Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

1 Q 22 V2
Test Id: 468237 E2 = 2 (
2 C
)=
2

1. Given that a ball of mass m = 0.1 kg coming with

E2 1
∴ =
speed v→i = −30 m/s strikes with a bat and returns in E1 2
opposite direction with speed v→f = +40 m/s 11. The deceleration will be the same in both cases when
Impulse imparted by bat is equal to change in linear u2
tight brakes are applied. So, s = or, s ∝ u 2 .
momentum. So J = ΔP = m (v f − v i ).
→ →
2a
So, if the speed is tripled, the stopping distance will be
⇒ J = 0.1×[40–(–30)] nine times i.e. 9 × 2m = 18 m
⇒ J = 7 N–S.
12. ΔQ = w + ΔU
2. mv 2 mv √2mK −50 = −20 + (u f − u i )
= qvB ⇒ R = =
R qB qB
−30 = u f − u i
q2
For the same R andB, K ∝ u f = U i − 30
m
= −30 − 30
K′ (2e) 2
× 2 = 1 ⇒ K ′ = 1 MeV = −60 calories
m
=
1MeV (4m) e
13. v 1,2 = v 1 − v 2 .
3. The Bulk modulus for an incompressible liquid is infinity
Taking eastwards as positive, we get,
as the compressibility is zero.
v 1,2 = 10 − 15 = −5 m/s.
4. As per the circuit, So, the answer is 5 m/s westwards.
X = A ′ B + AB ′
14. The solid body of a conductor is an equipotential
If: A = 0, B = 0 ⇒ X = 0
surface.
A = 0, B = 1 ⇒ X = 1
A = 1, B = 0 ⇒ X = 1 15.
P + ρgh +
1 2
ρv = constant
A = 1, B = 1 ⇒ X = 0 2
16.
Whenever two or more waves exist in a region
h
5. λe =
simultaneously, interference takes place. Interference √2mk
can take place between transverse waves on a string Also for a photon, k =
hc
having any frequency. λp

So, λ e =
h√λ p
6. hc
E= √2m hc
⇒ λ p ∝ λe 2
λ
⇒λ= = 207 nm
hc 1240
=
The electric field of a solid sphere (uniformly charged)
E 6
17.
7.
We know that, Co-efficient of friction μ = for r ≤ R and E = for r > R.
fs Qr Q
E=
N 4πε 0 R 3 4πε 0 r 2
i.e. co-efficient of friction is the ratio of two similar So, we get,
physical quantities (forces). Therefore the coefficient of E(r) ∝ r for r ≤ R
friction is a dimensionless constant.
∝ 2 for r > R
1

The magnetization of a paramagnetic material is

r
8.
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature T.
Statement II is true.
9. Given that a particle is revolving in a circular path of
radius 25 m with a constant angular speed of 12
rev/min. 18.
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular Y
=√
3.2 × 10 11
velocity. Here, the angular velocity is constant. So, the
v=√
ρ 8 × 10 3
angular acceleration is zero. 3√
= 2 × 10 10
= 6.32 × 10 3 m/s
10. Initially,
Q 1 = CV = (2)V 19. A molecule at the surface of a liquid is acted upon by
1 1
E 1 = CV 2 = (2)V 2 = V 2 two types of forces. One, by the molecules of the same
2 2 liquid and the other one by the molecules of the
Finally, surrounding medium. The imbalance of these forces
Charge on each capacitor, Q 2 =
Q1
=
2V
=V results in surface tension. An increase in the
2 2 temperature of the liquid leads to an increase in the
kinetic energy of the molecules. This reduces the

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

intermolecular forces among the liquid molecules and

→ → 30.
hence decreases the surface tension.
→
v cm =
m1 v1 + m2 v2

20. Work done by friction can increase the kinetic energy of

m1 + m2
m 1 = 1 kg m 2 = 4 kg
the body when friction is the driving force for the motion
of a body. But statement is not the correct explanation |v 1 | = 4 m/s |v 2 | = 3 m/s
−
− → →

of statement I. =
1×4+4×3
m/s
1+4
21. Statement I and Statement II are true and the Statement
m/s
16
II is the correct explanation of Statement I. =
5
22.
x=
ρl 31. • The body will not move till the horizontal applied force
A is greater than limiting friction (the maximum value of
Volume remains the same. So, the area is reduced to static friction). Till that moment, when the force is
half. increased from zero, the static friction force willl keep
adjusting itself to just balance the applied force. For
20 =
ρ(2l)
(A/2) example, let us say that the maximum value of static
x 1 friction is 10 N and the applied force is only 5 N, the
static friction will adjust its value to 5 N and keep the
=
20 4
x=5 block at rest. Similarly for 6 N, 7 N and so on. This
happens till the point A. So, AM denotes limiting
23. friction.

• When the force is increased beyond the value of

limiting friction, even the limiting friction can not stop
the body from moving and the body starts to move. As
soon as it starts moving, friction becomes kinetic. Now,
kinetic friction is less than limiting friction. So, there is a
drop in the value of the frictional force. DN represents
kinetic friction. Kinetic friction remains constant
24. Thermal capacity = ms throughout the motion.
= (500 gm) (0.1 cal/gm°C)
= 50 cal/°C 32. MR 2
I= + Mx 2 .
2
25. A1 10 2 dI
= = = 2Mx
A2 25 5 dx
So, the slope at x = is 2M ( ) = MR.
R R
26. Conduction and convection both require a material
medium to take place. The only possible mode of heat
2 2
transfer in vacuum is radiation. 33. Wsurface = 18 N
27. A beam of electrons shows wave nature and exhibits mgsurface = 18 N
interference and diffraction as shown by the 2
Also, mg h = mg surface (
R
Davisson Germer experiment. But R does not explain A. R+h
)
2
28. We have, P = i 2 R. The current is maximum in R 1 . So, it 6400
dissipates maximum power. R 2 and R 3 have the same
= 18( )
6400 + 3200
current. So, they dissipate equal power. = 18 × = 8 N
4

• Torque has dimensions of (force) x (distance). Force

9
29.
has dimensions of MLT–2 and distance has dimension 34. Newton's Law of cooling.
L. Hence, torque has dimensions of ML2T–2 . So the 35.
and g = 2
−GM GM
correct match is (a)–(iii). V=
r r
• Impulse is simply the change in momentum. So, it has ⇒r=
−V 5.12 × 10 7
= 8000 km
the same dimensions as momentum.
=
g 6.4
Momentum has dimensions of (mass) x (velocity). ⇒ h = r − 6400 = 1600 km
Hence, it has dimensions of MLT–1. So the correct
match is (b)-(i). 36. f max = μ s mg

• Tension is a force. So it has dimensions MLT–2. So the

f max = 0.4 × 3 × 10 = 12 N
correct match is (c)-(iv).
F = 8.7 N
F < fmax
• Surface tension is force per unit length. It has f = F = 8.7 N
dimensions of (MLT–2)/L= MT–2. Hence, the right
37.
match is (d)-(ii).
1 1
E = 13.6Z 2 [ − 2]
22 4
1 1
= 13.6 × 16 × [ − ]
4 16
= 40.8 eV

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

38. First law of Thermodynamics is the application of acceleration = π 2 (50) = 493 cm/s 2
conservation of energy. 51.

39. Force of attraction between molecules of same

substance is known as cohesive force.

40. Angular momentum (L = mvr) of the satellite about the

Sun will remain constant. Only one 2° carbon is present in this compound.
At the nearest point- P 4 , distance between planet and
satellite (r) will be minimum. So, at this point velocity 52. The structure and bond in the allene (C3H4) can be seen
will be maximum. Therefore kinetic energy of the plane below:
is maximum at P 4 . CH 2 = C = CH 2
The terminal carbon is forming 3 σ−bond and 1 π−
41. bond.
mV 2 ∴ The graph is a parabola.
1
⇒ Steric number of terminal carbon = 3
EK =
2
42. It will strike the ground after time of flight and ⇒ Hybridization of terminal carbon = sp2
Time of flight T = The middle carbon is forming 2 σ−bond and 2 π−bond.
2u 2 × 100
= = 20 sec
⇒ Steric number of terminal carbon = 2
g 10

43. ⇒ Hybridization of terminal carbon = sp

.
→ d 3dvg
F net = W − B= dvg − vg=
→
4 4 ⇒ The 2 carbon atoms are in sp2 and 1 carbon atom is
Now, a =
→ F net 3dvg 3g
. in sp.
⇒ Option (B) is CORRECT.
= =
M 4dv 4

53. As branching increases, B.P. of alkane decreases.

54. Initially, thermodynamics was concerned with heat
44. L GM g π2 (thermal) changes, but now, it involves all kinds of
T = 2π√ , g ′ =
g 9R 2
= =
9 9 energy changes.
L
2 = 2π√ 2 × 9 55. Correct relation between change in enthalpy and change
π in internal energy is
⇒ 1 = π√L × ⇒ L = m ΔH = ΔU + ΔngRT
3 1
π 9
45. 1 √ K effective 1 √ (K+2K) 1 √ 3K 56. Order of reaction can be zero, fractional or negative.
n= = =
2π m 2π m 2π m 57.

46. Least count of vernier calipers iss also known as vernier

constant.
Least count of vernier calipers = 1 M.S.D − 1 V.S.D
Given, 1 M.S.D = 0.5 mm and 10 V.S.D = 9 M.S.D
∴ Vernier constant = 1 M.S.D − M.S.D
9
10
⇒Vernier constant = M.S.D =
1 1
(0.5mm)
10 10
⇒Vernier constant = 0.05 mm
Conjugate base is more stable due to more resonance
of negative charge.
47. Ferromagnetic substances have very high values of
magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility of 58. Lower the reduction potential greater is the reducing
paramagnetic substances is a very small positive power. Hence, increasing order of reducing power is Ag
number and that of diamagnetic substances is a small < Cr < Mg < K
negative number.
59. Any species which can accept a proton is
48. All matter in motion has a wave nature associated with Bronsted base while which can give a proton is
it. Bronsted acid.

49. If there is a charge inside the cavity, the field inside the 60. Aldehyde and alcohol react in the acidic medium and
cavity will not be zero. form the acetal.
This is an example of a nucleophilic addition reaction.
50.
Acceleration =
v2
=
r2 ω2
= rω 2 Here, lone pair of oxygen of alcohol acts as nucleophile
r r and attacks the carbonyl carbon of aldehyde.
We know, that formaldehyde is the most reactive
1
r = 50 cm ω = 2 πn = 2π × = π
2 aldehyde as it has no –R group.

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

Also, the least sterically crowded alcohol is the most

⇒t=
21600
effective nucleophile. 3600
⇒ t = 6 hrs
67.

2 3
Ksp = (2s) (3s)
= 4s2 × 27 (s)3
⇒ The best combination is HCHO and MeOH = 108 (s)5
⇒ Option (A) is CORRECT.
1.08 × 10 −73
61. Lead is the reducing agent and Lead dioxide is the (s) 5 =
oxidizing agent in the lead storage cell and both are
108

solid. ⇒ s = 10–15

62. 68. Endo osmosis is the movement of water molecules

Wave number = v
1 Velocity c
from outside to inside of a cell through the osmosis
–= =
process.
Wavelength λ Frequency v

c = vλ v=
c
v=c×v– v –= v Water (solvent) moves from their higher concentration
λ c to their lower concentration through S.P.M. [i.e. from
6 × 10 15 s −1 outside to inside]
⇒ The phenomenon is endosmosis
–=
∴v = 2 × 10 7 m −1
3.0 × 10 8 m/s
⇒ Option (B) is CORRECT.
63.
69. Nucleophilicity ∝ electro density on donor atom
∝ size of donor atom (in gas)
(for period)
1
∝
EN of atom
64. By using a positive catalyst : 70. 1
(i) ΔH does not change CO (g) + O 2(g) ⇌ CO 2(g)
(ii) Activation energy decreases
2
1 1
Δn g = 1 − (1 + ) = −
65. The conversion of primary aromatic amines into 2 2
diazonium salts is known as diazotization Kp 1
= (RT) Δng =
Kc √RT

71. Statement (C) is correct, regarding phenol whereas

other statements (a, b, and d) are incorrect.
⇒ Option (B) is CORRECT.
The corrected statements are as follows:
NOTE: The diazonium salt of primary alkyl amine can be
(a) The electron density decreases on oxygen due to the
also prepared but it is quite unstable compared to
aromatic diazonium. higher electronegativity of sp2 hybridized carbon of
In aromatic diazonium salt, carbon-nitrogen has a phenol
partial double bond character, due to resonance, and (b) Increase in the polarity of the O-H bond results in an
N2 group is relatively stable compared to aliphatic increase in the ionization of phenols than that of
alcohols.
diazonium where carbon-nitrogen has a pure single
(d) In substituted phenols, the presence of electron-
bond character.
withdrawing groups enhances the acidic strength of
phenol.

72. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

(Unstable) Atoms of different elements exhibit different properties
and vary in mass and size.
73.

( Relatively stable)
As there is no change in the oxidation state of any
66. We know that: element therefore this is not a redox reaction.
Charge (in Coulombs) = current (in Amperes) x time (in
seconds) 74. Amylose is a linear polymer formed by combination of α
⇒ Q = it -D glucose through 1, 4- glycosidic linkage.
It is water soluble.
⇒ 54000 = 2.5 × t
So, assertion is incorrect
⇒ t = 21600 sec
75. I 2 + OH − → IO − −
3 + I + H2 O

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

Oxidation half : I 2 + OH − → IO −
3 + H2 O 33.33% s character means higher electronegativity. High
Reduction half : I2 → I– electronegativity results in less tendency to donate
electrons. H − C ≡ C is least basic because it
⊖
Oxidation half :
has maximum electronegativity due to sp hybridization
Adding OH–, I 2 + 12OH − → 2IO − 3 + 6H 2 O (50% s character)
Adding electrons:
80.
I 2 + 12OH − → 2IO − −
3 + 6H 2 O + 10e . . . . . . (1)

Reduction half: Balancing e–, I 2 + 2e − → 2I −

I 2 + 2e − → 2I − ] × 5. . . . . (2)
Adding both reactions 81. Newmann Projection of ethane is drawn below:
6I 2 + 12OH − → 2IO − Staggered and eclipsed conformers are formed
−
3 + 10I + 6H 2 O
Dividing by 2, 3I 2 + 6OH → IO −
− −
3 + 5I + 3H 2 O because of C—C single bond rotation. (as shown)
76. Bohr's theory accounts for the stability and spectrum of
single–electron species like H, He+, Li2+ etc.
It doesn't explain the spectrum and stability of the
multielectron system.
Li+ has 2 electrons.
⇒ Bohr's theory does not account for the stability and
line spectrum of Li+ ion
⇒ Statement-I is false. So they are also known as Rotamers.
One of the shortcomings of Bohr's model is that it is ⇒ Option (A) is CORRECT.
unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the
presence of a magnetic field. 82. 3- pentanol is a secondary alcohol. as –OH group is
⇒ Statement II is true. connected to a secondary carbon.
CH3–CH2–CH(OH)–CH2–CH3
⇒ Option (B) is CORRECT.
83. The mechanism of the most common esterification
77. Ozone is least stable under those sets of conditions in reaction is given below:
which the forward reaction is favored.
Given that the reaction is exothermic, therefore
according to Le-Chatelier's principle the forward
reaction is favored at low temperatures.
Also, we know that low pressure favors that direction in
which the number of gaseous moles is lesser, which is
forward in this case.
Thus, for the given reaction the forward direction is
favored by low temperature and low pressure.
⇒ O3 is least stable under low temperature and low
pressure conditions.

78. Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n where

n=
Molecular mass
Empirical formula mass
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 16 + 2 = 30
Also, it is given that M.W. = 180
⇒n=
180
=6
30
Hence, Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)6
Molecular Formula = (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6.

79. Higher the negative charge on the carbanions, the The net result of most common esterification reaction
is –OH group of carboxylic acid and –H (attached to O)
higher is the basicity. H 3 CCH 2 is the most basic
⊖
of alcohol forms the water as shown:
carbanion because –CH3 group attached to it is
donating electrons to it and intensifying the negative
charge. Since H 3 CCH 2 carbanion is sp3 hybridized
⊖

and has only 25% s character, it is less

electronegative and has a higher tendency to donate
electrons. H 2 C = CH is less basic than H 3 CCH 2
⊖ ⊖

because H 2 C = CH carbanion is sp2 hybridized and

⊖
⇒ The ester will contain the O18 of alcohol.

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

⇒ Option (A) is CORRECT. Considering Molarity and Molality is equal,

⇒ Equimolar solution has equal molality.(m)
84. For ideal solution, ΔH mix. = 0 ΔV mix. = 0
For non-ideal solution, ΔH mix. ≠ 0 ΔV mix. ≠ 0 The Vant Hoff factor for non-electrolyte = 1
For positive deviation solution (endothermic) The elevation in boiling point is given by,
ΔHmix. > 0 ΔVmix. > 0 ΔT b = i × K b × m
For negative deviation solution (Exothermic) The depression in the freezing point is given by,
ΔHmix. < 0 ΔVmix. < 0 ΔT f = i × K f × m

85. From above equation it can be concluded, as long as

solution is equimolar (m = constant) in any non-
electrolyte (i = 1) ,
The depression in freezing point will be constant and
86. The steps in the given reaction are:
elevation in boiling point would be constant for a
Step 1: Nitro group (—NO2) is reduced to the amine
particular solvent.
group (—NH2) with H2/Pd and product (A) is obtained
As the depression in freezing point is the same, i.e. their
Step 2: The lone–pair of nitrogen (less electronegative) freezing point is the same.
is stronger nucleophile than the lone–pair of oxygen As the elevation in boiling point is the same, i.e. their
(more electronegative), so the lone–pair of nitrogen boiling point is the same.
attacks the acid anhydride, and SNAE ( Nucleophilic
substitution, Addition Elimination mechanism) takes ⇒ Option (A) is CORRECT.
place. This results in the acylation of —NH2 group and 89. Saturated means no π bonds and homocyclic means all
the final product (B) is obtained. atoms of cycle should be carbon.
The product formation in each step has been shown
below:

all atoms are carbon and no π bond

90. For the compounds with the same molecular mass, the
boiling point decreases with an increase in branching.
The boiling point also increases with an increase in
⇒ Option (D) is CORRECT.
molecular mass.
87. Given Equations: 2-Methylpropane has the lowest molecular mass
among all of the given compounds. Thus, 2-
methylpropane has the lowest boiling point among the
X ⇌ Y . . . . . . (1)
given options.
Y ⇌ Z . . . . . . (2)
Z ⇌ W . . . . . . (3)
Adding equations (1), (2) and (3), we get, 91. +7 +4
MnO 4 + 4H + + 3e − → MnO 2 + 2H 2 O
X⇌W The above reaction involves the reduction of MnO −
4 to
⇒ The equilibrium constant for the reaction for above MnO 2 .
equation,
K = K1×K2×K3 92. Sperical nodes or radial nodes = (n – l – 1) = (3 – 0 – 1)
=1×2×4 =2
=8 Angular nodes = l = 0

88. We know, that elevation in boiling point and depression 93. Given:
in freezing point depends are colligative properties and Δ f H 0C2 H4(g) = x1 kcal.mol–1
it does not depend upon the nature of the solute.
& Δ f H C2 H6(g) = x2 kcal.mol–1
Equimolar solution means the concentration is the
same. The hydrogenation reaction of C2H4 can be represented
as:

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g) Therefore,

E°(Fe3+ → Fe) =
ΔG ∘
We know that for any given reaction: −nF
ΔH 0reaction = ∑ Δ f H 0products − ∑ Δ f H 0reactants +0.17 F
⇒
=
ΔH 0reaction = Δ f H 0C2 H6(g) − Δ f H 0C2 H4(g) − Δ f H 0H2(g) −3 F
= –0.057 V
We know that: Δ f H 0H2(g) = 0
97. The structure of the given halides are given below:
⇒ ΔH 0reaction = Δ f H 0C2 H6(g) − Δ f H 0C2 H4(g) Isobutyl chloride
⇒ ΔH 0reaction = x2 – x1
94. The following compound doesn't have a chiral carbon
atom.

⇒ This is a 10 chloride.
Isopentyl chloride

⇒ This is a 10 chloride.
Therefore it doesn't show optical isomerism.
Neopentyl chloride
The following compound doesn't have a chiral carbon
atom.

⇒ This is a 10 chloride.
Isopropyl chloride
Therefore it doesn't show optical isomerism.
This compound has a chiral centre marked by (*) in the
figure below.
⇒ This is a 20 chloride or secondary chloride.
⇒ Option (D) is CORRECT.

98.

Also, there are no planes of symmetry, hence it shows

optical isomerism.
CH3—CH=C=CH2 neither has a chiral centre nor
4 can accept or give a Proton.
HSO −
chiral axis.
Therefore it doesn't show optical isomerism. 99. Statement (d) is incorrect. Its correct form is as follows:
95. The slowest step is rate determining step. (RDS) The letter 'D' or 'L' before the name of any compound
indicate the relative configuration of particular
96. Consider the given reactions. stereoisomer. This refers to the relation with particular
Fe2+ + 2e– → Fe E° = –0.47 V .....(1) isomer of glyceraldehyde. Glyceraldehyde contains one
3+ – 2+ asymmetric carbon atom and exists in two
Fe + e → Fe E° = –0.77 V .....(2)
enantiomeric forms.
Add equation (1) and (2), the new equation obtained is
as follows. These are as follows:
Fe3+ + 3e– → Fe
Therefore, the Gibbs free energy for the equation (1) is
given as follows.
ΔG ∘ = –nFE°
= –2(–0.47)F
= 0.94 F .....(3)
The Gibbs free energy for the equation (2) is given as I is D-configuration as –OH group is located at the right
follows. and it is (+) dextrorotatry isomer.
ΔG ∘ = –nFE° II is L-configuration as –OH group is located at the left
= –1(0.77)F and it is (–) Laevorotatry isomer.
= –0.77F .....(4) Rest, other statements are correct.
Add equations (3) and (4) to find ΔG ∘ .
ΔG ∘ = +0.17F

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

100. tonoplast. In plant cells the vacuoles can occupy up to

90% of the volume of the cell. In plants, the tonoplast
facilitates the transport of a number of ions and other
materials against concentration gradients into the
vacuole, hence their concentration is significantly
higher in the vacuole than in the cytoplasm.
106. Zygote → Proembryo → Globular stage → Heart shaped
stage → Mature embryo is the correct sequence of
embryogeny in dicot plants.
Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the embryo
sac where the zygote is situated. Most zygotes divide
only after certain amount of endosperm is formed.
The early stages of embryo development
(embryogeny) are similar in both monocotyledons and
dicotyledons. The sequential stages of embryogeny in
101. In plant cells, wall formation starts in the centre of the a dicotyledonous embryo include formation of a two-
cell and grows outward to meet the existing lateral celled proembryo, development of globular embryo
walls. from the embryonal initial cell, follwed by development
The formation of the new cell wall begins with the of heart-shaped and mature embryo.
formation of a simple precursor, called the cell-plate
107. The C3 and C4 plants respond differently to CO2
that represents the middle lamella between the walls
of two adjacent cells. concentrations. At low light conditions, neither group
responds to high CO2 conditions. At high light
At the time of cytoplasmic division, organelles like
mitochondria and plastids get distributed between the intensities, both C3 and C4 plants show increase in the
two daughter cells. In some organisms karyokinesis is rates of photosynthesis. What is important to note is
not followed by cytokinesis as a result of which that the C4 plants show saturation at about 360 μlL-1
multinucleate condition arises leading to the while C3 responds to increased CO2 concentration and
formation of syncytium (e.g., liquid endosperm in
coconut). saturation is seen only beyond 450 μlL-1. Thus, current
availability of CO2 levels is limiting to the C3 plants.
102. Option C is mismatched.
The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases: 108. Following compatible pollination, the pollen grain
Interphase and M Phase (Mitosis phase). The M germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube
Phase represents the phase when the actual cell through one of the germ pores. The contents of the
division or mitosis occurs and the interphase pollen grain move into the pollen tube. Pollen tube
represents the phase between two successive M grows through the tissues of the stigma and style and
phases. In the 24 hour average duration of cell cycle reaches the ovary.
of a human cell, cell division proper lasts for only In 60% of the plants, pollen grains are shed at two-
about an hour. The interphase lasts more than 95% of celled condition (a vegetative cell and a generative
the duration of cell cycle. cell). In such plants, the generative cell divides and
forms the two male gametes during the growth of
103. All statements are correct for C4 plants. pollen tube in the stigma. In plants which shed pollen
C4 plants are special: They have a special type of leaf in the three-celled condition, pollen tubes carry the
two male gametes from the beginning.
anatomy, they tolerate higher temperatures, they show
a response to high light intensities, they lack a This phenomenon where male gametes are carried
process called photorespiration and have greater through pollen tube, is called as siphonogamy.
productivity of biomass.
109.
The leaves of C4 plants show kranz anatomy. They
avoid photorespiration due to presence of PEP-Case
and absence of RuBisCO in the mesophyll cells.
104. Ovule or megasporangium in angiosperms has one or
two protective envelopes called integuments.
Enclosed within the integuments is a mass of cells
called the nucellus. Cells of the nucellus have
abundant reserve food materials. Located in the 110. Chromosomes move to spindle equator
nucellus is the embryo sac or female gametophyte. An during metaphase. During anaphase, centromere
ovule generally has a single embryo sac formed from splits and chromatids separate.
a megaspore.
Pairing between homologous chromosomes is
105. The vacuole is the membrane-bound space found in seen during zygotene of prophase in meiosis I. The
the cytoplasm. It contains water, sap, excretory process of crossing over (for exchange of genetic
product and other materials not useful for the cell. The material) between non-sister chromatids of
vacuole is bound by a single membrane called

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homologous chromosomes occurs during pachytene regeneration of primary carbon dioxide acceptor in C3
of prophase in meiosis I. plants i.e. ribulose bisphosphate.
111. A typical dicotyledonous embryo, consists of an In C4 plants, the sysnthesis of glucose or assimilation
embryonal axis and two cotyledons. of carbon dioxide occurs through Calvin cycle only
The portion of embryonal axis above the level of and hence same number of ATP and NADPH2 are
cotyledons is the epicotyl, which terminates with the required in Calvin cycle in C4 plants. But additional 12
plumule or stem tip.
ATP molecules (in the form of 2 ATP equivalents per
The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons is carbon dioxide molecule fixed) are required for
hypocotyl that terminates at its lower end in the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenol pyruvate, the
radicle or root tip. The root tip is covered with a root first carbon dioxide acceptor in C4 plants, for six
cap.
carbon dioxide molecules fixed. Hence, total 30 ATP
112. The dithecous anther consists of 4 microsporangia molecules are required for synthesis of one glucose
located at the corners, 2 in each lobe. molecule.
There are two parts of a typical stamen – the long and 117. The Calvin cycle can be broadly divided under three
slender stalk called the filament, and the terminal stages: carboxylation, reduction and
generally bilobed structure called the anther. A typical regeneration. Carboxylation is the fixation of CO2 into
angiosperm anther is bilobed with each lobe having a stable organic intermediate. This step does not
two theca, i.e., they are dithecous. In transverse require ATP or NADPH+H+. During the step of
section, anther appears as a four-sided (tetragonal) reduction, a series of reactions lead to the formation
structure consisting of four microsporangia located at of glucose. The steps involve utilisation of 2
the corners, two in each lobe. molecules of ATP for phosphorylation and two of
113. In addition to the genomic DNA (the single NADPH+H+ for reduction per CO2 molecule
chromosome/circular DNA), many bacteria have fixed. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor molecule
small, covalently closed, circular, double RuBP is crucial if the cycle is to continue
stranded, autonomously regulated DNA outside the uninterrupted. The regeneration steps require one ATP
genomic DNA. These smaller DNA are called for phosphorylation to form RuBP.
plasmids. The plasmid DNA confers certain unique
phenotypic characters to such bacteria. One such 118. Spindle fibres attach to the kinetochores of
haracter is resistance to antibiotics. chromosomes during metaphase, in both mitosis as
well as meiosis.
114. An ovule is also called as megasporangium. Each
During mitotic metaphase, the condensation of
ovule has one or two protective envelopes called
chromosomes is completed and they can be observed
integuments. Integuments encircle the nucellus
clearly under the microscope. This is the stage at
except at the tip where a small opening called the
which morphology of chromosomes is most easily
micropyle is organised. The ovule does not dehisce or
studied. At this stage, metaphase chromosome is
break open, it encloses the functional
made up of two sister chromatids, which are held
megaspore which later develops into female
together by the centromere. Small disc-shaped
gametophyte. The ovule gets converted into seeds
structures at the surface of the centromeres are called
after fertilization. Thus, with these characteristics of
kinetochores. These structures serve as the sites of
ovule, it can be defined as integumented, indehiscent
attachment of spindle fibres (formed by the spindle
megasporangium which permanently store the
fibres) to the chromosomes that are moved into
megaspores.
position at the centre of the cell.
In bryophytes and pteridophytes, the
Hence, the metaphase is characterised by all the
megasporangium is not integumented.
chromosomes coming to lie at the equator with one
115. The interphase is divided into three further chromatid of each chromosome connected by its
phases: G1 phase (Gap 1 phase), S phase (Synthesis) kinetochore to spindle fibres from one pole and its
sister chromatid connected by its kinetochore to
and G2 phase (Gap 2 phase).
spindle fibres from the opposite pole.
S or synthesis phase marks the period during which
DNA synthesis or replication takes place. In animal 119. The electron microscopic study of a cilium or the
cells, during the S phase, DNA replication begins in the flagellum shows that they are covered with plasma
nucleus, and the centriole duplicates in the cytoplasm. membrane. Their core called the axoneme, possesses
During the G2 phase, proteins are synthesised in a number of microtubules running parallel to the long
axis. The axoneme usually has nine doublets of
preparation for mitosis while cell growth continues.
radially arranged peripheral microtubules, and a pair of
116. For synthesis of one glucose molecule through Calvin centrally located microtubules. Such an arrangement
cycle, 12 ATP and 12 NADPH2 are required during of axonemal microtubules is referred to as the 9+2
array.
reduction of phosphoglycerate to
phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone 120. Statement B is false. The mitochondria divide by
phosphate in the reduction phase of the cycle. fission, like bacteria.
Additional 6 ATP molecules are required for
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
Frequently in prokaryotic cells, several ribosomes may

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attach to a single mRNA and form a chain called a) forming a light harvesting system also called
polyribosomes or polysome. The ribosomes of a antennae. The single chlorophyll a molecule forms the
polysome translate the mRNA into proteins. reaction centre. The reaction centre is different in both
Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the cell the photosystems. In PS I the reaction centre
theory. This theory however, did not explain as to how chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm,
new cells were formed. Rudolf Virchow (1855) first hence is called P700, while in PS II it has
explained that cells divided and new cells are formed absorptionmaxima at 680 nm, and is called P680.
from pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e-cellula). 126. Zygote is diploid and primary endosperm nucleus is
The biochemical studies of cell membrane has shown triploid.
that the cell membrane is mainly composed of lipids After entering one of the synergids, the pollen tube
and proteins. The major lipids are phospholipids that releases the two male gametes into the cytoplasm of
are arranged in a bilayer. the synergid.
121. The NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma One of the male gametes moves towards the egg cell
side i.e. outer side of the thylakoid membrane. Along and fuses with its nucleus thus completing the
with electrons that come from the acceptor of syngamy. This results in the formation of a diploid cell,
electrons of PS I, protons are necessary for the the zygote.
reduction of NADP+ to NADPH+H+. These protons are The other male gamete moves towards the two polar
removed from the stroma. nuclei located in the central cell and fuses with them
to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus
122. Photolysis of water occurs during non-cyclic (PEN). As this involves the fusion of three haploid
photophosphorylation. The water is split by water nuclei it is termed triple fusion.
evolving complex.
Since two types of fusions, syngamy and triple fusion
Proton gradient is necessary for ATP synthesis. The take place in an embryo sac the phenomenon is
breakdown of the gradient provides enough energy to termed double fertilisation, an event unique to
cause a conformational change in the CF1 particle of flowering plants. The central cell after triple fusion
the ATP synthase, which makes the enzyme becomes the primary endosperm cell (PEC) and
synthesise several molecules of energypacked ATP. develops into the endosperm while the zygote
Pigments absorb light at specific wavelengths. develops into an embryo.
Photorespiration occurs due to oxygenase activity of 127. The technique used to separate the leaf pigments of
RuBisCO under high oxygen and low carbon dioxide any green plant is paper chromatography. A
concentration. chromatographic separation of the leaf pigments
shows that the colour of leaves is not due to a single
123. In r-RNA, 'r' indicates 'ribsomal'. The type of RNA
pigment but due to four pigments: Chlorophyll a
associated with ribosomes is called as r-RNA or
(bright or blue green in the chromatogram),
ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are composed of
chlorophyll b (yellow green), xanthophylls (yellow) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) called ribosomal RNA or r-RNA
carotenoids (yellow to yellow-orange).
and proteins. Ribosomes are not surrounded by any
membrane. 128. Flagella, pili and fimbriae are surface structures of the
bacteria but do not play a role in motility. The pili are
124. Statements of the options A, B and C are correct.
elongated tubular structures made of a special
Option D has incorrect statement.
protein. The fimbriae are small bristle like fibres
After fertilization, the zygote develops into embryo, the sprouting out of the cell. In some bacteria, they are
triploid primary endosperm nucleus develops into known to help attach the bacteria to rocks in streams
endosperm, ovule develops into seeds with the two and also to the host tissues.
integuments forming the two layers of seed coar and
ovary enlarges and ripens to form the fruit. 129. In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist,
examined a large number of plants and observed that
Following double fertilization, events of endosperm
all plants are composed of different kinds of cells
and embryo development, maturation of ovule(s) into
which form the tissues of the plant.
seed(s) and ovary into fruit, are collectively termed
post-fertilization events. At about the same time, Theodore Schwann (1839), a
British Zoologist, studied different types of animal
125. The reaction centre of PS I is is P700. cells and reported that cells had a thin outer
Light reactions or the ‘Photochemical’ phase include layer known as ‘plasma membrane’. He also
light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release, and concluded, based on his studies on plant tissues, that
the formation of high-energy chemical intermediates, the presence of cell wall is a unique character of the
ATP and NADPH. Several protein complexes are plant cells. On the basis of this, Schwann proposed
involved in the process. The pigments are organised the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants
into two discrete photochemical light harvesting are composed of cells and products of cells.
complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and
130. S or synthesis phase marks the period during which
Photosystem II (PS II).
DNA synthesis or replication takes place. During this
The LHC are made up of hundreds of pigment time the amount of DNA per cell doubles. If the initial
molecules bound to proteins. Each photosystem has amount of DNA is denoted as 2C, then it increases to
all the pigments (except one molecule of chlorophyll 4C. However, there is no increase in the chromosome

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number; if the cell had diploid or 2n number of S or synthesis phase occurs after G1 phase and
chromosomes at G1, then even after S phase the before the G2 phase of cell cycle. The S phase marks
number of chromosomes remains the same, i.e., 2n. the period during which DNA synthesis or replication
Hence, if the cells has 2C content of 8C, then after S takes place in the nucleus of the cell.
phase the DNA content of the cell would be 16C.
During this time the amount of DNA per cell doubles.
131. Telophase II of meiosis begins with the simultaneous If the initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it
splitting of the centromere of each chromosome increases to 4C. However, there is no increase in the
(which was holding the sister chromatids together), chromosome number; if the cell had diploid or 2n
allowing them to move toward opposite poles of the number of chromosomes at G1, even after S phase the
cell by shortening of microtubules attached to number of chromosomes remains the same, i.e., 2n. In
kinetochores. animal cells, during the S phase, DNA replication
Meiosis ends with telophase II, in which the two begins in the nucleus, and the centriole duplicates in
groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed by a the cytoplasm.
nuclear envelope; cytokinesis follows resulting in the
137. After entering one of the synergids, the pollen tube
formation of tetrad of cells i.e., four haploid daughter
releases the two male gametes into the cytoplasm of
cells.
the synergid. One of the male gametes moves
In metaphase I, the bivalent chromosomes align on
towards the egg cell and fuses with its nucleus thus
the equatorial plate. The microtubules from the
completing the syngamy. This results in the formation
opposite poles of the spindle attach to the
of a diploid cell, the zygote.
kinetochore of homologous chromosomes. In
The other male gamete moves towards the two polar
metaphase II, the chromosomes align at the equator
nuclei located in the central cell and fuses with them
and the microtubules from opposite poles of the
to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus
spindle get attached to the kinetochores of sister
(PEN).
chromatids.
As this involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei it is
132. Within the chloroplast there is membranous system termed triple fusion. Since two types of fusions,
consisting of grana, the stroma lamellae, and the syngamy and triple fusion take place in an embryo sac
matrix stroma. There is a clear division of labour the phenomenon is termed double fertilisation, an
within the chloroplast. The grana of the membrane event unique to flowering plants.
system contain photosynthetic pigments organised The central cell after triple fusion becomes the
into photosystems which are responsible for trapping primary endosperm cell (PEC) and develops into the
the light energy and also for the synthesis of ATP and endosperm while the zygote develops into an embryo.
NADPH. In stroma, enzymatic reactions synthesise
sugar, which in turn forms starch. 138. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of
A. The lysosomes have hydrolytic enzymes like
133. A typical stamen has a long and slender stalk carbohydrases, proteases, lipases and nucelases due
called the filament, and the terminal, generally bilobed to which lysosomes are able to digest carbohydrates,
structure, called the anther. The proximal end of proteins, fats and nucleic acids, respectively.
the filament is attached to the thalamus or the petal of Lysosomes are membrane bound vesicular structures
the flower. On the other end, it bears the anther. formed by the process of packaging in the golgi
134. While each of the membranous organelles is distinct apparatus. The isolated lysosomal vesicles have been
in terms of its structure and function, many organelles found to be very rich in almost all types of hydrolytic
are considered together as an endomembrane system enzymes (hydrolases – carbohydrases,
because their functions are coordinated. proteases, lipases and nucleases) optimally active at
The endomembrane system includes endoplasmic the acidic pH. These enzymes are capable of digesting
reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes and carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
vacuoles.
139. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own
Since the functions of the mitochondria, chloroplast DNA and hence can divide on their own. These
and peroxisomes are not coordinated with the above organelles divide by fission.
components, these are not considered as part of the
endomembrane system. 140. The pigments are organised into two discrete
photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC)
135. Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a proton pump, within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II
a proton gradient and ATP synthase. Energy is used to (PS II). The LHC are made up of hundreds of pigment
pump protons across a membrane, to create a molecules bound to proteins. Each photosystem has
gradient or a high concentration of protons within the all the pigments (except one molecule of chlorophyll-
thylakoid lumen. ATP synthase has a channel that a) forming a light harvesting system also called
allows diffusion of protons back across the antennae. These pigments help to make
membrane; this releases enough energy to activate photosynthesis more efficient by absorbing different
ATP synthase enzyme that catalyses the formation of wavelengths of light. The single chlorophyll-a
ATP. molecule forms the reaction centre.
136. Statement D is incorrect for S phase of cell cycle. 141. Photophosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from
ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of
light. When only PS I is functional, the electron is

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circulated within the photosystem and the similar in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The
phosphorylation occurs due to cyclic flow of stages of embryogeny in a dicotyledonous embryo
electrons. The cyclic flow hence, results only in the follow a certain developmental seqence wherein the
synthesis of ATP, but not of NADPH + H+ and O2. zygote first gives rise to the two-celled proembryo and
subsequently to the globular, heart-shaped and mature
142. Statements (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) are correct for embryo. These five stages are sequentially
anemophily i.e. pollination by wind. represented in the figure given in the question.
Majority of plants use biotic agents for pollination. 147. Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) in 1770 performed a
Only a small proportion of plants use abiotic agents. series of experiments that revealed the essential role
Pollen grains coming in contact with the stigma is a of air in the growth of green plants.
chance factor in both wind and water pollination. Priestley, discovered oxygen in 1774. Priestley
Pollination by wind is more common amongst abiotic observed that a candle burning in a closed space – a
pollinations. bell jar, soon gets extinguished. Similarly, a mouse
Wind pollination also requires that the pollen grains would soon suffocate in a closed space. He
are light and non-sticky so that they can be concluded that a burning candle or an animal that
transported in wind currents. breathe the air, both somehow, damage the air. But
They often possess well-exposed and versatile when he placed a mint plant in the same bell jar, he
stamens (so that the pollens are easily dispersed into found that the mouse stayed alive and the candle
wind currents) and large often-feathery stigma to continued to burn. Priestley hypothesised that the
easily trap air-borne pollen grains. plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals
Wind- pollinated flowers often have a single ovule in and burning candles remove.
each ovary and numerous flowers packed into an
inflorescence. 148. Statements (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.
Wind pollination is quite common in grasses. Pollen grains are generally spherical measuring about
25-50 micrometers in diameter. It has a prominent
143. Statement B is correct about G1 phase. DNA
two-layered wall. The hard outer layer called the exine
replicates during S-phase. is made up of sporopollenin which is one of the most
G1 phase corresponds to the interval between mitosis resistant organic material known. It can withstand
and initiation of DNA replication. During G1 phase the high temperatures and strong acids and alkali. No
enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known.
cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but
Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called
does not replicate its DNA.
germ pores where sporopollenin is absent.
S or synthesis phase marks the period during which
The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the intine. It
DNA synthesis or replication takes place. During this
is a thin and continuous layer made up of cellulose
time the amount of DNA per cell doubles. If the initial
and pectin. The cytoplasm of pollen grain is
amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it increases to
surrounded by a plasma membrane. When the pollen
4C. However, there is no increase in the chromosome
grain is mature it contains two cells, the vegetative
number; if the cell had diploid or 2n number of
cell and generative cell. The vegetative cell is bigger,
chromosomes at G1, even after S phase the number
has abundant food reserve and a large irregularly
of chromosomes remains the same, i.e., 2n.
shaped nucleus. The generative cell is small and
144. Statement B is correct but A is incorrect. floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell. It is
spindle shaped with dense cytoplasm and a nucleus.
During photosynthesis, protons in the stroma
decrease in number, while in the lumen there is 149. ER, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and
accumulation of protons. This creates a proton other cell organelles disappear duirng late prophase.
gradient across the thylakoid membrane as well as a
During prophase, chromosomal material condenses to
measurable decrease in pH in the lumen and increase
form compact mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes
in the pH of stroma. The accumulation of protons in
are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached
the thylakoid lumen leads to generation of proton
together at the centromere. Centrosome which had
gradient and potential difference across thylakoid
undergone duplication during interphase, begins to
lumen.
move towards opposite poles of the cell. Each
145. In prokaryotes, ribosomes are associated with the centrosome radiates out microtubules called asters.
plasma membrane of the cell. Ribosomes are the site The two asters together with spindle fibres forms
of protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may attach to mitotic apparatus.
a single mRNA and form a chain called polyribosomes Cells at the end of prophase (late prophase), when
or polysome. The ribosomes of a polysome translate viewed under the microscope, do not show Golgi
the mRNA into proteins. complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus and the
nuclear envelope.
146. The figure represents the stages of embryo
development in dicotyledonous plants. 150. A typical eukaryotic cell cycle is illustrated by human
The figure shows sequential developmental stages of cells in culture. These cells divide once in
a dicot embryo. Embryo develops at the micropylar approximately every 24 hours. However, this duration
end of the embryo sac where the zygote is of cell cycle can vary from organism to organism and
situated. Though the seeds differ greatly, the early also from cell type to cell type. In the 24 hour average
stages of embryo development (embryogeny) are duration of cell cycle of a human cell, cell division

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proper lasts for only about an hour. The interphase Lymph has less proteins as compared to blood
lasts more than 95% of the duration of cell cycle. plasma and higher amount of CO2 and metabolic
151. A specialised cardiac musculature called the nodal wastes. Lymph lacks RBCs and hence is colourless.
tissue is also distributed in the heart. A patch of this It has specialised cells called lymphocytes which are
tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right responsible for the immune responses of the body.
atrium called the sino-atrial node (SAN). SAN is the As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues,
pacemaker which generates the maximum number of some water along with many small water soluble
action potentials, i.e., 70-75 min–1, and is responsible substances move out into the spaces between the
for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile cells of tissues leaving the larger proteins and most of
activity of the heart. the formed elements in the blood vessels. This fluid
released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue
152. The efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus fluid. It has the same mineral distribution as that in
forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule plasma.
called the peritubular capillaries. A minute vessel of
this network runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forming a Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc., between the blood
‘U’ shaped vasa recta. Vasa recta is absent or highly and the cells always occur through this fluid. An
reduced in cortical nephrons. elaborate network of vessels called the lymphatic
system collects this fluid and drains it back to the
153. Muscle fatigue occurs due to accumulation of lactic major veins. The fluid present in the lymphatic system
acid due to anaerobic oxidation of glucose. There is a is called the lymph.
reduction in the force of contraction during Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients,
fatigue. Fatigued muscle needs extra oxygen (oxygen hormones, etc. Fats are absorbed through lymph in
debt) to dispose off excess lactic acid. the lacteals present in the intestinal villi.
154. During muscle contraction, there is increase in the 158. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is lined by simple
calcium ions in the sarcoplasm due to their release cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the
from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increase in Ca++ level surface area for reabsorption. Nearly all of the
leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of essential nutrients like glucose and amino acids and
troponin on actin filaments and thereby remove the 70-80% of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by
masking of active sites for myosin. In other this segment. PCT also helps to maintain the pH and
ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion
words, Ca++ binds with a subunit of troponin in the of hydrogen ions, ammonia and potassium ions into
skeletal muscles and leads to exposure of the binding
site for myosin on the actin filament, leading to cross- the filtrate and by absorption of HCO3– from it.
bridge formation and consequent contraction of the
muscle. 159. The vertebral column is differentiated into cervical (7),
thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1 bone formed by
155. Normal activities of the heart are regulated fusion of five sacral vertebrae) and coccygeal (1 bone
intrinsically, i.e., auto regulated by specialised formed by fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae) regions
muscles (nodal tissue), hence the heart is called starting from the skull. Hence, the human vertebral
myogenic. formula is C7T12L5S(5)C(4).
Neural signals through the sympathetic nerves (part
160. A decrease in blood pressure / volume stimulates
of ANS) can increase the rate of heart beat, the
the release of renin, aldosterone, and ADH. The action
strength of ventricular contraction and thereby the
of these hormones leads to increase in blood pressure
cardiac output. On the other hand, parasympathetic
to normal levels and also increase in the blood
neural signals (another component of ANS) decrease
volume. Increase in blood pressure / volume
the rate of heart beat, speed of conduction of action
stimulates the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor
potential and thereby the cardiac output.
(ANF) which causes vasodilation and also inhibits
156. A neuron is a microscopic structure composed of RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)
three major parts, namely, cell body, dendrites and mechanism that decreases the blood
axon. The axon is a long fibre, the distal end of which volume/pressure.
is branched. Each branch terminates as a bulb-like
161. During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are
structure called synaptic knob which possess
produced which can be easily heard through a
synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called
stethoscope. The first heart sound (lub) is associated
neurotransmitters. The axons transmit nerve impulses
with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
away from the cell body to a synapse or to a neuro-
whereas the second heart sound (dub) is associated
muscular junction.
with the closure of the semilunar valves. These
157. Staement B is incorrect. sounds are of clinical diagnostic significance.
Leucocytes are also known as white blood cells 162. Each myosin (thick) filament is also a polymerised
(WBC) as they are colourless due to the lack of protein. Many monomeric proteins called
haemoglobin. There are two main categories of WBCs Meromyosins constitute one thick filament. Each
– granulocytes and agranulocytes. Neutrophils, meromyosin has two important parts, a globular head
eosinophils and basophils are different types of with a short arm and a tail, the former being called the
granulocytes, while lymphocytes and monocytes are heavy meromyosin (HMM) and the latter, the light
the agranulocytes. meromyosin (LMM).

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163. Blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to and a post-synaptic neuron, which may or may not be
an injury or trauma. This is a mechanism to prevent separated by a gap called synaptic cleft. There are two
excessive loss of blood from the body. types of synapses, namely, electrical synapses and
chemical synapses.
A clot or coagulam formed mainly of a network of
threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged
formed elements of blood are trapped. Fibrins are
formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the
plasma by the enzyme thrombin. Thrombins, in turn
are formed from another inactive substance present in
the plasma called prothrombin. An enzyme complex,
thrombokinase, is required for the above reaction.

166. Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle enters

into aorta which is then supplied to body parts.
The blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the
pulmonary artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps
blood into the aorta. The deoxygenated blood pumped
into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs
from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the
pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway
constitutes the pulmonary circulation.
The oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by
a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to the
tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is
collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava
and emptied into the right atrium. This is the systemic
circulation.

167. The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles. The

164. The dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of walls of ventricles are much thicker than that of the
four round swellings (lobes) called corpora atria. A specialised cardiac musculature called the
quadrigemina. nodal tissue is also distributed in the heart. The nodal
The hindbrain comprises pons, cerebellum and musculature includes SAN, AVN, bundle of His, bundle
medulla (also called the medulla oblongata). Pons branches and Purkinje fibres. The nodal musculature
consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different has the ability to generate action potentials without
regions of the brain. Cerebellum has very convoluted any external stimuli, i.e., it is auto-excitable. The SAN
surface in order to provide the additional space for can generate the maximum number of action
many more neurons. potentials, i.e., 70-75 min–1, and is responsible for
The cerebrum wraps around a structure called initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile
thalamus, which is a major coordinating centre for activity of the heart.
sensory and motor signaling. Another very important Normal activities of the heart are regulated
part of the brain called hypothalamus lies at the base intrinsically, i.e., auto regulated by specialised
of the thalamus. The hypothalamus contains a muscles (nodal tissue), hence the heart is called
number of centres which control body temperature, myogenic. In myogenic heart, the heart beat continues
urge for eating and drinking. even after all neural connections to heart are removed.
The layer of cells which covers the cerebral 168. Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal
hemisphere is called cerebral cortex and is thrown bone is formed by the fusion of three bones – ilium,
into prominent folds. The cerebral cortex is referred to ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above
as the grey matter due to its greyish appearance. The bones is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh
neuron cell bodies are concentrated here giving the bone articulates. The two halves of the pelvic girdle
colour. meet ventrally to form the pubic symphysis containing
165. A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to fibrous cartilage.
another through junctions called synapses. A synapse 169. Axial skeleton comprises 80 bones distributed along
is formed by the membranes of a pre-synaptic neuron the main axis of the body. The skull, vertebral column,

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

sternum and ribs constitute axial skeleton. The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or
The skull is composed of two sets of bones – cranial depolarisation) of the atria, which leads to the
and facial, that totals to 22 bones. Cranial bones are 8 contraction of both the atria. The QRS complex
in number. They form the hard protective outer represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which
covering, called cranium, for the brain. The facial initiates the ventricular contraction. The contraction
region is made up of 14 skeletal elements which form starts shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the
the front part of the skull. systole.
170. The human neural system is divided into two The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles
parts: the central neural system (CNS) and the from excited to normal state (repolarisation). The end
peripheral neural system (PNS). The CNS includes the of the T-wave marks the end of systole.
brain and the spinal cord and is the site of information 174.
processing and control.
The PNS comprises of all the nerves of the body
associated with the CNS (brain and spinal cord). The
PNS is divided into two divisions called somatic neural
system and autonomic neural system. The somatic
neural system relays impulses from the CNS to
skeletal muscles while the autonomic neural system
transmits impulses from the CNS to the involuntary
organs and smooth muscles of the body. The 175. Pivot joint is present between atlas and axis vertebra
autonomic neural system is further classified into of neck allowing rotation of the head to left and
sympathetic neural system and parasympathetic right. Synovial joints are characterised by the
neural system. presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the
articulating surfaces of the two bones. Such an
171. C, D, A, B, F, E is a correct pathway representing the
arragement allows considerable movement. These
path of blood from left ventricle to right atrium.
joints help in locomotion and many other movements.
Oxygenated blood from left ventricle is pumped into
the aorta ('C') which divides into muscular arteries ('D') 176. A clot or coagulam is mainly formed of a network of
to provide blood to different tissues and organs. The threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged
artery further divides and redivides to form smaller formed elements of blood are trapped. Fibrins are
diameter arterioles ('A') near the tissue and the insoluble protein fibers formed by the conversion of
arterioles furthe form thin-walled capillaries ('B') inactive, soluble fibrinogens in the plasma by the
through which exchange of materials between blood enzyme thrombin. Thrombins, in turn are formed from
and tissues takes place. The deoxygenated blood with another inactive substance present in the plasma
the waste materials from the tissues is collected by a called prothrombin. An enzyme complex,
network of venules ('F') which continue from thrombokinase, is required for the above reaction.
capillaries and join further to form veins ('E'). The
veins join and drain the deoxygenated blood to venae 177. Thin filaments are made up of actin. Meromyosin, a
cavae which is then taken to heart and then to lungs monomer of myosin, has ATPase activity. Increase in
for oxygenation. Ca+2 level during muscle contraction leads to the
binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin
172. Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal
filaments. This leads to removal of the masking of
tubular organs which are lined by ciliated epithelium.
active sites for myosin.
The coordinated movements of cilia in the trachea
help us in removing dust particles and some of the 178. Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal
foreign substances inhaled alongwith the atmospheric bone is formed by the fusion of three bones – ilium,
air. Passage of ova through the female reproductive ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above
tract is also facilitated by the ciliary movement. bones is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh
Movement of limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, require bone articulates. The two halves of the pelvic girdle
muscular movement. meet ventrally to form the pubic symphysis containing
fibrous cartilage.
Flagellar movement helps in the swimming of
spermatozoa, maintenance of water current in the 179. Tetany is characterized by rapid spasms (wild
canal system of sponges and in locomotion of
contractions) in muscle due to low Ca+2 in body fluid.
protozoans like Euglena.
Some specialised cells in human body, like 180. Statements A and B are correct.
macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit Some specialised cells in human body like
amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit
formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia
Amoeba). Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in
are also involved in amoeboid movement. Amoeba). Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments
are also involved in amoeboid movement.
173. Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P
to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of Human beings can move limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongue,
the heart. etc. Some of the movements result in a change of

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

place or location. Such voluntary movements are 185.

called locomotion.
181. Joints are essential for all types of movements
involving the bony parts of the body. Locomotory
movements are no exception to this. The movability at
joints vary depending on different factors. Joints have
been classified into three major structural forms,
namely, fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
186. Options A, B and C are correct.
Fibrous joints do not allow any movement. This type
of joint is shown by the flat skull bones which fuse Cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain. A
end-to-end with the help of dense fibrous connective deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two
tissues in the form of sutures, to form the cranium. halves, which are termed as the left and right cerebral
hemispheres. The hemispheres are connected by a
In cartilaginous joints, the bones involved are joined
tract of nerve fibres called corpus callosum.
together with the help of cartilages. The joint between
the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of 187. The forebrain consists of cerebrum, thalamus and
this pattern and it permits limited movements. hypothalamus. Cerebrum forms the major part of the
Synovial joints are characterised by the presence of a human brain.
fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into
surfaces of the two bones. Such an arragement two halves, which are termed as the left and right
allows considerable movement. cerebral hemispheres. The hemispheres are
connected by a tract of nerve fibres called corpus
182. Options A and C are correct.
callosum.
Cerebrum forms the major part of the human brain. A
The layer of cells which covers the cerebral
deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two
hemisphere is called cerebral cortex and is thrown
halves, which are termed as the left and right cerebral
into prominent folds. The cerebral cortex is referred to
hemispheres.
as the grey matter due to its greyish appearance. The
The layer of cells which covers the cerebral neuron cell bodies are concentrated here giving the
hemisphere is called cerebral cortex and is thrown colour.
into prominent folds. The cerebral cortex is referred to
The cerebral cortex contains motor areas, sensory
as the grey matter due to its greyish appearance. The
areas and large regions that are neither clearly
neuron cell bodies are concentrated here giving the
sensory nor motor in function. These regions called as
colour.
the association areas are responsible for complex
The cerebral cortex contains motor areas, sensory functions like intersensory associations, memory and
areas and large regions that are neither clearly communication.
sensory nor motor in function. These regions called as
Fibres of the tracts are covered with the myelin
the association areas are responsible for complex
sheath, which constitute the inner part of cerebral
functions like intersensory associations, memory and
hemisphere. They give an opaque white appearance to
communication.
the layer and, hence, is called the white matter.
Fibres of the tracts are covered with the myelin
sheath, which constitute the inner part of cerebral 188. The Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the
hemisphere. They give an opaque white appearance to nephron are situated in the cortical region of the
the layer and, hence, is called the white matter. kidney whereas the loop of Henle dips into the
medulla. In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is
183. Joint of radio-ulna with the upper arm i.e. humerus, is too short and extends only very little into the medulla.
a type of hinge-joint. Knee joint is also an example of Such nephrons are called cortical nephrons. In some
hinge joint. Hinge joint is a types of synovial of the nephrons, the loop of Henle is very long and
joint characterised by the presence of a fluid filled runs deep into the medulla. These nephrons are called
synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of juxtamedullary nephrons.
the two bones. Such an arragement allows
considerable movement. 189. The forebrain consists of cerebrum, thalamus and
hypothalamus. Cerebrum forms the major part of the
184. Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder characterised human brain. A deep cleft divides the cerebrum
by decreased bone mass and increased chances of longitudinally into two halves, which are termed as the
fractures. Decreased levels of estrogen is a common left and right cerebral hemispheres. The hemispheres
cause. are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called corpus
Muscular dystrophy is a progressive degeneration of callosum.
skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic disorder. Tetany
190. Reabsorption is minimum in ascending limb of loop of
is a condition in which there are rapid spasms (wild
Henle. However, this region plays a significant role in
contractions) in muscles due to low Ca++ in body fluid. the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary
Arthritis is a common disorder arising due to interstitial fluid. The descending limb of loop of Henle
inflammation of joints. is permeable to water but almost impermeable to
electrolytes. This concentrates the filtrate as it moves
down.

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 Solutions to CRPTN-8_08-12-2024

The ascending limb is impermeable to water but foreign RBCs are not identified as non-self and no
allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively. immune response is raised.
Therefore, as the concentrated filtrate pass upward, it A person with Rh -ve blood can only get the blood
gets diluted due to the passage of electrolytes to the from Rh -ve person. Presence of Rh antigen on the
medullary fluid. RBCs of AB blood group person makes it possible to
191. Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not transufse blood even from Rh -ve persons.
pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs 196. There are 2 pairs of floating ribs viz. 11th and
of the body. It is sometimes called congestive heart
failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the 12th pairs of ribs. A rib is said to be floating if it does
main symptoms of this disease. not attach to the sternum or to another rib.
Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when There are 12 pairs of ribs. Each rib is a thin flat bone
the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the connected dorsally to the vertebral column and
heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate ventrally to the sternum. It has two articulation
blood supply). surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence called
bicephalic. First seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs.
Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to
Dorsally, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae
as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that supply
and ventrally connected to the sternum with the help
blood to the heart muscles. It is caused by deposits of
calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which of hyaline cartilage. The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs
makes the lumen of arteries narrower. do not articulate directly with the sternum but join the
7th rib with the help of hyaline cartilage. These are
192. Urine formation involves three main processes called vertebrochondral (false) ribs. Last 2 pairs (11th
namely, glomerular filtration, reabsorption and
secretion, that takes place in different parts of the and 12th) of ribs are not connected ventrally and are
nephron. therefore, called floating ribs.

193. Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages 197. A detailed study of the myofibril has established that
and leucocytes (WBCs) in blood exhibit amoeboid the striated appearance is due to the distribution
movement. It is effected by pseudopodia formed by pattern of two important proteins – Actin and Myosin.
the streaming of protoplasm (as in Amoeba). The light band contains actin and is called I-band or
Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are also Isotropic band, whereas the dark band called ‘A’ or
involved in amoeboid movement. Anisotropic band contains myosin.
198. Column I Column II
194. Statement A is correct.
A Arachnoid (ii) Middle layer
The DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube
B Duramater (iii) Outer layer
called collecting duct, many of which converge and
open into the renal pelvis through medullary pyramids C Pia mater (i) Inner layer
in the calyces.
The Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the 199. The process of expulsion or release of urine from
nephron are situated in the cortical region of the urinary bladder is termed as micturition and the neural
kidney whereas the loop of Henle dips into the mechanism causing it is termed as micturition reflex.
medulla. In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is The stretch receptors in the wall of urinary bladder are
too short and extends only very little into the medulla. activated in response to filling of bladder by urine.
Such nephrons are called cortical nephrons. In some The stretch receptors send signals to CNS which in
of the nephrons, the loop of Henle is very long and turn passes on the motor messages to initiate the
runs deep into the medulla. These nephrons are called contraction of smooth muscles of the bladder and
juxta medullary nephrons. simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter
causing the release of urine.
The efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus
forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule 200. Each human kidney has nearly one million complex
called the peritubular capillaries. A minute vessel of tubular structures called nephrons, which are the
this network runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forming a functional units of kidney. Each nephron has two parts
‘U’ shaped vasa recta. Vasa recta is absent or highly – the glomerulus and the renal tubule. Glomerulus is a
reduced in cortical nephrons. tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole – a
fine branch of renal artery. Blood from the glomerulus
195. Person with AB blood group has both antigens on the
is carried away by an efferent arteriole.
RBC membrane and the plasma has no antibodies.
Since both antigens are present on RBCs, blood from Nephridia are the tubular excretory structures of
any blood group can be transfued in the person. Due earthworms and other annelids. Nephridia help to
to absence of both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, the remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and
ionic balance.

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