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    Cell Physiology 2024 Class Ppt

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    shree.24drks

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cell Physiology 2024 Class Ppt

    Uploaded by

    shree.24drks
    2 views24 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views24 pages

    Cell Physiology 2024 Class Ppt

    Uploaded by

    shree.24drks

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    CELL PHYSIOLOGY

    CONTENTS

    1. OVERVIEW 9. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID


    2. STRUCTURE OF CELL 10. GENE EXPRESSION
    3. CELL MEMBRANE 11. GROWTH FACTORS
    4. CYTOPLASM 12. CELL DEATH
    5. ORGANELLES IN CYTOPLASM 13. CELL ADAPTATION
    6. ORGANELLES WITH LIMITING 14. CELL DEGENERATION
    MEMBRANE 15. CELL AGING
    7. ORGANELLES WITHOUT LIMITING 16. STEM CELLS
    MEMBRANE
    8. NUCLEUS
    STRUCTURE OF THE CELL
    • Each cell is formed by a cell body and a membrane covering the
    cell body called the cell membrane.
    • Cell body has two parts.
    – nucleus and
    – cytoplasm - surrounding the nucleus.
    • The structure of the cell is studied under three headings:
    – Cell membrane
    – Cytoplasm
    – Nucleus
    CELL MEMBRANE
    STRUCTURE OF CELL MEMBRANE
    Fluid Mosaic Model:Singer & Nicolson 1972
    The arrangement of lipid bilayers and proteins in the
    membrane .
    Polar
    head is hydrophilic and nonpolar tail is hydrophobic.
    • Phospholipids are soft and oily structures
    • CHOLESTEROL
    – Cholesterol molecules in between the phospholipid
    molecules
    – Helps to pack the soft and oily phospholipids in the
    membrane
    – Responsible for the structural integrity of lipid layer
    PROTEIN LAYERS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

    - Mostly glycoproteins
    • Protein molecules
    – Integral proteins – intrinsic proteins

    – Peripheral proteins – extrinsic proteins


    • Integral proteins

    – Transmembrane proteins / intrinsic proteins

    – Pass through entire thickness of cell membrane

    – Tightly bound with cell membrane

    – Examples :

    • Cell adhesion proteins

    • Cell junction proteins

    • Carrier (transport ) proteins

    • Channel proteins

    • Hormone receptors

    • Antigens

    • Enzymes
    • Peripheral proteins / extrinsic proteins

    – Partially embedded in outer and inner surfaces of cell


    membrane

    – Do not penetrate the cell membrane

    – Loosely bound with integral proteins or lipid layer of cell


    membrane

    – Dissociate readily from cell membrane


    – Two types

    • Intracellular proteins – located on inner surface

    – Receptors

    – Transport proteins

    – Some enzymes

    • Extracellular peripheral proteins – outer surface

    – Antigens

    – Adhesion proteins

    – Some enzymes
    FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IN CELL
    MEMBRANE

    • Integral proteins provide the structural integrity of the cell


    membrane
    • Channel proteins help in the diffusion of water soluble
    substances like glucose and electrolytes
    • Carrier or transport proteins help in the transport of substances
    across the cell membrane by means of active or passive
    transport
    • Some carrier proteins act as pumps, by which ions are
    transported actively across the cell membrane
    • Receptor proteins serve as the receptor sites for hormones
    and neuro transmiters
    • Enzymes: Some of the protein molecules form the
    enzymes and control chemical (metabolic) reactions within
    the cell membrane
    • Antigens: Some-proteins act as antigens and induce the
    process of antibody formation
    • Cell adhesion molecules or the integral proteins are
    responsible for attachment of cells to their neighbors or to
    basal lamina.
    CARBOHYDRATES OF CELL MEMBRANE
    • Carbohydrate molecules form glycocalyx
    FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE
    • Protective function:
    – Cell membrane protects the cytoplasm and the organelles present in
    the cytoplasm
    • Selective permeability:
    – Cell membrane acts as a semi permeable membrane, which allows
    only some substances to pass through it and acts as a barrier for other
    substances
    • Absorptive function:
    – Nutrients are absorbed into the cell through the cell membrane
    • Excretory function:
    – Metabolites and other waste products from the cell are excreted out
    through the cell membrane
    • Exchange of gases:
    – Oxygen enters the cell from the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the
    cell and enters the blood through the cell membrane
    • Maintenance of shape and size of the cell:
    – Cell membrane is responsible for the maintenance of shape and size of
    the cell
    To be cont…

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