NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - LAGUNA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

ENNUMA20:
NUMERICAL METHODS
AND ANALYSIS

ENGR. KENT PATRICK FERRARO

INSTRUCTOR
 Module 01

INTRODUCTION
Table of Contents
Part 1. Introduction to Numerical
Methods
Part 2. Mathematical Modeling
 Part 1

INTRODUCTION TO
NUMERICAL METHODS
BACKGROUND
Numerical methods are mathematical techniques used for
solving mathematical problems that cannot be solved or are
difficult to solve analytically.
An analytical solution is an exact answer in the form of a
mathematical expression in terms of the variables associated
with the problem that is being solved.
A numerical solution is an approximate numerical value for
the solution. Although numerical solutions are an
approximation, they can be very accurate.
INTRODUCTION
Numerical analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with
devising efficient methods for obtaining numerical solutions
to difficult mathematical problems.
Most of the mathematical problems that arise in science and
engineering are very hard and sometime impossible to solve
exactly.
Thus, an approximation to a difficult mathematical problem
is very important to make it easier to solve.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the immense development in the computational
technology, numerical approximation has become more
popular and a modern tool for scientists and engineers.
As a result, many scientific softwares are developed to handle
more difficult problems in an efficient and easy way.
INTRODUCTION
These softwares contain functions that uses standard
numerical methods, where a user can pass the required
parameters and get the results just by a single command
without knowing the details of the numerical method.
INTRODUCTION
Thus, one may ask why we need to understand numerical
methods when such softwares are at our hands?
In fact, there is no need of a deeper knowledge of numerical
methods and their analysis in most of the cases to use some
standard softwares as an end user. However, there are at least
three reasons to gain a basic understanding of the theoretical
background of numerical methods.
INTRODUCTION
1. Learning different numerical methods and their analysis
will make a person more familiar with the technique of
developing new numerical methods. This is important
when the available methods arenot enough or not efficient
for a specific problem to be solved.
INTRODUCTION
2. In many circumstances, one has more methods for a given
problem. Hence, choosing an appropriate method is
important for producing an accurate result in lesser time.
INTRODUCTION
3. With a sound background, one can use methods properly
and, most importantly, one can understand what is going
wrong when results are not as expected.
INTRODUCTION
Numerical analysis include four parts.
❑ Problem Statement
❑ Formulation of the Solution
❑ Programming
❑ Interpretation of the Solution
INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement
• The problem statement defines the problem.
• It gives a description of the problem, lists the variables
that are involved, and identifies the constraints in the
form of boundary and/or the initial conditions.
INTRODUCTION
Formulation of the Solution
• It consists of the model that is used to represent the
problem and the derivation of the governing equations
that need to be solved.
• The models that are used to solve the problem need to
be consistent with the methods that are subsequently
used for solving the equations.
• If analytical methods are expected to be used for the
solution, the governing equations must be of a type that
can be solved analytically.
INTRODUCTION
Programming
• If the problem is solved numerically, the numerical
method that is used for the solution must be selected.
• For every type of mathematical problem, there are
several numerical techniques that can be used.
• The techniques differ in accuracy, length of calculations,
and difficulty in programming.
• Once a numerical method is selected, it is implemented
in a computer program thru algorithm.
INTRODUCTION
Interpretation of the Solution
• Since numerical solutions are an approximation and
since the computer program that executes the numerical
method might have errors, a numerical solution needs to
be examined closely.
EXAMPLE
If a block with a mass of 𝑚 is being pulled by a force 𝐹
applied at an angle of 𝜃°. What is the relationship of the
applied force and the angle?
EXAMPLE
At vertical motion: Note:
𝐹𝐹 ≤ 𝜇𝐹𝑁
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝐹
𝐹𝑁 =
𝐹𝑁 + 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐹𝑔 = 0 𝜇
𝐹𝑁 = 𝐹𝑔 − 𝐹𝑦
Hence:
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝐹𝐹
= 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝜇
𝐹𝐹 = 𝜇 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃
EXAMPLE
At horizontal motion: 𝐹=
𝜇𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝐹 ≤ 𝐹𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝜇 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃

thus,:
𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝜇 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑚𝑔 − 𝜇𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝐹 cos 𝜃 + 𝜇𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑚𝑔
𝐹 cos 𝜃 + 𝜇 sin 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑚𝑔
EXAMPLE
For a given value of 𝐹, the angle that is required for moving
the block can be determined by solving the previous equation
for 𝜃.

However, the derived equation cannot be solved analytically

for 𝜃.

Using numerical methods, an approximate solution can be

determined for specified accuracy.
 Part 2

MATHEMAMTICAL
MODELING
INTRODUCTION
A mathematical model can be broadly
defined as a formulation or equation that
expresses the essential features of a physical
system or process in mathematical terms.

In a very general sense, it can be

represented as a functional relationship of
the form:
INTRODUCTION
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
=𝑓 , 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠,
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

i. dependent variable is a characteristic that usually reflects

the behavior or state of the system;
ii. independent variables are usually dimensions along which
the system’s behavior is being determined;
iii. parameters are reflective of the system’s properties or
composition; and
iv. forcing functions are external influences acting upon the
system
INTRODUCTION
For an example, based on Newton’s observations, he
formulated his second law of motion, which states that the
time rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the
resultant force acting on it. The mathematical expression, or
model, of the second law is the well-known equation:
INTRODUCTION
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 From the given equation:
∆𝑝 = 𝑚∆𝑣 𝑎 dependent variable reflecting
the system’s behavior
∆𝑝 ∆𝑣
=𝑚 𝐹 forcing function
𝑡 𝑡 𝑚 parameter representing a
∆𝑝
= 𝑚𝑎 property of the system
𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹
𝑎=
𝑚
INTRODUCTION
The previous equation has several characteristics that are
typical of mathematical models of the physical world:
1. It describes a natural process in mathematical terms.
2. It represents an idealization and simplification of reality.
That is, the model ignores negligible details of the natural
process and focuses on its essential manifestations. Thus,
the second law does not include the effects of relativity
that are of minimal importance when applied to objects
and forces that interact on or about the earth’s surface at
velocities and on scales visible to humans.
INTRODUCTION
3. It yields reproducible results and, consequently, can be
used for predictive purposes. For example, if the force on
an object and the mass of an object are known, the
previous equation can be used to compute acceleration.
INTRODUCTION
However, other mathematical models of physical phenomena
may be much more complex, and either cannot be solved
exactly or require more sophisticated mathematical
techniques than simple algebra for their solution.

To illustrate a more complex model of this kind, Newton’s

second law can be used to determine the terminal velocity of
a free-falling body near the earth’s surface.
INTRODUCTION
A model for this case can be derived by expressing the
acceleration as the time rate of change of the velocity:
𝑑𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑚 =𝐹
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
Thus, the mass multiplied by the rate of change of the velocity
is equal to the net force acting on the body. If the net force is
positive, the object will accelerate. If it is negative, the object
will decelerate. If the net force is zero, the object’s velocity
will remain at a constant level.
INTRODUCTION
We will now express the net force in terms of measurable
variables and parameters. For a body falling within the
vicinity of the earth, the net force is composed of two
opposing forces: the downward pull of gravity 𝐹𝐺 and the
upward force of air resistance 𝐹𝐴𝑅 .
INTRODUCTION
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝐺 + 𝐹𝐴𝑅 From the given equation:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑐𝑣 𝑣(𝑡) dependent
𝑑𝑣 variable
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑐𝑣 𝑡 independent
𝑑𝑡
variable
𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑐𝑣
= 𝑐, 𝑚 parameters
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝑐
=𝑔− 𝑣 𝑔 forcing function
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑚 − 𝑐Τ𝑚 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑔 1−𝑒
𝑐
EXAMPLE
A parachutist of mass 68.1 𝑘𝑔 jumps
out of a stationary hot air balloon.
The drag coefficient is 12.5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠.

To compute the velocity prior to

opening the chute, we will use the
derived equation earlier.

𝑚 𝑐Τ 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑔 1 − 𝑒− 𝑚
𝑐
INTRODUCTION
Time (s) Velocity (m/s)
𝑚 − 𝑐Τ𝑚 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑔 1−𝑒 0 0.00
𝑐
2 16.42
68.1 4 27.80
12.5ൗ
𝑣 𝑡 = 9.81 1 − 𝑒− 68.1 𝑡 6 35.68
12.5
8 41.14
𝑣 𝑡 = 53.44 1 − 𝑒 −0.1836𝑡 10 44.92
20 52.08
30 53.22
40 53.41
∞ 53.44
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
𝑑𝑣 𝑐
=𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 ∆𝑣 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
= =
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑐
= 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
INTRODUCTION
𝑐 Time (s) Velocity (m/s)
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚 0 0.00
𝑣 𝑡𝑖 = 0 2 19.62
12.5 4 32.04
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 0 + 9.81 − (0) 2 − 0
68.1 6 39.90
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 19.62 8 44.87
12.5 10 48.02
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+2 = 19.62 + 9.81 − (19.62) 4 − 2 20 52.89
68.1
30 53.39
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+2 = 32.04
40 53.439
∞ 53.44
INTRODUCTION
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Module 01

END