure: The vector field, The arrows depict the field at discrete points,
    however, the field exists everywhere.
    Vector fields

    I M and N be functions of two


    variables x and y defined on a
    plane region R.
    I The function f defined by
    F (x , y ) = Mi + Nj (1)
    is called a vector over R
    Vector fields

    I M ,N and P be functions of three


    variables x , y and z defined on a
    solid region Q in space.
    I The function f defined by
    F (x , y , z ) = Mi + Nj + Pk (2)
    is called a vector over Q
    Space curves

    I There is a close connection


    between continuous vector
    functions and space curves.
    I Suppose that f , g , and h are
    continuous real-valued functions
    on an interval I .
    Space curves

    I Then the set C of all points


    (x , y , z ) in space, where
    x = f (t ), y = g (t ), z = h(t )
    (3)
    and t varies throughout the
    interval I , is called a space curve.
    Space curves

    I The equations in 3 are called


    parametric equations of C and t is
    called a parameter.
    I We can think of C as being traced
    out by a moving particle whose
    position at time t is
    (f (t ), g (t ), h(t )).
    Space curves

    I If we now consider the vector


    function
    r (t ) = hf (t ), g (t ), h(t )i,then r (t )
    is the position vector of the point
    P (f (t ), g (t ), h(t )) on C .
    Space curves
    Space curves
    Vector tangent

    I Given the vector-valued function


    r (t ) = f (t )i + g (t )j + h(t )k which
    is differentiable at t = t0.
    I The vector dr /dt , when is different
    form 0, is also a vector tangent to
    the curve.
    Vector tangent cont. . .

    I The tangent line to the curve at


    a point (f (t0), g (t0).h(t0)) is
    defined to be the line through the
    point parallel to dr /dt at t=t0.
    I We require dr /dt 6= 0 for a
    smooth curve to make sure the
    curve has a continuously turning
    tangent at each point.
    Vector tangent cont. . .

    I A curve that is made up of finite


    number of smooth curves pieced
    together in a continuous fashion is
    called piecewise smooth (Fig.
    11.5).
    Vector tangent cont. . .

    For a smooth curve, the velocity is


    never zero; the particle does not stop
    or reverse direction.
    Vector tangent cont. . .
    Vector tangent cont. . .
    Vector tangent cont. . .
    Vector tangent cont. . .
    Vector tangent cont. . .
    Vector tangent cont. . .
    Vector tangent cont. . .

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