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    NCERT 11th Biology new 2023_26

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    Anurag chavan

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    NCERT 11th Biology new 2023_26

    Uploaded by

    Anurag chavan
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    2 views1 page

    NCERT 11th Biology new 2023_26

    Uploaded by

    Anurag chavan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    228 BIOLOGY

    called locomotion. Animals move generally in search of food, shelter, mate, breeding
    ground, better climate or to protect themselves.
    The cells of the human body exhibit amoeboid, ciliary and muscular
    movements. Locomotion and many other movements require coordinated muscular
    activities. Three types of muscles are present in our body. Skeletal muscles are
    attached to skeletal elements. They appear striated and are voluntary in nature.
    Visceral muscles, present in the inner walls of visceral organs are nonstriated and
    involuntary. Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the heart. They are striated,
    branched and involuntary. Muscles possess excitability, contractility, extensibility
    and elasticity.
    Muscle fibre is the anatomical unit of muscle. Each muscle fibre has many
    parallelly arranged myofibrils. Each myofibril contains many serially arranged
    units called sarcomere which are the functional units. Each sarcomere has a central
    ‘A’ band made of thick myosin filaments, and two half ‘I’ bands made of thin actin
    filaments on either side of it marked by ‘Z’ lines. Actin and myosin are polymerised
    proteins with contractility. The active sites for myosin on resting actin filament are
    masked by a protein-troponin. Myosin head contains ATPase and has ATP binding
    sites and active sites for actin. A motor neuron carries signal to the muscle fibre
    which generates an action potential in it. This causes the release of Ca++ from
    sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca++ activates actin which binds to the myosin head to
    form a cross bridge. These cross bridges pull the actin filaments causing them to
    slide over the myosin filaments and thereby causing contraction. Ca++ are then
    returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum which inactivate the actin. Cross bridges are
    broken and the muscles relax.
    Repeated stimulation of muscles leads to fatigue. Muscles are classified as
    Red and White fibres based primarily on the amount of red coloured myoglobin
    pigment in them.
    Bones and cartilages constitute our skeletal system. The skeletal system is
    divisible into axial and appendicular. Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
    constitute the axial skeleton. Limb bones and girdles form the appendicular
    skeleton. Three types of joints are formed between bones or between bone and
    cartilage – fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Synovial joints allow considerable
    movements and therefore, play a significant role in locomotion.

    EXERCISES

    1. Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions.


    2. Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
    3. Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.

    Rationalised 2023-24

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