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    Meiosis

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    Anjelica Bucasas
    Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells through two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain attached. In the second division, sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Crossing over can occur during prophase I, allowing exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and increasing genetic variation in gametes.

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    Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    Anjelica Bucasas
    41 views25 pages
    Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells through two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain attached. In the second division, sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Crossing over can occur during prophase I, allowing exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and increasing genetic variation in gametes.

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    Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells through two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain attached. In the second division, sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Crossing over can occur during prophase I, allowing exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and increasing genetic variation in gametes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views25 pages

    Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    Anjelica Bucasas
    Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells through two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain attached. In the second division, sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Crossing over can occur during prophase I, allowing exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and increasing genetic variation in gametes.

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    of 25

    MEIOSIS

    —  In humans, each body cell contains two sets of


    chromosomes, with 23 chromosomes in each set.
    Each of the 23 pairs is called homologous pair. One
    set comes from each parent cell.
    —  A cell that contains two complete sets or
    homologous pair of chromosomes is called a diploid
    cell. The number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is
    called diploid number, represent by 2N.
    —  Each organism has a constant diploid number of
    chromosomes in their body cells.
    —  The human sex cells, which are the egg cell and the
    sperm cell, contain only half the number of
    chromosomes found in the body cells.
    —  A cell containing a single set of chromosomes is
    called a haploid cell. Human gametes have a
    haploid number (N) of 23.
    —  Thus, sexual reproduction, a haploid sperm cell
    from the father fuses with a haploid egg cell from
    the mother.
    —  This process is called fertilization; it results in a
    fertilized egg, called a zygote, which is diploid.
    Mitosis ensures that all somatic cells receive exact
    copies of all the zygote’s 46 chromosomes.

    —  Gametes, however, cannot undergo mitosis since


    this would double their number of chromosomes
    after each cycle of cell division. Haploid gametes are
    produced by a serial types of cell division called
    meiosis which occurs only in the reproductive
    organs.
    Meiosis is similar in mitosis in some ways. Both occur
    in eukaryotic cells and involve similar phases of cell
    division. But the two processes differ in the following
    ways:

    —  Meiosis results in daughter cells having the number


    of chromosomes (haploid number) of the parent cell.

    —  The resulting daughter cells in meiosis are not alike.


    They do not have the same exact copies of
    chromosomes.
    —  In mitosis, a parent cell produces two daughter cells
    while in meiosis, a parent cell divides twice,
    producing four daughter cells.
    —  Mitosis occurs in all body cells while meiosis occurs
    only in reproductive cells of ovaries and testes.

    Like mitosis, meiosis is continuous process. It involves


    two successive nuclear divisions, designated as
    Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Each nuclear division has
    these stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
    Telophase.
    Phases of Meiosis

    MEIOSIS I
    —  As the start of meiosis I each chromosomes consists
    of two strands of sister chromatids connected at the
    centromere. Homologous pairs of chromosomes
    come together before meiosis begins, an event that
    does not occur during mitosis.
    Phases of Meiosis

    PROPHASE I
    —  At the beginning of prophase I, chromosomes
    become thick and visible. The chromosomes of each
    homologous pair are tangled together. Each pair
    consists of a total of four chromatids, because each
    chromosome in the pair had replicated before
    meiosis began. By the end of prophase I, the nucleoli
    and the nuclear envelope have disappeared and the
    spindle fibers have formed.
    Phases of Meiosis

    METAPHASE I
    —  During metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes
    are still together. The pairs of chromosomes are
    arranged in the middle of the cell.
    Phases of Meiosis

    ANAPHASE I
    —  The homologous pair of chromosomes separate
    from each other during anaphase I. Spindle fibers
    pull member from each pair of chromosomes to
    opposite ends of the cell. Notice that each individual
    chromosomes still consist of two sister chromatids.
    Phases of Meiosis

    TELOPHASE I
    —  Depending on the type of organism, a new nuclear
    envelope may or may not form during telophase. In
    either case, cytokinesis takes place during telophase.
    After cytokinesis, each new cell is haploid,
    containing one chromosome from each pair.
    MEIOSIS II

    —  Recall that, before meiosis began, each chromosome


    replicated to become two sister chromatids. However,
    chromosomes do not replicate before beginning the
    second division of meiosis. The sister chromatids
    remained attached during the first meiotic division.
    —  Each of the daughter cells produced during meiosis I
    divides again during meiosis II. The sister chromatids of
    each chromosomes separate and are divided between
    two new cells. In animal cells, mitosis divides the
    chromosomes in a diploid cell. Meiosis II, on the other
    hand, divides the chromosomes in a haploid cell. In
    either case, the new cells contain the same number of
    chromosomes as the original cell.
    Phases of Meiosis II

    PROPHASE II
    —  Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells,
    each with half the number of chromosomes as the
    original.
    Phases of Meiosis II

    METAPHASE II
    —  The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the
    metaphase stage of mitosis.
    Phases of Meiosis II

    ANAPHASE II
    —  The sister chromatids separate and move toward
    opposite ends of the cell.
    Phases of Meiosis II

    TELOPHASE II
    —  Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
    Crossing Over

    —  The chromosomes of all organisms contain regions called


    genes. Each gene codes for one trait, or characteristic, of
    the organisms. For example, on human chromosome
    may contain genes for height, hair texture, a digestive
    enzyme, and many other traits.
    —  One very important event that can occur during meiosis
    is crossing over. Crossing over is the exchange of genes
    between pairs of homologous chromosomes. Crossing
    over only occurs during prophase I of meiosis, when the
    homologous pairs are still joined together. Homologous
    chromosomes can sometimes break where they meet and
    exchanged genes. After crossing over has occurred, each
    chromosome in the homologous pair has a different
    combination of genes than it had before meiosis began.
    Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

    Mitosis Meiosis

    Where it occurs Body cells Gonads (Reproductive


    Organs)
    Why it occurs Cell repair, growth, Sexual Reproduction
    asexual division
    Number of cells produced 2 4

    Number of divisions 1 2

    Number of chromosomes Same as parent (diploid) Half that of parent


    in daughter cells (Haploid)
    Amount of variation in None Lots
    daughter cells
    MITOSIS MEIOSIS

    •  Can be seen both in haploid (n) and •  Can be seen both in diploid (2n) cells
    diploid (2n) cells

    •  Provide reproduction in single-celled •  Produces gametes (sex


    organisms cells=reproductive cells) in sexually
    •  Provide growth and repair in reproducing organisms
    multicellular organisms

    •  Two daughter cells are formed after •  Four daughter cells are formed after
    division division
    •  The genetic characters of parental •  The genetic characters of parental
    cell and daughter cells are identical cell and daughter cells are different,
    therefore leads to genetic variations

    •  Chromosome number of the parental •  Reduce chromosomes number to


    cell and daughter cells are identical haploid = monoploid

    •  No crossing-over •  Crossing-over takes place.


    Homologous pairs synapse and
    genetic material is exchanged
    between them
    Gametogenesis

    —  Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes or


    reproductive cells are formed by meiotic division.
    There are two types of gametogenesis:
    Spermatogenesis or sperm cell formation, and
    Oogenesis or ovum/egg cell formation.

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