Chapter-20 Locomotion and Movement: Is The Voluntary Movement of An Individual From One Place To

CHAPTER- 20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
Locomotion is the voluntary movement of an individual from one place to

another. Walking, running, climbing, swimming are the examples of locomotion.
All locomotion are movement but all movements are not locomotion.
Types of Movement
Cells of the human body show three main types of movements:
Macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movements.

Coordinated movement of cilia in trachea to remove dusts particles and
passage of ova through fallopian tube is example of Ciliary
movements.
Movement of limbs, jaw, tongue, etc. need muscular movement. Contractile
property of muscles is used in movement in higher organism including
human beings.
Muscles are specialized tissues of mesodermal origin. They have property like
excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity.
Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified

Skeletal Muscles Visceral Muscles Cardiac Muscles
Associated with skeletal system, Form inner wall of internal Muscles of heart,
alternate light and dark bands visceral organs, non-striated, having branching
(striated), voluntary and involuntary muscle, assists in pattern, alternate
light
locomotory and change in body movement of food through and dark bands,
posture function. digestive tract and gametes. involuntary in
action.
Skeletal Muscle is made up of muscles bundles (fascicles), held together by

collagenous connective tissue called fascia.
Each muscle bundle contains a number of muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre
is lined by plasma membrane called sarcolemma enclosing
sarcoplasm.Muscle fibre is a syncytium as sarcoplasm contains many
nuclei. Partially arranged myofibrils are present in muscle bundle having
alternate light and dark bands due to presence of protein- actin and
myosin
Light bands contain actin and is called I-band (isotropic band) and dark
band contains myosin, called A-band (anisotropic band). Both bands are
present parallel to each other in longitudinal fashion.
In centre of each I-band is elastic fibre called ‘Z’ line. In the middle of A-band
is thin fibrous ‘M’ line. The portion of myofibrils between two successive
‘Z’ lines is the functional unit of contraction called a sarcomere.
At resting stage thin filament overlaps the thick filament. The part of thick
filament not overlapped is called ‘H’ zone.
Structure of contractile Protein
Each thin filament (actin) is made of two ‘F’ actins helically wounded to each
other. Two filaments of another protein, tropomyosin runs close to it. A
complex protein Troponin is distributed at regular intervals on the
tropomyosin.
Each myosin filament is made of many monomeric proteins called

Meromyosins. Each meromyosin has globular head with short arm and tails,
the former is called heavy meromyosin and the latter,the light
meromyosin.Globular head has ATP binding sites.(Refer page no 306 of your
ncert book, for diagram)
Mechanism of muscle contraction
The mechanism of muscle contraction is explained by sliding

mechanism theory in which thin filament slide over thick filament.
Muscle contraction start with signal sent by CNS via motor neuron. Neural
signal release neurotransmitter ( Acetyl choline) to generate action
potential in the sarcolemma.
This causes the release of Ca ++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Ca ++ activates actin which binds to the myosin head to form a cross
bridge. These cross bridges pull the actin filaments causing them to slide over
the myosin filaments and thereby causing contraction.
Ca ++ are then returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum which inactivate the
actin.
bridges are broken and the muscles relax.
Muscles are classified as:
Red fibres (aerobic muscles-) contain myoglobin that has plenty of mitochondria to
use large amount of oxygen stored in them.
White fibres-the muscle fibres containing less number of myoglobin are called white
fibres.
Skeletal System
Framework of bones and cartilage forms the skeletal system. In human beings, it
consists of 206 bones and some cartilages. The two principle division of skeletal
system are:
1. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)- includes skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
constitute axial system.
The skull (22 bones) is composed of cranial and facial bones. Cranial (8 bones)
forms protective covering for brain (cranium). The facial region consists of 14
skeletal systems that form front part of skull. Hyoid bone (U-shaped) forms the base
of buccal cavity.
The middle ear bone (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) collectively called Ear
Ossicles. Skull joins with vertebral column with two occipital condyle.
Vertebral column consists of 26 serially arranged vertebrae. First vertebra is
atlas
that combines with occipital condyle. Other includes Cervical-7, thoracic -
12, lumbar-5, sacral – 1, coccoygeal -1.
12 pairs of ribs connected dorsally to vertebral column and ventrally to
sternum. 11th and 12th rib bones are not connected with sternum and are
called floating ribs.
Appendicular Skeleton- includes bones of limbs and girdles. Each limb contains 30
bones.
Upper Arm Lower Limb
Humerus, radius and ulna, 8- Femur, tibia and fibula, 7-tarsals, 5-metatarsals,
carpels, 14-
5-metacarpels, 14-phalanges, phalanges, cup shaped patella cover the knee.
Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower
limbs respectively with the axial skeleton.
Pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula.
Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of
three bones – ilium, ischium and pubis.
Joints – are points of contact between bones, or between bones and cartilage.
1. Fibrous joints- do not allow any movements. Present in flat skull bones to form
cranium.
2. Cartilaginous joints- bones are held together with the help of cartilage
present in vertebrae. Permits limited movements.
3. Synovial joints- fluid filled synovial cavity, provide considerable
movements. Ball and socket joint, hinge joints, pivot joints, gliding joints
etc.
Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
Myasthenia gravis- auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction

causing fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal system.
Muscular Dystrophy- degeneration of skeletal muscles due to genetic disorder.
Osteoporosis - decreased bone mass in old age leading to chance of fracture due
to decreased estrogen.
Arthritis- inflammation of joints.
Gout- inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.
Tetany- Rapid spasms in muscle due to low Ca ++ in body fluid

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CHAPTER- 20

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

Locomotion is the voluntary movement of an individual from one place to

Macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movements.

Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified

Skeletal Muscle is made up of muscles bundles (fascicles), held together by

Each myosin filament is made of many monomeric proteins called

Mechanism of muscle contraction

The mechanism of muscle contraction is explained by sliding

bridges are broken and the muscles relax.

Muscles are classified as:

Pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula.

Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

Myasthenia gravis- auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction

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