1. While most synthetic vitamins are just as 4.

The term 'Geography' formally applies to an

useful as the natural forms, controversy has academic discipline that ---- the study of the
arisen over the ---- of synthetic versus natural Earth’s surface, its inhabitants, and more
forms of vitamin E. recently, its environment.

A) adjustment A) attaches

B) vulnerability B) occupies

C) efficacy C) considers

D) severity D) inhabits

E) inspection E) encompasses

2. The food industry, encompassing 5. World War II was a catastrophic event that
businesses that produce, package, prepare, was by far the most deadly and destructive
and serve foods and beverages, brings us a war in human history as it raged on for almost
food supply which is ---- and readily available. six years in Europe and ---- the death of
millions of civilians.
A) decisive
A) resulted in
B) abundant
B) stemmed from
C) obsolete
C) took over
D) futile
D) turned into
E) implicit
E) amounted to

3. Although children’s literature is intended ---

- for children, it is more accurate to view such 6. Of all the planets ---- the Sun, Earth is the
texts as having dual audiences of children and only one with an atmosphere that contains
adults. enough oxygen and the right temperatures ----
life.
A) tightly
A) having surrounded / supporting
B) primarily
B) surrounding / to support
C) vividly
C) to surround / to have supported
D) allegedly
D) to have surrounded / having supported
E) divisively
E) to be surrounding / support
7. The moment the first stars ---- is one of the 10. According to the International Unionfor
most evocative milestones in the evolution of Conservation of Nature, more than 19,000
the cosmos – it marks the beginning of the age animal and plant species are at risk of
of light, the moment when the Universe ---- becoming extinct, mainly ---- the actions of
recognisable to us. humans, such as illegal trade, hunting, and
habitat destruction.
A) were born / would have become
A) contrary to
B) are being born / might become
B) with the exception of
C) had been born / will become
C) due to
D) are born / should become
D) in pursuit of
E) would have been born / could have become
E) as well as

8. ---- bacteria were discovered in the 17th

century, infectious diseases were thought to 11. Much research suggests that ---- its core,
be caused by sickly smells. Alzheimer’s disease may be a metabolic
disorder, an irregularity in fuel use ---- the
A) Once
brain, a process that loses efficiency with age.
B) Given that
A) in / from
C) Since
B) to / with
D) Until
C) on / for
E) Even if
D) at / by

E) under / against

9. ---- we often consider the word 'fluid' to

12. Human hearing is not ---- sensitive ---- that
apply only to liquids, gases are also accepted
of a bat or a dog, but human beings make a
as fluids in physics since they behave similarly
wide range of sounds.
in many situations.
A) both / and
A) Because
B) neither / nor
B) In order that
C) as / as
C) Although
D) whether / or
D) By the time
E) so / that
E) Provided that
That heredity plays an important role in 14.
determining one's potential intelligence is
A) measure
beyond dispute. (13) ----- , genetic
investigations have failed to identify smart B) impose
genes, which are genes that give brilliance on
the possessor. Instead, given the complexity C) lessen
of the brain organisation and the need for D) achieve
effective interaction among its many
components, it is not surprising that genetic E) permit
mutations of several genes are known to (14) -
---- the efficiency of brain operation and, in
turn, to diminish potential intelligence. 15.
Mutational disorders range from invisible to
A) On behalf of
dramatic and include trisomy 21, Fragile-X
syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and autism. (15) B) Apart from
----- these mutational disorders, there are also
C) According to
important epigenetic factors - evident during
the early years of life that are necessary for D) Due to
normal development and organisation. A rich
array of neuronal networks develops, with E) Instead of
many destined (16) -----; the final product of
such factors is that gyral and sulcal patterns of
monozygotic twins, individuals with identical 16.
genetic constitution, will look different. A) removing
Maturational factors such as myelin
development, which is important for efficient B) having been removed
signal transmission (17) ----- the extensive
C) to be removed
neuron network, are known to continue for
many years, peaking around the middle of the D) to have removed
third decade of life.
E) to remove

13.

A) Therefore
17.
B) In addition
A) against
C) For instance
B) under
D) However
C) across
E) Similarly
D) upon

E) off
18. -----; furthermore, research suggests that 20. When long-tailed ducks venture beneath
people may be trained to partially recover the waves in search of fish, ----.
their mental function apparently lost during
A) their surviving numbers are estimated
aging.
between 6.2 and 6.8 million
A) The mental faculties of most older people
B) they are largely found in the oceans of the
remain functioning when challenged by a
Northern Hemisphere
commitment to lifelong learning and activity
C) they are able to reach depths as great as 60
B) Senescent cells are no longer able to
meters
protect organs and blood vessels, and possibly
contribute to aging D) fewer young are hatched as populations
decline due to overhunting
C) It is known that our cognitive skills tend to
be on the decline as we age E) their body length and weight differ
according to what they feed on
D) Experiments reveal that the build-up of
oxidised protein, the result of free-radical
attack, may cause brain cells to age

E) Forgetfulness can be caused by the use of

sleeping pills and by any factor decreasing the
supply of oxygen to the brain

19. ----, traditional Muslim medicine is still 21. If old-growth forests are to always be a
being practised widely in many Muslim component of Earth's natural biodiversity, -----
societies. .
A) Because major political and socioeconomic A) the number of scattered and dead trees,
transformations have occurred in the Muslim both standing and lying on the forest floor
world should increase
B) Despite the profound Westernisation of B) then human societies will have to preserve
medical theory and the medical establishment them in large ecological reserves
in the Muslim world
C) those forests will be rarely managed by
C) Whereas Muslim medicine has always been foresters as a renewable, natural resource
in contact with other medical systems through
translations D) a really long time must pass for a typical
old-growth forest to develop
D) By the time European texts were translated
into Muslim languages as part of the move E) then they occur in places or regions where
from traditional to Western medicine catastrophic disturbances are rare

E) With the aim of translating Muslim medical

texts into European languages during the
Middle Ages
22. -----; therefore, in the 1990s, the Baltic 23. Hayatta kalmamız için gerekli bir insani
countries agreed to clean up the environment içgüdü olan güven duygusu, ilk olarak biz
in and around the sea. küçük kabileler halinde yaşarken ortaya çıktı
ve muhtemelen anlaşmazlık zamanlarında
A) By the beginning of the 20th century
faydalar sağladı.
pollution from industries became a concern in
the Baltic area A) Trust, a human instinct that is essential to
our survival, first appeared when we lived as
B) Through the end of the 18th century, the
small tribes and probably provided benefits in
Baltic sea started to get too salty
times of conflict.
C) The economy of the Baltic countries
B) As a human instinct essential for our
benefitted from the high number of tourists
survival, trust probably first appeared at the
D) Fish stock in the Baltic has increased in the time when we lived as small tribes, and
last decade benefitted us during conflicts.

E) The countries around the Baltic sea C) Trust, which is an essential human instinct
prospered with the help of advertising to our survival, is known to have first
appeared during our life in small tribes and
probably benefitted us in times of conflict.

D) Trust has always been essential to our

survival as ahuman instinct and it probably
first appeared when we lived as small tribes,
bringing benefits in times of conflict.

E) Trust, which probably benefitted us in

times of conflict, first appeared when we lived
in small tribes and was an essential human
instinct for our survival.
24. Cultural ecology is the study of the
adaptation of a culture to a specific
environment and how changes in that
environment lead to changes in the said
culture.

A) Kültürel ekoloji, bir kültürün belirli bir

çevreye adaptasyonunun ve o çevredeki
değişikliklerin söz konusu kültürde meydana
gelen değişikliklerle birlikte araştırılmasıdır.

B) Bir kültürün belirli bir çevreye

adaptasyonunun ve o çevredeki değişikliklerin
söz konusu kültürde nasıl değişikliklere yol
açtığının araştırması kültürel ekolojidir.

C)Kültürel ekoloji, bir kültürün belirli bir

çevreye adaptasyonunun ve o çevredeki
değişikliklerin söz konusu kültürde nasıl
değişikliklere yol açtığının araştırmasıdır.

D) Bir kültürün belirli bir çevreye

adaptasyonunu ve çevredeki değişikliklerin
bahsedilen kültürün içinde nasıl farklılıklara
yol açtığını kültürel ekoloji araştırır.

E) Kültürel ekoloji, belirli bir çevredeki

kültürün o çevrede meydana gelen
değişikliklere adapte olurken söz konusu
kültürde nasıl değişikliklere yol açtığının
araştırmasıdır.
Critics have long argued that Japan's scientific 26. The International Whaling Commission's
research whaling was, in fact, commercial ban on commercial whaling in 1986 ----.
hunting. In March, 2014, the United Nation's
A) has helped decrease dramatically the
International Court of Justice agreed, ordering
number of whales caught
Japan to stop its hunt off Antarctica. However,
the ruling may be only a temporary setback B) stopped Japan from hunting whales in the
for Japan. The International Whaling Southern Ocean around Antarctica
Commission imposed a ban on commercial
whaling in 1986, but it allowed the killing of C) has made it possible for places, where
some whales for scientific research. Since whales breed, to become much safer
then, Japanese whalers have caught 10,710 D) has led to considerable progress in
Antarctic Minke whales in the Southern Ocean scientific research on whale populations
around Antarctica, where whales are
encouraged to breed. Japan claimed the kills E) excluded certain whales from the scope of
were necessary to study recovering the ban
populations, but the court said they were
excessive. Nevertheless, Japan is likely to
continue this practice. Japanese officials say 27. Following the promise to redesign their
they plan to redesign their research program research program, Japanese officials ----.
to align with the commission's rules. "I would
A) will minimize the use of conventional
bet that whaling will continue as usual,
methods of hunting Minke whales
although with some trivial window dressing to
make it look like they are complying with the B) may continue to hunt whales commercially
ruling," says whale researcher Phillip Clapham. in disguise
If Japan, the only nation using the
C) can gain substantial support from
inconsistency in the regulations, submits an
international organizations for their whaling
acceptable proposal to the commission, the
policies
country could resume the practice as soon as
possible. D) will comply with the rules set by the
International Whaling Commission

E) could protect recovering whale populations

against commercial hunting
25. According to the passage, the decision
made by the International Court of Justice ----.
28. What could be the best title for the
A) seems to satisfy whale researcher Phillip
passage?
Clapham's concerns
A) International Competition for Hunting
B) may lead Japan to hunt whales in places
Whales
other than Antarctica
B) UN's Efforts to Deter Japan from Hunting
C) will not be effective in the long-term
Whales
D) contradicts the ban imposed by the
C) Unacceptable Whale Hunting by Japan
International Whaling Commission
D) Protection of Endangered Whale Species
E) has caused great controversy among critics
E) Japan's Contribution to Research on
Whales
Recently, psychologists Derek Rucker and 30. It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.
Adam Galinsky reported that manipulating
A) one's attempt to control feelings of low
people's feelings of status either at work or in
status might result in financial loss
social life in various ways changes the amount
that people will pay for products. The B) buying bigger food products are considered
researchers told individuals to write about a unfavourable by those with high status
time they felt either powerful or powerless
and then asked them how much they would C) being aware that your behaviour is under
be willing to pay for different products. the influence of feelings of low status, you will
Subjects who had written about feeling pay less for a product
powerless offered to pay more for luxury D) if you view yourself as important, you may
products such as a stylish pen or fur coat, yet want the big size for reasons related with high
the desire for a quick fix for feelings of low status
status may put those who regularly feel as if
they lack influence at greater risk of having E) people who feel powerful can pay more for
enormous debt – or at least of making some a product to show that he or she has feelings
questionable investments. Aside from of high status
lightening our wallets, feelings of inferiority
can also lead us to gain weight. Marketing
professor David Dubois states that when
people feel unimportant, they are more likely
to opt for an extra large coffee or pizza.
Consumers make this choice because they
want to consume more when they are feeling
low. Accordingly, the researchers conclude
that big things may signal higher status, and
thus powerless people buy more food if it
comes in physically larger packages.

29. The research conducted by Rucker and

Galinsky revealed that ----.

A) those with feelings of low status were not

satisfied with their investments

B) those who felt powerful gave a high

amount of money for luxury products

C) manipulating people's feelings of status led

them to pay reasonable amounts of money for
certain products

D) there is a connection between the feelings

of low status and the tendency to pay more

E) having felt either powerful or powerless,

subjects were equally extravagant
31. It can be understood from the passage
that ----.

A) choosing minimal portions symbolizes high

status as the researchers propose

B) buying things in bigger size relieves the

feelings of inferiority

C) those who have high status gain weight

more easily than those with low status

D) the association between power and portion

size is rather weak

E) when people feel low, they hesitate to eat

or drink more, thinking that they are
powerless

32. The passage mainly focuses on the ----.

A) reasons why high status is associated with

expensive goods

B) contradiction between different studies on

feelings of low status

C) relation between people's status and their

investment strategies

D) healthy size choices of people to combat

feelings of inferiority

E) effects of manipulating people's feelings of

low status
33. 34.

Frank: Josh:

 My first test in computer science is on  I’ve just read an article about a team of
Monday. So, can you summarise memory researchers at MIT who analysed 126,000
since you’re the expert? stories posted on social media between 2006
and 2017. They found that lies spread more
Sue:
rapidly and farther than facts.
 Sure, just remember the term ‘memory’ is
Christie:
used a bit loosely. A memory unit is the part
where information is stored. Technically, it  ----
can be either of two things: RAM or ROM.
Josh:
Frank:  ----
 Actually the opposite. The typical person
Sue: spreading lies tended to have few followers
and showed little activity. What made false
 RAM stores the programs and data you are
stories popular was that they tended to be
using in your current work session. When you
more exciting than the truth.
turn off your computer, the information in
RAM is lost. ROM stores the information your Christie:
computer needs to perform basic functions
 Sounds interesting. I’ll remember this the
and run programs that are built in your
next time I see a story on social media.
computer.
A) Do you think the research also explains why
Frank:
so many of us are fooled by lies in the first
 Thank you. place?

A) So, RAM and ROM are two kinds of B) So, Mark Twain was right when he said that
memory, then what do the abbreviations “A lie travels halfway around the world while
stand for? the truth is still putting its shoes on,” wasn’t
he?
B) I need to be able to explain them, so what
is the difference between RAM and ROM? C) Can we say that we shouldn’t trust the
majority of the stories posted on social
C) Technically speaking, what are the distinct
media?
physical features of these two memory types?
D) Could it be because lies were being spread
D) So, can you briefly describe what happens if
by popular social media users?
a memory unit is used at its limits?
E) Did the researchers compare all those
E) What difference does it make if I upgrade
stories posted on social media?
one of these units with a newer one?
35. Considering both numbers of animals 36. Research suggests that when you hear a
involved and the extent to which they are song for the first time, it is more challenging
harmed, factory farming causes more harm to than enjoyable because your brain has to
animals than does any other human practice. figure it out.

A) Other human practices are more harmful to A) According to research, unless a song is
animals than factory farming when both challenging for the brain to figure out when
numbers of animals and how much they are we hear it for the first time, we consider that
damaged are taken into consideration. song pleasant.

B) Not only factory farming but also other B) Research demonstrates that it is less
human practices have caused considerable enjoyable for the brain to figure out a
harm to animals, resulting in an increase in complicated song when you hear it for the
the number of animals being damaged. first time.

C) The number of animals suffering from the C) Research indicates that trying to figure out
harmful effects of factory farming has a song in order to enjoy it is very challenging
increased, making factory farming the most for the brain when it is the first time.
dangerous human practice to affect animals.
D) As supported by research, amusing songs
D) Factory farming, which causes more could be challenging to figure out for the brain
animals to suffer from its negative effects, is even if we do not hear them for the first time .
one of the main contributors to the damage to
E) Research shows that as the brain has to
animals along with other human practices.
figure out a song when heard for the first
E) Factory farming is more harmful to animals time, it is challenging rather than being
compared to other human practices when entertaining.
numbers of animals as well as the degree of
the damage are taken into account.
37. Adolescence is an exciting time. It is also a 38. If you use a mobile phone, drive a car or
time that can be very confusing. Boys and girls watch a television, the chances are that at
become much more interested in each other. - least one of those objects will have been
--- In fact, during adolescence, most boys and made in Korea. Korea is one of Asia’s 'tiger'
girls care a lot about what other adolescents economies, a provider of high technology for
think of them. They may also be very the world. ---- However, it is not how Koreans
concerned with how they fit into their world. see themselves, for Korea has always been
Often adolescents choose to spend time with pivotal in relations between China and Japan,
their friends rather than with their families. and it has a long tradition of technological
innovation. It was Korea, for example, that
A) When it is time, boys grow facial hair,
pioneered movable metal type, and it did so
develop stronger muscles, and their voices
well before it was utilised in Europe.
deepen.
A) It has long been divided between a
B) At the same time, they may worry about
communist north and a capitalist south,
their appearance, and they are sometimes
severely hindering technological
easily embarrassed.
developments.
C) As adolescents grow emotionally, they
B) By the year 900, Korea was already a rich,
begin to take on new responsibilities and gain
urbanised country and a major player in global
new freedoms.
trade, based at the end of the famous Silk
D) The fact that they act and think more Road.
independently mean that they are on their
C) Economic relations since the early 1990s
way to becoming adults.
have significantly benefited Chinese start-ups
E) Another change in the body during in the absorption of advanced technology.
adolescence is the development of the
D) Most countries see the technology gap
reproductive system.
between the Western world and Korea as
increasing.

E) The outside world commonly view Korea as

a relatively new player in the global economy.
39. (I) Babylonian mathematicians developed 40. (I) Puppetry is an expression of popular
many of the initial ideas and techniques that and folk culture. (II) It is intended for
would characterise Greek mathematics of the audiences of adults as well as children and is a
first century BCE. (II) Babylonian mathematics, form of communication and entertainment
clearly meant for practical rather than merely and an aesthetic creation. (III) Puppetry, like
theoretical purposes, included algebra and other forms of humour, is used in both verbal
simple geometry. (III) Mathematics as an and physical therapy. (IV) Puppets become
activity of abstract science began with the animate through the (usually hidden) activities
early human fascination for numbers, and not of the puppeteers, who make them perform -
only as the number of items, but number as walk, talk, sing, dance, burp, and laugh. (V)
an abstract concept as well. (IV) They This disparity and intersection between the
developed quadratic equations and solutions animate and the inanimate, the human and
to geometric problems such as the the nonhuman, is at the heart of the humour
Pythagorean theorem long before Pythagoras. of puppets.
(V) Besides working with squares, cubes, and
A) I B) Il C) III D) IV E) V
the radii of circles, they were the first to use
zero as a place-value notation, and the first to
divide the circle into 360 degrees.

A) I B) Il C) III D) IV E) V
CEVAPLAR

1. C 21. B

2. B 22. A

3. B 23. A

4. E 24. C

5. A 25. C

6. B 26. E

7. A 27. B

8. D 28. C

9. C 29. D

10. C 30. A

11. D 31. B

12. C 32. E

13. D 33. B

14. C 34. D

15. B 35. E

16. C 36. E

17. C 37. B

18. A 38. E

19. B 39. C

20. C 40. C