2 Hardness

23-09-2024
Water Treatment
Dr Bharti Arora
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23-09-2024
Demineralization/ Deionization/
Ion Exchange Process
•Statement or supporting text
Ion-Exchange resins are insoluble, cross

linked long chain organic polymers with a
micro porous structure, and the
“functional Groups” attached to the chains
are responsible for the ion-exchanging
properties.
Ion Exchange Resins
Cation Exchange Resins Anion Exchange Resins
• Contain Acidic groups • Contain Basic groups

(-COOH, -SO3H) Usually co-polymer of styrene &
• Usually co-polymer of styrene divinyl benzene containing amino,
& divinyl benzene, which on substituted/ quaternary ammonium
sulphonation or carboxylation groups as an internal parts of the
can exchange their H+ ions with resin matrix.
cations in water. • Are capable of exchanging their
OH- ions with anions in water.
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Water softening
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In ion-exchange process, hard water is allowed to pass through

cation exchange resins, which remove Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions and
exchange equivalent amount of H+ ions. Anions exchange resins
remove bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates from water exchange
equivalent amount of OH- ions. Thus by passing hard water through
cation hardness is observed by the following reactions.
The Ion Exchange

 Cation Exchange Resins Resin is in the
granular form and
2RH + Ca+2 → R2Ca + 2H+ performs as
adsorptive exchange
2RH + Mg+2 → R2Mg + 2H+ of ions, but it requires
regeneration when
(RH = cation exchange resin) adsorptive capacity is
consumed.
 Anion Exchange Resins

ROH + Cl- → RCl- + OH-
2ROH + SO4-2 → R2SO4 + 2OH-
2ROH + CO-32 → R2CO3 + 2OH-
(ROH = anion exchange resin)
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H+ And OH- ions, thus released in water

from respective cation and anion exchange
columns, get combined to produce water
molecules.
H + OH- → H2O
+
The water coming out from the exchanger

is ion free i.e., free from anions and
cations.
Regeneration: When cation exchanger losses capacity of producing

H+ ions and exchanger losses capacity of producing OH- ions, they
are said to be exhausted.
 The cation exchanger is regenerated by passing it through dilute
sulphuric acid.
R2Ca+ 2H+ → 2RH + Ca+2 (washing)
 The exhausted anion exchanger is regenerated by passing a dilute
solution of NaOH
R2SO4+ 2 OH - → 2ROH- + SO42- (washing)
 Merits of Ion-exchange process:

• The process can be used to soften highly acidic or alkaline water.
• It produces water of very low hardness (2 ppm)
• So it is very good for treating water for use in high-pressure boilers.
 Demerits of Ion-exchange process:
The equipment is costly and more expensive chemicals are needed.
If water contains turbidity, the output of the process is reduced.
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Desalination
The process of removing dissolved salts (NaCl) from

the water, is known as desalination.
The water containing high concentration of dissolved

salts (1000-3500ppm) with a salty taste is called
brackish water.
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Electrodialysis cell
Ion Exchange Membrane allows
ions to permeate by DC electric
current applied to saline water.
The sodium ions start moving
towards the cathode while the
chloride ions start moving
towards the anode.
As a result ,the concentration
of brine decreases in the
central compartment; while it
increases in the two side
compartments.
No regeneration is required and
allows continuous use for an
extended period of time.
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Electrodialysis Cell
It has large no. of alternate

cation & anion permeable
membranes.
An electric field is applied
perpendicularly to the
direction of water flow. The
fixed positive charges in the
membrane repel sodium
ions and allow chorine ions
to pass through.
Similarly the other
membrane allow sodium
ions to pass through. Then
we get pure water in one
compartment.
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Advantages Disadvantages
 ELECTRODIALYSIS cell is most  Non-charged, higher molecular

compact unit weight, and less mobile ionic
 The cost of installation of plant species will not typically be
and its operation is economical. significantly removed.
 If electricity is easily available ,it is  Electro dialysis becomes less
best suited economical when extremely low
salt concentrations in the product
are required.
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In normal osmosis:
Reverse Osmosis
O Water molecules move from a region of
low concentration to a region of high
concentration through a partially
permeable membrane.
In reverse osmosis (high to low

concentration):
O The reversal of osmosis to purify water.
The flow of water can be reversed with
an opposing pressure that exceeds
osmotic pressure. With Reverse Membranes: nylon cellulose
Osmosis, water is forced out of a
acetate, polymethacrylate,
polyamide polymers
concentrated solution, leaving the
solute (impurities) behind..
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Process of
Reverse Osmosis
A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and

particles larger than .001 microns.
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How Reverse Osmosis Works

A semi permeable membrane, like the membrane of a cell wall
is selective about what it allows to pass through, and what it
prevents from passing. These membranes in general pass
water very easily because of its small molecular size; but also
prevent many other contaminants from passing by trapping
them. Water will typically be present on both sides of the
membrane, with each side having a different concentration of
dissolved minerals. Since the water with the less concentrated
solution seeks to dilute the more concentrated solution, water
will pass through the membrane from the lower concentration
side to the greater concentration side. Eventually, osmotic
pressure will counter the diffusion process exactly, and an
equilibrium will form.
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The recommended parameters and factors relating to water balance are :-
pH 7.2 - 7.8
80 - 120 ppm as
Total Alkalinity :
CaCO3
Calcium Hardness 250+ ppm as CaCO3
Total Dissolved Solids less than 1500 ppm
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Zeolite Process
Zeolite are Naturally occurring hydrated alumino silicate minerals (Na2O.Al2O3.x
SiO2.y H2O) Where x=2-10, y=2-6
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For softening of water by zeolite process, hard water is percolated at a specified rate
through a bed of zeolite, kept in a cylinder. The hardness causing ions like Ca+2, Mg+2 are
retained by the zeolite as CaZe and MgZe; while the outgoing water contains sodium
salts.
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Regeneration of Zeolite
Sodium Zeolite to
Calcium &
Magnesium Zeolite CaZe + 2 NaCl → Na2Ze + CaCl2
MgZe + 2 NaCl → Na2Ze +MgCl2
Exhausted Zeolite
+ Conc. Brine solution
(10% NaCl solution)
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Advantages:
1.It removes the hardness completely and water of about 10 ppm hardness is
produced.
2.The equipment used is compact, occupying a small space.
3.No impurities are precipitated, so there is no danger of sludge formation in the
treated water at a later stage.
4.The process automatically adjusts itself for variation in hardness of incoming water.
5.It is quite clean
6.It requires less time for softening.
7.It requires less skill for maintenance as well as operation.
Disadvantages:
1.The treated water contains more sodium salts.
2.This method causes caustic embrittlement.
3.High turbidity water cannot be treated efficiently by this method.
Limitations:
1. If the supply of water is turbid, the suspended matter must be removed, before the
water is admitted to the zeolite bed. Otherwise the turbidity will clog the pores of
zeolite bed, thereby making it inactive.
2. If water contains large quantities of coloured ions such as Mn+2 and Fe+2 they must
be removed first, because these ions This cannot be easily regenerated. produce
magnesium and Ferrous zeolites.
3. Mineral acids, if present in water, destroy the zeolite bed and therefore, they must
be neutralized with soda, before admitting the water to the zeolite softening plant.
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23-09-2024

Ion-Exchange resins are insoluble, cross

Ion Exchange Resins

Cation Exchange Resins Anion Exchange Resins

• Contain Acidic groups • Contain Basic groups

In ion-exchange process, hard water is allowed to pass through

The Ion Exchange

 Anion Exchange Resins

H+ And OH- ions, thus released in water

The water coming out from the exchanger

Regeneration: When cation exchanger losses capacity of producing

 Merits of Ion-exchange process:

The process of removing dissolved salts (NaCl) from

The water containing high concentration of dissolved

It has large no. of alternate

 ELECTRODIALYSIS cell is most  Non-charged, higher molecular

In reverse osmosis (high to low

A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and

How Reverse Osmosis Works

The recommended parameters and factors relating to water balance are :-

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