Chapter 10 Nutrients Involved in Antioxidant Function and Vision

1) The gaining of electrons by an atom during metabolism is called

A) oxidation.
B) reduction.
C) radiation.
D) mineralization.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

2) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding free radicals?

A) Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
B) Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals.
C) Exposure to pollution decreases free radical production.
D) A free radical is an atom with paired electrons in its outermost shell.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

3) Which of the following statements about antioxidants is TRUE?

A) The largest class of antioxidants are phospholipids in the cell membrane.
B) A build-up of antioxidants is a risk factor for cancer.
C) Antioxidants reduce free radicals by removing an electron.
D) By donating an electron, antioxidants reduce free radicals.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

4) Which antioxidant enzyme system helps remove hydrogen peroxide from the body by
reducing it to water?
A) superoxide dismutase
B) beta-carotene
C) glutathione peroxidase
D) the microsomal enzyme-oxidizing system
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

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5) Which of the following are required components of many antioxidant enzyme systems?
A) antioxidant minerals
B) antioxidant vitamins
C) phytochemicals
D) gastrointestinal microflora
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

6) From what source does the body obtain the majority of its antioxidants?
A) sunlight
B) the by-products of healthy metabolism
C) the diet
D) gastrointestinal microflora
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

7) How do antioxidant vitamins stabilize free radicals?

A) by donating electrons or hydrogen ions to them
B) by enzymatic destruction
C) by stimulating an immune response against them
D) by breaking them down into less damaging molecules
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

8) Which of the following diseases has been linked to free radical damage?
A) cancer
B) celiac disease
C) anemia
D) gallstones
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

9) When an oxygen molecule becomes a free radical, it is referred to as a(n)

A) reactive oxygen species (ROS).
B) carcinogen.
C) prooxidant.
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D) antioxidant.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

10) A highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron is a

A) provitamin.
B) antioxidant.
C) prooxidant.
D) free radical.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

11) Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by

A) denaturing them.
B) covalently bonding to them.
C) donating an electron to them.
D) removing an electron from them.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

12) The reason most fast foods don't contain much vitamin E is that
A) they have too much fat content.
B) heating vegetable oils destroys vitamin E.
C) vitamin E is not present in most cooking oils.
D) vitamin E-containing foods are best cooked slowly.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

13) The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) alpha-tocotrienol.
C) gamma-tocopherol.
D) delta-tocopherol.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
3
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

14) Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?
A) vitamin D
B) vitamin B12
C) vitamin C
D) folate
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

15) About 90% of vitamin E is stored in

A) adipose tissue.
B) the liver.
C) cell membranes.
D) the skin.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

16) Which of the following is a function of vitamin E?

A) protecting fatty components of cell membranes from oxidation
B) regenerating vitamin C by donating an electron
C) improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low
D) increasing bone density
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

17) Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E?
A) milk and dairy products
B) fruits and vegetables
C) meat, fish, and poultry
D) vegetable oils
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

18) Which of the following foods will have the LEAST amount of viable vitamin E?
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A) chicken fried in vegetable oil
B) bread dipped in sunflower oil
C) peanuts, dry roasted
D) salad with canola oil and vinegar
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

19) Taking vitamin E supplements along with which of the following can cause uncontrollable
bleeding?
A) antidepressants
B) anticoagulants
C) cholesterol-lowering medications
D) oral contraceptives
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

20) Vitamin E is added to many oil-based skin care products because it

A) prevents oxidation in these products.
B) has an additive affect on the function of the products.
C) is an inactive filler.
D) improves the smell and texture of the products.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

21) Vitamin E is critical for

A) normal fetal and early childhood development.
B) athletic performance.
C) postmenopausal bone health.
D) adolescent growth.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

22) Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of
A) copper.
B) vitamin E.
C) vitamin C.
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D) selenium.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

23) Which of the following nutrients requires the most frequent consumption to ensure adequate
body stores?
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) beta-carotene
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

24) The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is

A) scurvy.
B) erythrocyte hemolysis.
C) night blindness.
D) Keshan disease.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

25) Vitamin C assists in the formation of a structural protein called

A) protease.
B) collagen.
C) fibrin.
D) osteocalcin
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

26) The doctor has recently told Julie that she is anemic and has prescribed an iron supplement.
The doctor has advised Julie to increase her body’s absorption of the iron by taking the
supplement with
A) a tablespoon of castor oil.
B) a glass of milk.
C) a glass of orange juice.
D) a glass of water.
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Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

27) Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C?

A) smoking cigarettes
B) drinking alcohol
C) following a vegan diet
D) taking vitamin C supplements
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

28) Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?

A) milk and cheese
B) seafood
C) wheat and oats
D) green and red peppers
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

29) Which of the following is the best source of vitamin C?

A) citrus fruit
B) pork chops
C) walnuts
D) butter
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

30) Vitamin C is added to cured and processed meats in order to

A) protect them from microbial contamination.
B) enhance their nutritional profile.
C) reduce the formation of nitrosamines.
D) increase the formation of vitamin E.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
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Learning Outcome: 10.3

31) Which of the following symptoms is associated with consuming a megadose of vitamin C?
A) night blindness
B) scurvy
C) nausea and diarrhea
D) erythrocyte hemolysis
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

32) Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?
A) estrogen
B) insulin
C) cortisol
D) thyroxine
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

33) Where in the body is selenium contained?

A) in the liver
B) in adipose tissue
C) in the lymph system
D) in amino acids
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

34) Which of the following foods is MOST likely to have the highest concentration of selenium?
A) apples
B) whole wheat pasta
C) cheese
D) liver
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

35) Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of which antioxidant enzyme system?
A) superoxide dismutase
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B) catalase
C) haloperoxidase
D) glutathione peroxidase
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

36) As part of the antioxidant enzyme catalase, which of the following helps promote the
elimination of hydrogen peroxide from the body?
A) magnesium
B) manganese
C) iodine
D) iron
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

37) Which of the following is considered an essential nutrient?

A) glycerol
B) beta-carotene
C) homocysteine
D) vitamin A
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

38) Which of the following carotenoids can be converted to retinol in the body?
A) lutein
B) beta-carotene
C) lycopene
D) retinol
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

39) Which of the following is a function of carotenoids?

A) produces thyroxine
B) activate the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system
C) supports the immune system
D) increases cellular metabolic rate
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Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

40) What are provitamins?

A) vitamins with overwhelmingly positive effects when taken in the correct amounts
B) inactive forms of vitamins that the body cannot use until they're converted to their active form
C) inactive enzymes that become activated with the help of prooxidants
D) vitamins with antioxidant properties
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

41) Compared to vitamin E, beta-carotene is

A) a relatively weak antioxidant.
B) more easily absorbed and utilized by the body.
C) a better choice for people with GI tract problems.
D) needed in greater amounts.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

42) Which of the following contains the greatest amount of bioavailable beta-carotene?
A) 1 cup raw carrots
B) 1 cup frozen carrots
C) 1 cup lightly cooked carrots
D) 1 cup thoroughly cooked carrots
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

43) Foods that use beta-carotene as a natural coloring agent

A) generally must be processed heavily.
B) are not significant sources of beta-carotene.
C) are largely foods with a high fat content.
D) also acquire a distinctive taste.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
10
Learning Outcome: 10.5

44) Vitamin A is derived from what provitamin?

A) beta carotene
B) panthenol
C) provitamin D3
D) ergosterol
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

45) Your skin can turn yellow or orange if you frequently consume foods that are high in
A) vitamin C.
B) selenium.
C) chlorophyll.
D) beta-carotene.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

46) The retinoid that has the most significant physiological role in the human body is
A) retinol.
B) retinoic acid.
C) retinal.
D) beta-carotene.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

47) Where is beta-carotene converted to retinol?

A) in the stomach
B) in the liver
C) in the small intestine
D) in the large intestine
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

48) Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of pre-formed vitamin A?
A) carrots
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B) egg
C) cantaloupe
D) rice
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

49) Vitamin A affects our vision in two ways: it enables us to react to changes in brightness, and
it
A) enables us to see different colors.
B) enables us to focus on distant objects.
C) supports eye functioning later in life.
D) supports the development of eye functioning in fetuses.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

50) Vitamin A is transported from the liver through the bloodstream to target tissues and cells
with the assistance of
A) retinol-binding protein.
B) beta-carotene.
C) opsin
D) tocopherols
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

51) Because vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, what problem can readily occur?
A) spoilage
B) intensification of anticoagulant medications
C) toxicity
D) deficiency
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.7

52) About 90% of the vitamin A we absorb is stored in the

A) pancreas.
B) liver.
C) intestines.
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D) kidneys.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

53) Advanced vitamin A deficiency can lead to a condition of irreversible blindness known as
A) hyperkeratosis.
B) Kashin-Beck disease.
C) xeropthalmia.
D) anemia.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

54) People who are vitamin A deficient may suffer from a condition known as
A) astigmatism.
B) near-sightedness.
C) night blindness.
D) partial blindness.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.7

55) The longest stage in cancer development, during which mutated cells repeatedly divide, is
known as
A) initiation.
B) promotion.
C) progression.
D) metastasis.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.8

56) The specific term for agents that can cause cancer is
A) free radicals.
B) tumors.
C) carcinogens.
D) mutations.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
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Skill: Understanding
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.8

57) Persephone is being treated for liver cancer with a series of injections that destroy the blood
vessels supplying the tumor. Which of the following statements is true of Persephone’s cancer?
A) It is almost certainly benign.
B) It almost certainly began in her liver and has now spread throughout her body.
C) It almost certainly began somewhere else in her body and has metastasized to her liver.
D) It is in the third stage, known as progression.
Answer: D
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.8

58) Research studies have demonstrated an association between a reduced risk for cancer and
A) the use of vitamin C supplements.
B) increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.
C) increased consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids.
D) the use of beta-carotene supplements.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

59) Which of the following has been associated with an increased risk for cancer?
A) a diet high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables
B) excessive caffeine consumption
C) use of fluoridated water
D) a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

60) Dave, a two-pack a day smoker, does not smoke in the home, but he does allow himself to
smoke in his car, including when his toddler is in the back seat. What process in the development
of cancer is Dave’s smoking prompting in his toddler?
A) initiation
B) promotion
C) progression
D) metastasis
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying

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Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.8

61) Regarding second-hand smoke from tobacco products, research indicates that
A) minimal exposure poses few risks.
B) exposure is situational; not all products exert the same level of danger.
C) air circulation significantly mitigates the problem of exposure.
D) there is no risk-free level of exposure.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

62) Growing evidence of the past two decades indicates that which of the following behaviors
does NOT reduce cancer risk?
A) antioxidant supplementation
B) reducing exposure to UV rays
C) antioxidants consumed in foods
D) increasing physical activity
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

63) The leading cause of death for adults in the United States is
A) cancer.
B) cardiovascular disease (CVD).
C) diabetes.
D) AIDS.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.10

64) Vitamin E may offer protection against heart disease in part by

A) acting as an anticoagulant.
B) inhibiting the release of cortisol.
C) transporting LDLs from the blood vessels to the liver for processing.
D) inhibiting the prooxidant effects of iron.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.10

15
65) In laboratory blood tests, the marker that indicates the degree of inflammation is called
A) iodopsin.
B) C-reactive protein.
C) reactive oxygen species (ROS).
D) selenomethionine.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.10

66) Vitamin E improves vitamin A's absorption if vitamin A intake is low.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

67) Dairy products are good sources of vitamin E.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

68) Deep-frying decreases the availability of vitamin E in vegetable oil.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Makes Vitamin E a Key Antioxidant?
Learning Outcome: 10.2

69) Ascorbic acid is stored in the body.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

70) Research suggests that vitamin C supplements taken daily can reduce the incidence of the
common cold.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

71) It is difficult to consume adequate vitamin C from the diet alone.

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Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

72) Today, scurvy is rare in developed countries.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

73) Smoking increases the need for vitamin C.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: Why Is Vitamin C Critical to Health and Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.3

74) Carotenoids are better absorbed from cooked foods.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

75) Beta-carotene is a hydrophobic compound.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

76) Beta-carotene has no known essential role in the body. Therefore, an RDA has not been
established.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

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77) A butterscotch pudding mix that contains beta-carotene as a coloring agent probably is a
good source of dietary beta-carotene.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Is Beta-Carotene, and What Are Its Roles in the Body?
Learning Outcome: 10.5

78) When light hits the retina, a bleaching process occurs in which rhodopsin is split into retinal
and opsin.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

79) Vitamin A deficiency causes acne.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.7

80) Selenium toxicity occurs from an overconsumption of foods rich in this mineral.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

81) Selenocysteine is the active form of selenium.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

82) Once the DNA of a cell is mutated, the development of cancer is inevitable.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.8

83) People who regularly consume fruits and vegetables have a reduced risk for CVD.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
18
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.10

84) Cancer is actually more than one disease.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.8

85) Smoking is the single greatest cause of cancer deaths.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

86) Define a free radical. List and discuss at least three factors that are attributed to free radical
formation.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: What Are Antioxidants and How Does the Body Use Them?
Learning Outcome: 10.1

87) Choose one antioxidant mineral and describe its mechanism of action.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: What Minerals Act in Antioxidant Enzyme Systems?
Learning Outcome: 10.4

88) Discuss how retinal is absorbed and transported in the body. What is its role in healthy vision
and immune function?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 3
Skill: Applying
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.6

89) Discuss the disorder known as hyperkeratosis, providing a definition, pathophysiology (what
is happening in the body to cause the disease), signs and symptoms, and treatment.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: How Does Vitamin A Support Healthy Functioning?
Learning Outcome: 10.7

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90) Discuss the various roles and relationships between antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals
and cancer. Include a discussion of the pros and cons of antioxidant supplementation versus
acquiring antioxidants through foods.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 5
Skill: Evaluating
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

91) Your best friend recently told you that her grandmother died from cancer. Now your friend is
asking you what she should do to reduce her risk of cancer. What is your advice? Include a
discussion of aspects that are within her control and those that are not.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 5
Skill: Evaluating
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.9

92) Describe how low-grade inflammation is involved in the development of cardiovascular

disease. What is the relationship between antioxidants and inflammation?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Diff: 4
Skill: Analyzing
Section: What Disorders Are Related to Free Radical Damage?
Learning Outcome: 10.10

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