Eric Lander

Eric Steven Lander (born February 3, 1957) is an

American mathematician and geneticist who is a Eric Lander
professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), and a professor of systems biology
at Harvard Medical School. Eric Lander is founding
director emeritus of the Broad Institute of MIT and
Harvard.[5]

Lander served as the 11th director of the Office of

Science and Technology Policy and Science Advisor to
the President in Joe Biden's presidential
Cabinet. [6][1][7][8] In response to allegations that he had
engaged in bullying and abusive conduct, Lander
apologized and resigned from the Biden
Administration effective February 18, 2022.[9][10]

Early life and education Lander in 2023

Lander was born in Brooklyn, New York City,[11] to 11th Director of the Office of Science and
Jewish parents,[12] the son of Rhoda G. Lander, a Technology Policy
social studies teacher, and Harold Lander, an In office
attorney.[13] He was captain of the math team at June 2, 2021 – February 18, 2022
Stuyvesant High School,[14] graduating in 1974 as President Joe Biden
valedictorian and an International Mathematical Preceded by Kei Koizumi (acting)
Olympiad Silver Medalist for the U.S.[15] At age 17, he
Succeeded by Alondra Nelson (acting)
wrote a paper on quasiperfect numbers, for which he
Science Advisor to the President
won the Westinghouse Science Talent Search.[15]
In office
After graduating from Stuyvesant High School as January 25, 2021 – February 18, 2022
valedictorian in 1974, Lander graduated from President Joe Biden
Princeton University in 1978 as valedictorian and with
Preceded by Kei Koizumi (acting)
a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics.[15][16] He
completed his senior thesis, "On the structure of Succeeded by Francis Collins (acting)
projective modules", under John Coleman Moore's Personal details
supervision.[17] He then moved to the University of Born February 3, 1957
Oxford where he was a Rhodes Scholar and student of New York City, U.S.
Wolfson College, Oxford.[18] He was awarded a
Political party Democratic[1]
Doctor of Philosophy degree by the University of
Spouse Lori Lander
Oxford in 1980 with a thesis on algebraic coding Education Princeton University (BA)
theory and symmetric block designs supervised by Wolfson College, Oxford
Peter Cameron.[19] (MSc, DPhil)
Awards MacArthur Fellowship (1987)
Dickson Prize (1997)
Career Woodrow Wilson Award for
Public Service (1998)
During his career, Lander has worked on human Max Delbrück Medal (2001)
genetic variation, human population history, genome Gairdner Award (2002)
evolution, non-coding RNAs, three-dimensional
Harvey Prize (2012)
folding of the human genome and genome-wide
Breakthrough Prize in Life
association studies to discover the genes essential for
Sciences (2013)
biological processes using CRISPR-based editing.
William Allan Award (2018)
Website www.broadinstitute.org/bios
Early mathematical career /eric-s-lander (https://www.bro
As a mathematician, Lander studied combinatorics and adinstitute.org/bios/eric-s-land
applications of representation theory to coding theory. er)
He enjoyed mathematics but did not wish to spend his Scientific career
life in such a "monastic" career.[20] Unsure what to do
Institutions Broad Institute
next, he took a job teaching managerial economics at
Massachusetts Institute of
Harvard Business School. At the suggestion of his
Technology
brother, developmental biologist Arthur Lander, he
started to look at neurobiology, saying at the time, Thesis Topics in Algebraic Coding
Theory (https://ethos.bl.uk/Or
"because there's a lot of information in the brain".[21]
To understand mathematical neurobiology, he felt he derDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.
had to study cellular neurobiology; this, in turn, led to 276073) (1980)
studying microbiology and eventually genetics. "When Doctoral Peter Cameron
I finally feel I have learned genetics, I should get back advisor
to these other problems. But I'm still trying to get the Doctoral Julie Segre[2]
genetics right", Lander said. students Kenro Kusumi[3]
Manolis Kellis[4]
Lander later became acquainted with David Botstein, a Erez Lieberman Aiden
geneticist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mark Daly
(MIT). Botstein was working on a way to unravel how
subtle differences in complex genetic systems can
become disorders such as cancer, diabetes, schizophrenia, and even obesity. The two collaborated to
develop a computer algorithm to analyze the maps of genes.[20] In 1986 Lander joined the Whitehead
Institute and became an assistant professor at MIT. He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 1987. In
1990, he founded the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research (WICGR). The WICGR
became one of the world's leading centers of genome research, and under Lander's leadership made great
progress in developing new methods of analyzing mammalian genomes. It also made important
breakthroughs in applying this information to the study of human genetic variation and formed the basis
for the foundation of the Broad Institute—a transformation Lander spearheaded.[22]

Human Genome Project

Two main groups attempted to sequence the human genome. The first was the Human Genome Project, a
loosely organized, publicly funded effort that intended to publish the information it obtained freely and
without restrictions. Many research groups from countries all over the world were involved in this effort.
The second was undertaken by Celera Genomics, which intended to patent the information obtained and
charge subscriptions for use of the sequence data. Established first, the Human Genome Project moved
slowly in the early phases as the Department of Energy's role was unclear and sequencing technology was
in its infancy. Officially, the Human Genome Project had an eight-year head start before Celera entered
the race, though discussions for the Human Genome Project began fourteen years before Celera
announced their own project.[23][24] Because the Human Genome Project was a $3 billion publicly
funded venture,[23] the consortia raced to enter as much of the human genome into the public domain as
quickly as possible once Celera began work in 1998. This was a change of strategy for the Human
Genome Project, because many scientists at the time wanted to establish a more complete copy of the
genome, not simply publish the many fragments individually. Lander aggressively pressured Human
Genome Project scientists to work longer and faster to publish genome fragments before Celera.[25]
Lander himself is now listed on 73 patents and patent applications related to genomics.[26]

In February 2001, both the Human Genome Project and Celera published drafts of the human genome in
the scientific journals Nature[27] and Science,[28] respectively. In the Human Genome Project's Nature
publication, the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, was listed
first, with Lander listed as the first named author.[27][29]

Leveraging Celera's sequencing and analysis techniques, the Whitehead Institute also made a contribution
to the sequencing of the mouse genome,[30] an important step in fully understanding the molecular
biology of mice, which are often used as model organisms in studies of everything from human diseases
to embryonic development. The WICGR has since sequenced the genomes of Ciona savignyi (sea
squirt),[31] the pufferfish,[32] the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa,[33] and multiple relatives of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[34] one of the most studied yeasts. The Ciona savignyi genome provides a
good system for exploring the evolutionary origins of all vertebrates. Pufferfish have smaller-sized
genomes than other vertebrates; as a result, their genomes are "mini" models for vertebrates. The
sequencing of the yeasts related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae will facilitate the identification of key gene
regulatory elements, some of which may be common to all eukaryotes (including both plant and animal
kingdoms).

Lander was the founding editor of the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics.[35] He remained
editor till 2004.

After Human Genome Project

Lander is the founding director of the Broad Institute, a collaboration between MIT, Harvard, the
Whitehead Institute, and affiliated hospitals.[36] Its goal is "to bring the power of genomics to bear on the
understanding of disease and to accelerate the search for cures."[36] In particular, Lander has discovered
scientific facts in cell biology and molecular biology of cancer, as well as push precision medicine
approaches.[37] He is often credited as among the drivers for the Broad Institute's meteoric rise during the
16 years he was a director.[37]
During the Obama presidency, Lander cochaired the Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology.[38]

Toast to James Watson

Lander toasted to James Watson in 2018 for his 90th birthday, which caused controversy in the wake of
Watson's widely criticized comments around intelligence and race.[39][40][41] Lander had included a brief
aside in his toast stating that Watson was flawed, but still later apologized for his toast after significant
outrage from academics on Twitter.[39] STAT News noted that other scientists had also similarly toasted
Watson, but had not elicited similar outrage.[42]

CRISPR-Cas 9 Controversy
Lander received criticism in the past for allegedly diminishing the accomplishments of Jennifer Doudna
and Emmanuelle Charpentier after publishing "The Heroes of CRISPR" in Cell.[43][44][40] Some argued
that his article was misogynistic for having removed women scientists from history.[40] Of particular note,
Lander was accused of a conflict of interest, as the Broad Institute had been competing with UC Berkeley
for patent rights to commercialize CRISPR.[44] Lander responded by suggesting he had not meant "to
diminish anybody" and noted that science is collaborative by nature.[44] Criticism was particularly harsh
online by other academics and biologists, due to previous resentment with Lander.[45] During questioning
for his role of Science Advisor to the President, Lander admitted that he had made a mistake in
understating the accomplishments of Doudna and Charpentier.[40]

Forensic science and criminal justice

In 1989, Lander provided expert testimony in the New York criminal case People v. Castro. He showed
that the then-current method of interpreting DNA evidence was liable to give false positive matches,
implicating innocent defendants.[46][47][48] Two of the defense attorneys in that case, Peter Neufeld and
Barry Scheck, went on to found the Innocence Project, an organization that uses DNA analysis to
exonerate wrongly convicted prisoners. Lander is a member of the Innocence Project's board of
directors.[49]

Science Advisor to the President

In 2009, Lander was appointed by President Obama as co-chair of the President's Council of Advisors on
Science and Technology (PCAST), serving for the entire term (2009 to 2017).[50]

In January 2021, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Lander as Science Advisor to the President and
announced that he would elevate the position to a Cabinet-level post.[6] In January 2021, the organization
"500 Women Scientists" published an editorial in Scientific American to consider naming someone else to
the position, because he was well known within the scientific community for offending women.[41][51]
His nomination had been held up possibly due to requests for clarification about his having attended two
gatherings where Jeffrey Epstein, a wealthy large-scale donor to science who was also a convicted sex
offender, was present.[40][52] He was also questioned about accusations of sexism and his toast to James
Watson.[40][53] On April 29, a confirmation hearing was held in the Senate Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation.[54][55] On May 20, the committee voted to report favorably on the
nomination, with five Republican senators voting against.[56] On May 28, 2021, before a Memorial Day
recess, his nomination was confirmed by voice vote by the full
Senate. Lander was sworn in as director of the Office of Science
and Technology Policy (OSTP) on June 2, 2021. He took his oath
using a rare 1492 copy of the Pirkei Avot.[57]

On February 7, 2022, Politico reported on a White House

investigation in which fourteen current and former Office of
Science and Technology Policy staffers accused Lander on
February 4 of having bullied and demeaned his subordinates.[58] Vice President Kamala Harris
Lander issued an apology to staff on February 4, his apology swears in Lander as director of the
includes, "I am devastated that I caused hurt to past and present Office of Science and Technology
colleagues by the way in which I have spoken to them... I believe Policy, June 2021.
it is not possible to continue effectively in my role, and the work
of this office is far too important to be hindered."[59] He later
resigned on February 7.[60][61] In the following month, Politico published an analysis of Lander's
connections with Eric Schmidt. Politico documented the appearance of conflicts of interest related to
Schmidt's financial support for many of the employees of the OSTP.[62]

After resignation
Since 2023, Eric Lander has returned to his tenured professor positions at MIT and Harvard as well as the
Broad Institute as a Core Institute Member and Founding Director Emeritus.[63][64] While some opinion
pieces argued that "Eric Lander is getting uncanceled",[65] The Chronicles of Higher Education noted that
some staffers at the Broad expressed alarm at Lander's sudden return without further discussion from
their leadership.[64] In 2023, Lander started a non-profit called Science for America focused on
"moonshot" ideas such as nuclear fusion or cancer research.[63]

Recognition and service

In 1999, Lander received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[66]

In 2004, Lander was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people of our time for his work
on the Human Genome Project. He has appeared in numerous PBS documentaries about genetics. He was
ranked #2 on the MIT150 list of MIT's innovators and ideas.[67]

In December 2008, Lander and Harold E. Varmus were named co-chairs of the Obama administration's
Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. In 2012 he received the Dan David Prize.[68]

Lander is a member of the advisory board to the USA Science and Engineering Festival.[69]

In 2013, Lander was awarded the first Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.[70][71] In 2016, Semantic
Scholar AI program ranked him #1 on its list of most influential biomedical researchers.[72]

In 2016, he received the Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics from the Association for
Molecular Pathology.[73]

In 2017, Lander received an honoris causa doctorate from the Université catholique de Louvain.[74] Also
in 2017, he received the William Allan Award from the American Society of Human Genetics.[75]
In 2019, he served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize. In 2020, Pope Francis appointed him a
member of the Pontifical Academy of Science.[76] In 2021, Lander, who holds many patents, disclosed
ownership of assets worth more than $45 million.[77]

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External links
Lander at MIT (http://mit.edu/biology/www/facultyareas/facresearch/lander.html)
MIT Broad Institute Bio (http://www.broad.mit.edu/about/bios/bio-lander.html)
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?31151) on C-SPAN

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