Topic 7 Cell Division.pdf

TOPIC 7 [ CELL DIVISION – MEIOSIS (1)
Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.
Gametes- mature haploid male or female germ cells
• Egg cell (Ovum)- female gamete
• Sperm cell – male gamete (Spermatozoa)
You have body cells and gametes.

 Body cells are also called somatic cells.
 Germ cells develop into gametes.
– Germ cells are located in the ovaries and testes.
– Gametes are sex cells: egg and sperm.
– Gametes have DNA that can be passed to offspring.
BODY CELLS SEX CELLS (SPERM) SEX CELLS (EGG)
Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.

 Your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
– Homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same structure.
– For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent.
• Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes.
• Sex chromosomes, X and Y, determine gender in mammals
Autosomes carry the genes for general
body characteristics, while sex chromosomes
determine an individual's sex and carry genes
for certain sex-linked traits and disorders
 Autosomal Trisomy
 Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) a genetic disorder in which a person has 3 copies
of genetic material from chromosome 13, instead of the usual 2 copies. Rarely,
the extra material may be attached to another chromosome.
 Trisomy 18 (Edward Syndrome) -disorder in which babies are born with 3 copies
of chromosome 18 instead of 2. For an unknown reason, this accident occurs at
the time of conception and all cells in the body will have this structure.
 Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)- Babies with Down syndrome however, end up
with three chromosomes at position 21, instead of the usual pair.
 Sex cells Trisomy
• Klinefelter Syndrome- (sometimes called Klinefelter's, KS or XXY) is where boys
and men are born with an extra X chromosome.
• Turner Syndrome -a condition that affects only females, results when one of the
X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing
Klinefelter Syndrome
Physical characteristics
Many people with triple X are taller than their peers. They’re also
often taller than pediatricians predicted based on their parents’
heights. Other, more subtle physical attributes include:
- Wide-spaced eyes (hypertelorism).
- Vertical skin folds that cover the inner corners of the eyes
(epicanthal folds).
- Curved or bent little fingers (clinodactyly).
- Poor muscle tone (hypotonia).
Neurological conditions
-Some people with triple X syndrome have developmental delays or mental health
conditions. These may include:
 Developmental delays.
 Learning disabilities.
 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
 Mood disorders like anxiety and depression.
 Mild cognitive impairment.
Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.

 Fertilization between egg and sperm occurs in sexual reproduction.
 Diploid (2n) cells have two copies of every chromosome.
– Body cells are diploid.
– Half the chromosomes come from each parent.
Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome.

- Gametes are haploid.
- Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
Chromosome number must be maintained in animals.

• Many plants have more than two
copies of each chromosome.
• Mitosis and meiosis are types of
nuclear division that make different
types of cells.
• Mitosis makes more diploid cells
• Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells.
- Meiosis occurs in sex cells.
- Meiosis produces gametes
KEY CONCEPT
During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in haploid cells.
Cells go through two rounds of division in meiosis.

 Meiosis reduces chromosome number and creates genetic diversity
 Meiosis I and meiosis II each have four phases, similar to those in mitosis
- Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in
meiosis I.
- Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical.
- Sister chromatids divide in meiosis II.
- Sister chromatids are copies of the same chromosome.
 Meiosis I occurs after DNA has been replicated.

 Meiosis I divides homologous chromosomes in four phases.
• Meiosis II divides sister chromatids in four phases.

• DNA is not replicated between meiosis I and
meiosis II.
Three events that are unique to meiosis all occur in the first division
 During prophase I of meiosis, the duplicated chromosomes pair with their
homologues, a process called synapsis; forming into tetrads.
 Also visible in the light microscope are x-shaped regions called chiasmata
(singular, chiasma). They represent a crossing of nonsister chromatids (crossing
over), which are two chromatids belonging to separate but homologous
chromosomes.
 Neither synapsis nor chiasma formation occurs during mitosis.
Three events that are unique to meiosis all occur in the first division
 At metaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes, rather than
individual chromosomes, align on the metaphase plate
 At anaphase I of meiosis, sister chromatids do not separate, as they do in the
mitosis. Rather, the two sister chromatids of each chromosomes remain attached
and go to the same pole of the cell. Meiosis I separates homologous pairs of
chromosomes, not sister chromatids of individual chromosomes
Meiosis differs from mitosis in significant ways

- Meiosis has two cell divisions while mitosis has one.
- In mitosis, homologous chromosomes never pair up.
- Meiosis results in haploid cells; mitosis results in diploid cells
.
OOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS
Haploid cells develop into mature gametes.
 Gametogenesis is the production of gametes.

 Gametogenesis differs between females
and males
- Sperm become streamlined and motile.

- Sperm primarily contribute DNA to an embryo.
- Eggs contribute DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles
to an embryo.
- During meiosis, the egg gets most of the contents;
the other cells form polar bodies.

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TOPIC 7 [ CELL DIVISION – MEIOSIS (1)

Gametes- mature haploid male or female germ cells

• Egg cell (Ovum)- female gamete

• Sperm cell – male gamete (Spermatozoa)

You have body cells and gametes.

BODY CELLS SEX CELLS (SPERM) SEX CELLS (EGG)

Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.

Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.

Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome.

Chromosome number must be maintained in animals.

Cells go through two rounds of division in meiosis.

 Meiosis I occurs after DNA has been replicated.

• Meiosis II divides sister chromatids in four phases.

Meiosis differs from mitosis in significant ways

Haploid cells develop into mature gametes.

 Gametogenesis is the production of gametes.

- Sperm become streamlined and motile.

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