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    MAT455 Chapter 3

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    Farhan Ikhwan
    1. Vector-valued functions can be used to represent curves in two and three dimensions, and describe the motion of objects along those curves. 2. Key concepts include the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors. The velocity vector gives the direction of motion at each point on the curve. 3. Vector fields assign a vector to each point in a region, and can model physical phenomena like fluid flow, gravity, and electric forces. Gradient vectors are important in vector fields.

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    MAT455 Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Ikhwan
    31 views21 pages
    1. Vector-valued functions can be used to represent curves in two and three dimensions, and describe the motion of objects along those curves. 2. Key concepts include the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors. The velocity vector gives the direction of motion at each point on the curve. 3. Vector fields assign a vector to each point in a region, and can model physical phenomena like fluid flow, gravity, and electric forces. Gradient vectors are important in vector fields.

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    1. Vector-valued functions can be used to represent curves in two and three dimensions, and describe the motion of objects along those curves. 2. Key concepts include the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors. The velocity vector gives the direction of motion at each point on the curve. 3. Vector fields assign a vector to each point in a region, and can model physical phenomena like fluid flow, gravity, and electric forces. Gradient vectors are important in vector fields.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views21 pages

    MAT455 Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Ikhwan
    1. Vector-valued functions can be used to represent curves in two and three dimensions, and describe the motion of objects along those curves. 2. Key concepts include the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors. The velocity vector gives the direction of motion at each point on the curve. 3. Vector fields assign a vector to each point in a region, and can model physical phenomena like fluid flow, gravity, and electric forces. Gradient vectors are important in vector fields.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    CHAPTER 3

    VECTOR CALCULUS
    Vector-valued functions can be used to study curves in the plane and in space. These
    functions can also be used to study the motion of an object along a curve.

    Definition

    A function of the form

    𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑔(𝑡)𝑗 in plane

    or

    𝑟 𝑡 =𝑓 𝑡 𝑖+ 𝑔 𝑡 𝑗+ 𝑕 𝑡 𝑘 in space

    is a vector-valued function, where the component functions f, g and h are real valued
    functions of the parameter t. Vector-valued functions are sometimes denoted as

    𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔(𝑡) or 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 , 𝑕 𝑡 .

    Example

    Sketch the plane curve represented by the vector-valued function

    𝑟 𝑡 = 2 cos 𝑡 𝑖 − 3 sin 𝑡 𝑗 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Vector-valued function

    Solution :

    1|Page
    Example

    Sketch the space curve represented by the vector-valued function

    𝑟 𝑡 = 4 cos 𝑡 𝑖 + 4 sin 𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π. Vector-valued function

    Solution :

    2|Page
    Velocity and Acceleration
    Definition

    If x and y are twice-differentiable functions of t, and 𝑟 𝑡 is a vector-valued function


    given by 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗 , then the velocity vector, acceleration vector, and speed
    at time t are as follows,

    Velocity = v(t) = 𝑟′ 𝑡 = 𝑥′ 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑦′(𝑡)𝑗

    Acceleration = a t = v’ t =𝑟′′ 𝑡 = 𝑥′′ 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑦′′(𝑡)𝑗

    2
    Speed = 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑟′ 𝑡 = 𝑥′ 𝑡 + 𝑦′(𝑡) 2

    For motion along a space curve, the definitions are similar. That is, if

    𝑟 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡 𝑖+ 𝑦 𝑡 𝑗+𝑧 𝑡 𝑘

    then

    Velocity = v(t) = 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑥 ′ 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑦 ′ 𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑧′ 𝑡 𝑘

    Acceleration = a(t) =𝑟′′ 𝑡 = 𝑥′′ 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑦′′(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑧′′ 𝑡 𝑘

    2
    Speed = 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑟′ 𝑡 = 𝑥′ 𝑡 + 𝑦′(𝑡) 2 + 𝑧′(𝑡) 2

    Note: Velocity vectors points in the direction of motion

    Example

    Sketch the path of an object moving along the space curve C given by

    𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 3 𝑗 + 3𝑡𝑘 position vector

    and find the velocity and acceleration vectors when t = 1.

    Solution :

    Note: to find the position vector for a given velocity or acceleration, integration is required.

    3|Page
    VECTOR FIELDS

    Definition
    A vector field over a plane region R is a function F that assigns a vector 𝐹 (x , y) to each
    point in R.
    A vector field over a solid region Q in space is a function F that assigns a vector
    𝐹 (x , y , z) to each point in Q.

    Note: Although a vector field consists of infinitely many vectors, you can get a good idea of what the vector field looks like by
    sketching several representative vectors 𝐹 (x , y) whose initial points are (x, y). Some physical examples of vector fields are velocity
    fields, gravitational fields, and electric force fields.

    4|Page
    Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

    The gradient at P is orthogonal to the tangent


    vector of every curve on S through P. All
    tangent lines on S lie in a plane that is normal
    to ∇ F x0 , y0 , z0) and contains P.

    Note: ∇ F x , y , z is called the gradient vector

    Definition

    If F is a function of two variables x and y, then the gradient of F is the vector function ∇ F
    defined by
    𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
    ∇ F x , y = Fx x , y , Fy x , y = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗

    Note: ∇ F x , y , z = Fx x , y , z , Fy x , y, z , Fz x , y, z

    Definition

    Let F be differentiable at the point P (x0 , y0 , z0) on the surface S given by F(x , y , z) = 0
    such that ∇ F x0 , y0 , z0 ≠ 0.

    1. The plane through P that is normal to ∇ F x0 , y0 , z0) is called the tangent plane to
    S at P.
    2. The line through P having the direction of ∇ F x0 , y0 , z0) is called the normal line
    to S at P.

    To find an equation for the tangent plane to S at (x0 , y0 , z0), let (x , y , z) be an arbitrary
    point in the tangent plane. Then the vector

    𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑖 + 𝑦 − 𝑦0 𝑗 + (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑘

    lies in the tangent plane. Because ∇ F x0 , y0 , z0) is normal to the tangent plane at

    (x0 , y0 , z0), it must be orthogonal to every vector in the tangent plane. Hence,

    ∇ F x0 , y0 , z0)∙ 𝑣 = 0

    Theorem
    If F is differentiable at (x0 , y0 , z0), then an equation of the tangent plane to the surface
    given by F(x , y , z) = 0 at (x0 , y0 , z0) is
    Fx (x0 , y0 , z0)(x – x0) + Fy (x0 , y0 , z0)(y – y0) + Fz (x0 , y0 , z0)(z – z0) = 0

    5|Page

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