No.

Chapters Page Number

1 Electric Charges & Field 2
2 Electric Potential & Capacitance 70
3 Current Electricity 117
4 Moving Charge & Magnetism 189
5 Magnetism and Matter 255
6 Electro Magnetic Induction 300
7 Alternating Current 338
8 EM Waves 389
9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 420
10 Wave Optics 482
11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 535
12 Atoms 572
13 Nuclei 616
14 Semiconductors 656
Electric Charges and
Fields
Chapter 1
Electric charge
Topic 1
Write any 2 properties of electric charge.
What is the SI Unit of Charge?
Gold leaf electroscope is a device used to detect the
…………on a body
Charge is a ______ quantity (scalar/vector)?
State conservation of charge?

Total electric charge of an isolated system will

be a constant
What is the smallest possible independent charge?
State quantization of charge?

Charge will exist in integral multiple of fundamental

charge
How many electrons will be there in one coulomb?
The charge of an object is 6.4X10 -20 C. Is this possible
or not? Justify
When glass rod is rubbed with silk, glass becomes
…………….. charged and silk becomes …………….. charged.
Tires of aircraft are made slightly conducting. Why?

It is to avoid the accumulation of charge due to a) friction

between tyre and floor and b)due to atmospheric friction
Vehicles carrying inflammable materials usually
have a metal chain that touching the ground. Why?

It is to avoid the accumulation of charge due to friction

between tyre and floor and due to atmospheric friction
Coulomb's Law
Topic 2
State Coulomb's law?
The electrical force of attraction or repulsion between two
charges is directly proportional to product of their charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them
Electrostatic force is a ………… force

(conservative/non conservative/medium
independent/dissipative)
The lines of force due to a charged particle are
(always straight/always curved/sometimes
curved/none)
Two electrons separated by a distance r in air
produce a Coulomb force F. If one of the electron is
replaced by an proton. Find the new force
When -2µC and +2µC are placed 2cm apart in free
space, find the force between them. Also find the
force between them when they are placed in a
medium of 4
Electric Field
Topic 3
What is electric field intensity? What is its equation?

Electric field intensity at a point is the force per unit charge

Which physical quantity has unit N/C? Is it a vector
or a scalar?
Derive expression for electric field due to a point
charge
Draw the variation of electric field due to a point
charge with distance r from the charge
The tangent drawn at a point on an electric field line
will give the direction of ………….……….. at that point
Draw electric field lines for following

a)Point +ve charge b) Point –ve charge

Draw electric field lines for following

c) 2 identical -ve charges nearby

Draw electric field lines for following

d) Electric Dipole
Draw electric field lines for following

e) Uniformly negatively charged straight wire

Draw electric field lines for following

e) Uniformly positively charged shell

Draw electric field lines for following

e) Uniformly negatively charged sheet

Does electric field line form closed loop? Why?

No, Electric field start at +ve and ends on -ve

2 electric field lines never meet. Why?

Electric field will have 2 direction at the same point

Electric Dipole
Topic 4
What is an electric dipole?

An equal and positive charges separated by a small

distance
What is electric dipole moment? What is its SI Unit?

Product of Magnitude of one of the charge and the

distance between charges
Electric dipole moment is a _____ (Scalar/Vector).

It’s direction is from ____ to _______

A dipole of charge 6µC have distance from midpoint
to positive charge 2nm. Find the dipole moment
Derive expression for electric field at a point at
distance r from the midpoint of a dipole on it’s axial
Derive expression for electric field at a point at
distance r from the midpoint of a dipole on it’s
equatorial line
For an electric dipole, write down the relation
between axial field and equatorial field, at same
distance from dipole
The ratio of electric field intensity on the equatorial
point and at the axial point (at same distance from
dipole) of an electric dipole is -------
What happens when a electric dipole is placed in a
uniform electric field? Derive expression for torque
experienced by the electric dipole

Dipole will experience a torque

and it will rotate
What happens when a electric dipole is placed in a
non uniform electric field

Dipole will experience a torque

and force. It will rotate and have
a translational motion
The angle between P and E for a stable equilibrium
for an electric dipole is …………………
The angle between P and E for a unstable
equilibrium for an electric dipole is …………………
Electric Flux & Gauss’s
Law
Topic 5
What is electric flux? Write its SI unit

Number of Electric field line passing normally

through a surface
State Gauss’s in Electrostatics

Total electric flux through any closed surface in free space is

equal to 1/εo times the net charge enclosed within the surface
Gaussian surface can be of any size and shape.
True or False
Charge -q is placed at the centre of a cube. What is
the flux through the cube? What happens to the total
flux if the side of the cube has been doubled from L
to 2L?
An electric dipole of moment 20x10 −6 Cm is kept in
an enclosed surface. What is the net flux coming out
of the surface?
The electric flux through a closed surface enclosing
an electric dipole is ------
Eight electric dipoles each of charge 10 milli
coulomb are placed at the centre of the cube. The
electric flux through one face of the cube is …………..
What is linear charge density? What is its SI unit?

Total charge per unit length

What is surface charge density? What is its SI unit?

Total charge per unit surface area

What is volume charge density? What is its SI unit?

Total charge per unit volume

Derive electric Field due to an infinitely long straight
uniformly charged wire of length l and linear charge
density 𝜆 using Gauss’s law
Show on a plot the nature of variation of the Electric
field (E) with perpendicular distance (r) from a line
charge
Derive electric Field due to a uniformly charged shell
of radius R and surface density σ
a) Outside the shell
b) At the surface of the shell
c) Inside the shell
Draw a plot showing variation of electric field with
distance from the centre of a solid conducting
sphere of radius R, having a charge of +Q on its
surface.
What is electrostatic shielding?

Electric field inside a hollow conductor is zero. This is known as

electrostatic shielding
Is it safe to be inside a car/lift/cave during
lightning?

Inside a spherical shell, Electric field is zero. This is called

electrostatic shielding. Hence it is safe to be inside the car
rather than outside during lightning or thunder
What is the expression for electric Field due to a
uniformly charged sheet of surface area S and
surface density σ
The electric field intensity at a distance r from a
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet of charge is
…………
What is the electric field on the region between two
equally and oppositely charged parallel sheet?
Potential And
Capacitance
Chapter 2
What is the expression for electric potential energy
at a point due to a point charge q?
1eV = ........... J
1MeV = ........... J
5J of work is done in moving a positive charge of
0.5C between two points. What is the potential
difference between the points
Define electric potential at a point? What is its unit?

Electric potential at a point is defined as the work done to

bring a unit positive charge from infinity to that point.
Is electric potential a vector or a scalar?
What is the expression for electric potential at a
point due to a point charge?
Calculate the potential at a point located 18 mm
away from a charge of -2m𝐂 in air

What happens to potential when air is replaced by

a medium of dielectric constant 2
Draw the variation of potential V with r for a point
charge q
Derive the expression for potential due to an electric
dipole at axial and equatorial point
Derive Expression for Potential energy stored in a
dipole placed in a uniform electric field
What is the maximum value of potential energy/work
done on a dipole?
What is the minimum value of potential energy/work
done on a dipole?
What is the relationship between Electric field and
Electric potential
Classify in to polar and non polar molecules

H2O , CH4 , N2, HCl

What is equipotential surface?

The surface over which the potential is the same is called

equipotential surface
Write any 4 properties of equipotential surfaces

1. The work done to move a charge from one point to

another on an equipotential surface is zero

2. Two equipotential surfaces will never intersect

3. Electric lines of force pass normal to an equipotential

surface

4. For a point charge, the equipotential surfaces are

concentric spherical shells
Electric field will be always ____ to equipotential
surface
What is the potential difference between two points
on an equipotential surface?
What is the amount of work done in moving a 2C
charge between two points at 3cm apart of an
equipotential surface?
Draw Equipotential Surface for a Point Charge

Concentric spherical surfaces centered at the

charge
Draw Equipotential Surface for a uniform electric
field

Any plane perpendicular to the electric field

What is dielectrics? Give 2 examples

A material that does not conduct electricity but on applying

electric field, induced charges are produced

The dielectrics have the property of transmitting electric

effects without conducting.
What is capacitance of a conductor? What is it’s
unit?
Capacitance of a conductor may be defined as the ratio of
charge given to the conductor to the rise in its potential
Define one farad?

Capacitance of a capacitor is said to be one farad if one

coulomb of charge raises its potential by one volt.
If we introduce a dielectric in a capacitor, its
capacitance will.......
What is parallel plate capacitor?

A parallel plate capacitor consists of two large plane parallel

conducting plates separated by a small distance.
In a capacitor the energy is stored in ------------

(i) the positive plate

(ii) the negative plate

(iii) in the electric field in between the plates

(iv) none of these

Derive expression to find capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor having charge density 𝜎
What happens to capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor when a dielectric is placed between the
plates
If the air medium between the two charges is replaced
by water what change you expect in the electrostatic
force and why?
What are the ways we can increase the capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor?
A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates
has a capacitance of 8pF . What will be the
capacitance if the distance between the plates is
halved , and the space between them is filled with a
substance of dielectric constant 2?
What is the area of plates of a 0.1 F parallel plate
capacitor (with air medium), given that separation
between the plates is 0.1mm
Write expressions for energy stored in a capacitor
Show that the area under Q-V graph of a capacitor
gives potential energy stored
The figure shows the Charge Q versus potential difference V
graph for series and parallel combination of two capacitors.
Identify the graph representing the parallel combination.
What are the different uses of a capacitor?

i) to store charge

ii) to generate electromagnetic radiation

iii) to tune radio circuits

iv) to reduce voltage fluctuation in power supply

What is meant by the energy density of a parallel
plate capacitor?
Energy stored per unit volume of a capacitor is called energy
density
Derive expression for effective capacitance when 3
capacitors of capacitance C 1 , C2 , C3 are kept in
parallel arrangement
Derive expression for effective capacitance when 3
capacitors of capacitance C 1 , C2 , C3 are kept in
series arrangement
You are given two capacitors of capacitance 20 μF
each. Draw a diagram to show how you will connect
these capacitors to get 40 μF capacitance
Three capacitors of capacitances 2 pF, 3 pF and 4
pF are connected in series. Determine the charge on
each capacitor if the combination is connected to a
100 V supply.
You are given two capacitors of 2F and 3F. What are
the maximum and minimum values of capacitance
that can be obtained by combining them?
2 equal capacitors are connected in series in turn
have capacitance C1 and then in parallel having
resulting capacitance C 2. What is C1/C2
Current Electricity
Chapter 3
Ohms law, Resistivity &
Conductivity
Topic 1
1A = _____C/s
Electric current is a _________ quantity
If 109 electrons passes through conductor in 1 second.
Find the current?
The SI unit of resistance is _________ ?
State Ohm’s law? Write its mathematical form
At constant temperature, the current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
between the ends of the conductor
Slope of the V-I graph is __________
a) Which material has high resistance?

b) Find the product of resistances of A and B

Slope of V-I graph gives Resistance

A wire of resistance ‘R’ is stretched to twice its original
length. The new resistance of the wire is ___?
A wire of resistance ‘R’ is stretched to ‘3’ times its
original length. The new resistance of the wire is ___?
A wire of resistance R is stretched such that its radius is
reduced to half of its initial radius. Its new resistance

will be ................
V-I graphs for two resistors of the same material and same
length with radius r 1 and r2 are shown.(r 1 > r2). Which line(A
or B) represents graph of r 1
Write the physical quantities having the following SI
units :-

a)Ohm meter

b)Siemens
Resistance of a conductor depends upon

a) Material

b) Cross sectional area

c) Length

d) All of the above

A wire of resistance R and resistivity ρ is stretched and area
is reduced. Will its resistivity decrease?
Copper and aluminum is used for transmission and
connection wires. Why?
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length
15 m and uniform cross-section 6.0 × 10–7 m2, and its
resistance is measured to be 5.0 Ohm. What is the resistivity
of the material at the temperature of the experiment?
Slope of a graph with voltage along X – axis and current
along Y – axis gives ___________?
A wire has a resistance of 10 Ohm. It is stretched by 10%
of its original length. What will be the new resistance?
a) What is current density?

b) Find current density if 10 A flows through a conductor of

1m area

Current Density at a point in a conductor is the electric current

flowing normally per unit area around the point
Why fish in the ocean will not be affected by lightening?
a) Express ohms law in vector form

b) Derive the relation between current density and

conductivity?
 Drift Velocity & Its
Relation with Current
Topic 2
Define drift velocity? Write down the relation between drift
velocity and relaxation time?

The average velocity attained by electrons in a conductor

due to an applied electric field is called Drift velocity
The drift velocity of electron is of the order of

a) 10-3 m/s

b) 10-2 m/s

c) 1m/s

d) none of these
Magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field is
________? Write its SI Unit ?

Mobility, μ defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per

unit electric field
 Derive the relation between drift velocity and current

• Let n be the number of electrons

per unit volume of conductor,

• The number of electrons

in the conductor,

• Total charge of electrons

in the conductor,
Express Current, Resistance, resistivity & conductivity in
terms of relaxation time?
Limitations Of Ohms Law And
Variation Of Resistivity With
Temperature
Topic 3
Which one of the following material(shown in graph)
has more than one value for voltage for the same
current
A) Copper
B) Mercury
C)Gallium arsenide
D) Germanium
Write the limitations of Ohm’s Law ?

• Ohm’s Law is not a universal law.

• The value of V stops to be proportional to I at larger value of

currents.

• Thus the relation between V and I is not linear.

• The relation between V and I
depends on the sign of V, the value
of current changes when we
reverse the direction of V.

• The relation between V and I is not

unique, i.e. there is more than one
value of V for the same current I.

• Ex: Gallium arsenide

V- I relation for a device is shown in figure.

A)Identify the device?

B) Does the device obey Ohm’s law?

Draw V- I graph of Ohmic conductors and Non-
Ohmic conductor?
Ohm’s law is not a universal law. Explain?

• All materials do not obey Ohm’s law

• Metals obey ohms law while semiconductors, electrolytes,

diodes etc. do not obey Ohm’s law. So Ohm’s law is not a
universal law
a)How resistivity varies with temperature?

b)Write the expression for temperature co-efficient

of resistivity. Write its unit and dimension ?
Temperature coefficient of resistivity, 𝛂 of metals is
_________(positive/negative) and semiconductors or
insulators is __________ (positive/negative)?
How the resistivity of metals vary with temperature?

For metals 𝛂 is positive, i.e., when temp increases, the

resistivity of metals increases,
For semiconductors and insulators, Explain how
resistivity decreases with increases in temperature?
Also plot this variation in graph?
The resistivity of a conductor ............... with increase
in temperature (increases/decreases). Explain?
The resistivity of a semiconductor ............... with increase
in temperature (increases/decreases). Explain?
Which material is used to make wire bound
standard resistors? What is their value of 𝛂?

For Nichrome, Constantan and Manganin 𝛂 ≈ 𝟎,i.e., resistivity does

not vary considerably with temperature. So these materials are
used as standard resistors.
Which of the following obeys Ohm’s law?

A)Transistor

B) Nichrome

C)Diode

D)Liquid Electrolyte
If temperature of a conductor increases, what
happens to relaxation time _____?
Resistivity is .................. to average collision time of
electrons?
As temperature of a metallic resistor is increased,
product of its resistivity and conductivity is _______?
Electrical power transmission is done at very high
voltage. Why?
EMF And Internal
Resistance of Cell
Topic 4
What do you mean by internal resistance of a cell ? What
are the factors affecting internal resistance?

Internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by the

electrolyte and electrodes of the cell

Factors affecting are:

(i)The nature of the electrolyte and the electrodes

(ii) The distance between the electrodes

(iii) Temperature
A) Internal resistance of a cell ________ with increase in
temperature (increases/decreases)

B) Why is it difficult to start a car on a cold day than on a

warm day?

Internal resistance decreases with increase in temperature

On cool days internal resistance of the battery will be large. So current

from the battery should be small. So it is difficult to start the car on a
cold day
Is EMF and terminal potential difference same quantities? Also
write their SI units?

The emf ε is the potential difference between the positive and

negative electrodes of a cell in an open circuit, i.e., when no
current is flowing through the cell
The terminal voltage (V) is the potential difference between
the positive and negative electrodes of a cell in a closed
circuit, i.e., when current is flowing through the cell
Derive an expression between EMF, Internal resistance
and Terminal p.d?
When no current flows through circuit, EMF is

A) Less than terminal p,d

B) greater than terminal p,d

C)Equal to terminal p,d

A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Ω is
connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A,
A)what is the resistance of the resistor?

B)What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the

circuit is closed?
What happens to the terminal voltage of the cell when it
sends a current through the external circuit?
What is value of effective internal resistance for cells
connected in series and parallel?
Kirchhoff’s Rules And
Wheatstone’s Bridge
Topic 5
 State Kirchhoff’s junction rule or current law ?

• The algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction is zero.

• Thus, current entering a junction = current leaving the junction

• Based on law of conservation of charge

ΣI=0
 State Kirchhoff’s loop rule or voltage law ?

The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop is zero

OR

Sum of products of current and resistance of every resistance = Net EMF

This rule is a statement of law of conservation of energy

ΣΔV=0
Kirchhoff’s junction rule is a reflection of ________ and
loop rule is a reflection of ________
A)conservation of charge
B)conservation of energy
C)conservation of momentum
D)conservation of angular momentum
The circuit shown can be analyzed using Kirchhoff's rules

A)Apply Kirchhoff’s first law to the point B

B) Apply Kirchhoff's second law to the loop ABFGA

a) Draw a Wheatstone’s bridge and write its working
principle?

b) Derive its balancing condition?

Find the value of resistance R?
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-
uniform cross section. The quantity constant along the
conductor is

current density

electric field

Current

all of these
If we interchange cell and Galvanometer in a Wheatstone
bridge what will happen to the balancing condition?
A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ohm at 27.5 °C, and
a resistance of 2.7 Ohm at 100 °C. Determine the
temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver?
Derive the expression for work done by cell to move a
charge in a circuit?
Moving Charges &
Magnetism

Chapter 4
Force on charged particle
and paths
Topic 1
Explain how moving charge becomes a source of
magnetic field?
A charge moving through a region of uniform magnetic field
experiences a force.

a) The name of this force is ______

b) Express the force in vector form.

It is the force acting on a charged particle moving in a

magnetic field
Define SI unit of intensity of magnetic field by help of
magnetic Lorentz force?
A charge q moves in a region, where both electric field E and
magnetic field B exist, then force
on it is: (F,E,B,v are vectors)
a) F=q[E+(v x B)]
b) F=q[E x v x B]
c) F=q[E+(B x v)]
d) F=q[B+(v x E)]
a)When a proton is moving with a velocity v in the
opposite direction of a magnetic field B, the force
acting on the proton is ______?

b)Is this force minimum or maximum?

Which rule is used to find the force on charge
entering in a magnetic field
A charged particle entering a uniform magnetic field
normally. What is the trajectory of charged particle?
A charged particle entering a uniform magnetic field
normally. Derive the expression for Force, Radius, Velocity
and K.E of charged particle?
Under what conditions does an electron moving
through a magnetic field experience maximum and
minimum force?
A charged particle entering a uniform magnetic field
normally. Derive the equation for frequency and time
period?
3 What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9×10-31
kg and charge 1.6×10-19 C moving at a speed of 3×107 m/s in
a magnetic field of 6×10-4 T perpendicular to it? What is its
frequency? Calculate its energy in keV. (1eV=1.6×10-19 J).
Magnetic force cannot do any work. Do you agree with
this statement? Justify your answer
A strong magnetic field is applied on a stationary electron. Then
the electron

a) moves in the direction of the field.

b) remains stationary

c) moves perpendicular to the direction of the field.

d) moves opposite to the direction of the field

When charged particle enters-a uniform magnetic field, its kinetic
energy:
a) remains constant
b) increases
c) decreases
d) becomes zero
If a charged particle moves through a magnetic field perpendicular
to it
a) both momentum and energy of particle change.
b) momentum as well as energy are constant.
c) Kinetic energy is constant but momentum changes.
d) momentum is constant but energy changes.
a) When a charge moves at angle 40° with the magnetic field,
it will move in a .........

b) Which component is responsible for straight line motion

and which component is responsible for circular motion
Two charged particles q1 and q2 are moving through
a uniform magnetic field (B) as shown in figure :
(a) What is the shape of path of q1 and q2.
Biot-savarts law and
applications
Topic 2
State Biot-Savart Law ? Write its mathematical form
in scalar and vector form

Biot-Savart law states that “the

magnetic field at a point due to

the small element of a current

carrying conductor is directly

proportional to
1) The current flowing through the
conductor (I)

2) The length of the element (dl)

3) Sine of the angle between r and dl

4) And inversely proportional to the

square of the distance of the point
from dl(r2)
a)Name the law which explains the relation between
current and the magnetic field produced by the current

b)Using this Law, obtain the expression for Magnetic

Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop.

c)Also obtain the magnetic field at the center of this

loop
What is the magnetic field at the center of circular
coil ?
How will the magnetic field at the center of a coil
changes, if current doubled and radius of the coil is
doubled?
A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns, each of
radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40 A. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field B at the center of
the coil?
In a current carrying circular coil of radius r, the
magnetic field at the centre is proportional to
a) r ²
b) r
c) r -1
d) r -2
Draw the graph showing variation of magnetic field
with distance in the case of a circular coil
Compare between Biot-Savart law and Coulomb’s law.

1.Both are long range, since both depend inversely on the

square of distance from the source to the point.

2. The principle of superposition applies to both fields.

3. The electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source, namely,

the electric charge.

The magnetic field is produced by a vector source I ⃗dl .

Find out the unit and dimension of μ0
Draw the magnetic field lines around a circular
current loop
What is meant by Current element. What is its
significance?
Ampere Circuital law and
applications
Topic 3
State Ampere’s circuital law

The line integral of magnetic field around any closed loop is

equal to μ0 times the total current enclosed by the loop

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = μ𝟎 𝑰
Using Ampere's Circuital theorem ,obtain the
expression for the magnetic field due to a straight
infinite current-carrying wire ?
A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90 A in
east to west direction. What is the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic field due to the current 1.5 m below the line?
The correct plot of the magnitude of magnetic field B with
distance r from centre of a straight wire is, (if the radius of
wire is R)
Derive the expression for magnetic field due to a
solenoid ?
Magnetic field at the ends of finite solenoid is given
by the equation ______?
Ratio of Magnetic field at the ends of solenoid to
inside the solenoid is:
A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is
made up of 500 turns. It carries a current of 5 A. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the
solenoid?
The nature of parallel and anti-parallel currents are
a) parallel currents repel and antiparallel currents attract.
b) both currents repel.
c) both currents attract.
d) parallel currents attract and antiparallel currents repel.
a)Derive the expression for force per unit length
between two parallel current carrying conductors.

b) Define one ampere current in SI system

Write the expression for magnetic force on a
current-carrying conductor ?
What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on
a wire carrying a current of 8 A and making an angle of 30º
with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T ?
A current loop placed in a non-uniform magnetic field
experiences

A) Force

B) Torque

C) Both
A rectangular current loop carrying current is placed
in a uniform magnetic field. Derive the expression for
the torque acting on the loop ?
Total force on a current carrying rectangular coil
placed in a uniform radial magnetic field is _____?
A 100 turn closely wound circular coil of radius 10 cm
carries a current of 3.2 A.
(a)What is the field at the centre of the coil?
(b)What is the magnetic moment of this coil?
Moving Coil galvanometer
and conversion
Topic 4
 What is Working principle of Moving Coil
Galvanometer ?

A current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences

a torque and it deflects.

The deflection produced in the coil is directly proportional to

the current through the coil
Explain the working of a moving coil galvanometer ?

Let a current I be passed through the coil.

Then the coil experiences a torque which

deflects through an angle ϴ.

This develops a restoring torque in the coil

due to the elasticity of the spring
Why cylindrical horse shoe magnet used in Moving
Coil Galvanometer?
What is current sensitivity of the galvanometer ?

Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is defined as the

deflection per unit current
What is voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer?

Voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer is defined as the

deflection per unit voltage
Increasing the current sensitivity may not
necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity. Justify?
A galvanometer is connected as shown in the figure :

(a) This combination can be used as

(voltmeter/rheostat/ammeter)

(b) Derive an expression to find the value of resistance S.

A galvanometer with coil resistance 12𝛀 shows full
scale deflection for a current of 2.5mA. How will you
convert it into an ammeter of range of0 – 7.5 A?
To convert galvanometer into voltmeter one should
connect.

a) high resistance in series with galvanometer

b) low resistance in series with galvanometer

c) high resistance in parallel with galvanometer

d) low resistance in parallel with galvanometer

How will you convert a galvanometer to voltmeter?

To convert a Galvanometer to a voltmeter a high

resistance, R is connected in series with the galvanometer
To convert galvanometer into voltmeter one should
connect.

a) high resistance in series with galvanometer

b) low resistance in series with galvanometer

c) high resistance in parallel with galvanometer

d) low resistance in parallel with galvanometer

A galvanometer with coil resistance 12𝛀 shows full scale
deflection for a current of 3mA. How will you convert it
into a voltmeter of range 0 – 18V?
Resistance of an ideal ammeter is ______(zero/infinity)
and idea voltmeter is _____(zero/infinity)
How we can increase the range of Ammeter?
A solenoid begin to contract when current passing
through it. Why?

Various turns of the solenoid can be treated as parallel

wires. Current through these wires are in the same
directions. We know that in parallel wires if currents are in
same directions, there will be force of attraction. hence it
will be get compressed when current passing through it.
Magnetism and Matter
Chapter 5
 Topic 1
Magnet and properties
What are the Properties of a magnet
Like poles repel and unlike poles attract

The magnetic monopoles do not exist

It is possible to make magnets out of iron and its alloys

The earth behaves as a magnet

➢ When a bar magnet is freely suspended, it points in the
north-south direction.
➢ The tip which points to the geographic north is called the
north pole
➢ The tip which points to the geographic south is called the
south pole of the magnet.
 What is meant by Magnetic Field?
It is the region or space around a magnet where its
effect can be felt.
 Topic 2
Magnetic field line and properties
What is meant by Magnetic Field line?
Imaginary lines drawn to REPRESENT and VISUALIZE
magnetic field
The magnetic lines of force inside a bar magnet
a. Directed from the south pole to the north pole of the magnet
b. Directed from the north pole to the south pole of the magnet
c. Do not exist
d. Depend upon the area of cross section of the bar magnet.
 What are the Properties of Magnetic Field Line?
✓ Larger number of magnetic field lines crossing per
unit area then stronger the magnetic field

✓ Two magnetic field lines they never intersect

✓ Tangent drawn at any point on the magnetic field line

gives direction of magnetic field at that point
 Properties of Magnetic Field Line
Continuous

Form Closed Loops

Never Intersect
 Two magnetic field lines they never intersect, why?

“If they do so, that means magnetic field has two directions
at that point, it is not possible.”

265
 Topic 3
Pole strength
 What is meant by Pole Strength(p)
Strength of magnetic pole to attract magnetic material
towards it.

It is a scalar quantity.

Unit: Ampere Meter (Am).

267
 What is the relationship between pole strength and
area?
The 'pole strength' of bar magnet is directly proportional
to its area of cross section.

P∝A

268
A bar magnet is cut into two equal pieces. What will
happen to its pole strength, when they are cut.
a. Parallel to its axis.
b. Perpendicular to its axis.
270
 Topic 4
Magnetic dipole moment
 What is meant by Magnetic Dipole
A magnetic north pole and south pole separated by a
small distance is called a magnetic dipole.

272
 What is meant by Magnetic Dipole Moment(m)

✓ It represents the strength of a magnet

✓ It is a vector quantity

✓ Directed along the axis of the magnet from south pole

to north pole.

273
 Write down unit and equation of Magnetic
Dipole Moment(m)

Equation:

Unit:Am2

274
Write down the expression to find magnetic field at an
equatorial and axial point.
 Topic 5
Torque and Potential energy
Find torque when a dipole is kept in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
Find the magnetic potential energy when a
dipole is kept in a Uniform Magnetic Field
✓ In a non uniform magnetic field magnetic needle
experiences a torque and force both. Torque experienced
both in uniform and non uniform magnetic field. While
Force is zero in uniform magnetic field.
The When a magnetic needle is placed in a non-
uniform magnetic field it experiences
i. A force but no torque
ii. A torque but no force
iii. Force and torque
iv. Neither a force nor a torque.
A magnetic needle kept in a non-uniform magnetic
field. It experiences ______.
 Topic 6
Gauss’s law and magnetisation
State Gauss's Law in Magnetism
It states the surface integral of magnetic flux through
any closed surface is Zero.

𝛟 = ∮ 𝐁 ⋅ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟎
What is meant by Magnetization

The process of bring up magnetism in a material is

known as magnetization.
 What is meant by Intensity of Magnetisation
(M).write down its unit?
➢ The net magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.

➢ Vector quantity

➢ 𝐀𝐦−𝟏
 What is meant by Induced magnetic field(Bm)?

It is the magnetic field developed in the material.

 What is meant by Magnetic
Intensity/Magnetizing Field(H)?

➢ It is the field that induce magnetisation.

➢ Denoted by 𝐇

➢ Also termed as magnetizing force

 What is meant by Magnetic Susceptibility (X)?

It is the ratio between intensity of magnetization to the

magnetizing field.
Magnetic Susceptibility(X)
Derive the relation between B and H
Net magnetic field in the interior of solenoid,
Relation between B and H
 Topic 7
Magnetic materials
Explain the Classification of Materials based on
magnetic property

According to magnetic property the materials are

mainly classified in to three.

1. Diamagnetic

2. Paramagnetic

3. Ferromagnetic
 Diamagnetic
✓ Susceptibility negative but small
✓ Tendency to move from stronger to the weaker
part in external field
✓ They repel when placed in external field
✓ Individual constituents do not have net
magnetic moment of their own
✓ Eg : Bismuth, Copper, lead, Silicon, Nitrogen
The susceptibility of a diamagnetic material is
________ (negative / positive / zero) [1] [Model 2022]
 Paramagnetic
✓ Susceptibility positive but small
✓ Tendency to move from weaker to the
stronger part of the external field
✓ They attract weakly when placed in external
field
✓ Individual constituents do not possess
magnetic moment of their own
✓ Eg : Aluminium, Calcium, oxygen, 𝐂𝐮𝐂𝐥𝟐
 Ferromagnetic
✓ Susceptibility positive but large
✓ Tendency to move from weaker to the stronger part in
external field
✓ It posses strong force of attraction in external field
✓ Possess permanent dipole moment in the absence of
magnetic field
✓ Eg:Iron,Cobalt,Nickel
 The behavior of magnetic filed lines near two magnetic
substances 𝐏 and 𝐐 are shown below.

a. From the figure identify paramagnetic substance.

b. Susceptibility of substance 𝐏 is ..... (positive/ negative)
[2] [March 2021]

298
Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter - 06
 Topic 1
Magnetic flux
 What is meant by magnetic Flux?
It is the total number of magnetic field lines passing
normal to an area.

302
 Topic 2
Fraday’s law,Lenzs law
 State Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction?

Faraday’s First Law

Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes

an EMF is induced in the coil.

304
 Faraday’s second Law
➢ The magnitude of the induced EMF is equal to the
rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit

305
Coefficient of mutual inductance of two coils is 𝟏𝐇.
Current in one of the coils is increased from 4 to 𝟓 𝐀 in
𝟏 𝐦𝐬. What average emf will be induced in the other
coil?
a. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐕 b. 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐕 c. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐕 d. 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐕
 What are the factors upon which the induced EMF
depends?

307
 State Lenz’s Law?
➢ The polarity of the induced EMF is such that it will tend to
produce a current that opposes the change in magnetic
flux that produce it.

308
 Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy

309
 Explain Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy

310
 Lenz's law is in accordance with law of conservation of
______. 2021 March, 2022 Say

311
 Topic 3
Motional EMF
 What is meant by Motional EMF?

When a conducting rod is moved through a constant

magnetic field, an EMF is developed between the ends
of the rod. This is called motional EMF.

313
 Derive an expression for the emf induced across the
ends of a conductor moving right angle to a uniform
magnetic field?

314
 EMF induced on a rod rotating in uniform
magnetic field

315
 Topic 4
Self Induction & Mutual induction
 What is meant by Self induction.

317
 Self Inductance

✓ The phenomenon of generation of induced emf in a

coil due to flux change produced in the same coil is
called self induction.
✓ This self induced EMF is called the back EMF

318
Self inductance of a coil plays the role of inertia in a
circuit.
The SI unit of self inductance is ____
 Derive an expression for the self inductance of
solenoid.

320
Current in a circuit falls from 5A to 𝟎 𝐀 in 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐬. If an
average emf of 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐕 is induced, determine the self
inductance of the circuit.
The current in a coil of self inductance 𝟎. 𝟏𝐇 varies from
𝟐 𝐀 to 𝟓 𝐀 in a time of 𝟏 𝐦𝐬. Find the induced emf across
the coil.
An e.m.f. of 𝟏𝟔 𝐕 is induced in a coil of self - inductance
𝟒𝐇. The rate of change of current must be
i. 𝟔𝟒 𝐀/𝐬 ii. 𝟑𝟐 𝐀/𝐬 iii. 𝟏𝟔 𝐀/𝐬 iv. 𝟒 𝐀/𝐬
 Define Mutual Inductance of a pair of coils?
The phenomenon of generation of induced emf in a coil
due to flux change produced in the another coil that is
kept near to it called mutual induction.

324
 Derive an expression for mutual inductance of two co-
axial solenoids

325
 Topic 5
Energy stored in inductor
 Derive an expression for magnetic energy stored in an
inductor

327
Calculate the energy stored in an inductor of
inductance 𝟓𝟎𝐦𝐇 when a current of 𝟐 𝐀 is passing
through it.
 Topic 6
Ac generator
 What is the working principle of Ac generator .Write
down it’s energy conversion

330
331
 Explain working of AC generator with the help of a
labelled diagram.

332
 Working:
When the armature coil
rotates,the magnetic flux
linked with the armature
changes and EMF is induced
in the coil.

333
Obtain the expression for the emf induced in Ac
Generator
In an Ac generator,What are the angles at which
maximum and minimum induced emf is obtained.Draw
the graph
 Graph:

336
Alternating Current
Chapter 7
RMS Value & Basic
Definitions of AC
Topic 1
In AC, magnitude of current ___________ with time?

A) Changes

B) Is constant

In AC, magnitude changes with time and direction reverses

periodically
Write the equations for the instantaneous values of
voltages and currents?

V is the Instantaneous value of alternating voltage

V₀ is the peak value or maximum value of alternating voltage
ω is the Angular frequency
ωt is the Phase angle
I is the Instantaneous value of alternating Current
I₀ is the peak value or maximum value of alternating Current
Define r.m.s value of AC. Give the relation between
the rms value and the peak value?

r.m.s. value of AC is defined as the equivalent value of direct

current(dc) which produces the same amount of heat energy in
same time as that of an AC
The equation of a.c is given by, V =200 𝟐sin(100πt).
Find the r.m.s value and frequency

V = V₀ sinωt
Which is more dangerous, AC or DC? Why?
Why a shock from 220V ac is more fatal than that from
220Vdc?
What do you meant by Phasor diagram? Draw the
phasor diagram for a circuit where the alternating
voltage and current are given by the relation
V=V0sinωt and I = I0sin (ωt+Φ)

A phasor is a vector which rotates about the origin in

anticlockwise direction with angular speed ω for the
representation of a sinusoidal varying quantity
The length of each phasor represents the peak value
of the voltage or current

The diagram in which the alternating quantities are

represented as rotating vectors(phasors) along with the
phase angle between them is called Phasor diagram
AC Voltage Applied to Resistor,
Capacitor & Inductor Circuit

Topic 2
Obtain an expression for the current flowing through
a resistor when an A.C voltage applied to it?

Consider an ac voltage, V = V₀ sinωt applied to the resistor

V = V₀ sinωt
Draw the phasor diagram for voltage and current in
a resistor only circuit?

V = V₀ sinωt

I = I₀ sinωt

In a pure resistive circuit the voltage and current are in

phase with each other
The phasor diagram of an a.c circuit is shown in fig.

(a) Identify the circuit

(b)Prove that the average power dissipated in the

above circuit is zero
When a.c passes through a pure inductive circuit the current lags
behind the voltage by an angle of π/2 or one-quarter (1/4) cycle
Draw the phasor diagram when an alternating voltage is
applied to an inductor only circuit?

𝝅
V = V₀ sinωt I = I₀ sin(ωt-
𝟐
)
Write the equation for inductive reactance & its SI unit? Also
draw a graph between inductive reactance and frequency.

V₀ 𝝅
I= sin(ωt- )
𝐿ω 𝟐

𝝅
I = I₀ sin(ωt- )
𝟐

Inductive reactance (XL) is the resistance offered by the

inductor towards the flow of a.c
Why inductor allows d.c and block a.c?

XL = 𝐿ω = 2 𝝅 f
A bulb connected in series with a solenoid is lit by a.c.
source. If a soft iron core is introduced in the solenoid,
will the bulb glow brighter?
 𝝅
Show that the current leads the voltage by when
𝟐

an ac voltage applied to an capacitor

Consider an AC voltage, V=V₀ sinωt applied to a capacitor

Draw the phasor diagram of an capacitor only circuit
when alternating voltage is applied?
𝝅
V = V₀ sinωt I = I₀ sin(ωt+
𝟐
)
Define Capacitive reactance(Xc) and its SI unit?

V₀ 𝝅
I= 1 sin(ωt- )
𝟐
Cω

𝝅
I = I₀ sin(ωt- )
𝟐

Capacitive reactance(Xc) is the is the resistance offered by the

capacitor towards the flow of a.c
Draw a graph of X c & frequency and explain why capacitor
blocks d.c and allows a.c?

Xc = Cω
1
LCR Circuit, Impedance &
Resonance
Topic 3
Draw the phasor diagram of a series LCR circuit?
Also apply Kirchhoff's rule for the circuit

✓ I – peak value of current in the circuit

✓ VL , VR , VC - Voltage across the inductor, resistor & capacitor
✓ V – Voltage of source
A series LCR circuit is connected to a DC source.The
magnitude of inductive reactance is_ _ _ _ _
Write the expression for Impedance of a series LCR
circuit?
Impedance (Z) means the total resistance offered by L, C and
R towards a.c
Draw impedance triangle & obtain the expression for
phase angle(ϕ) between voltage and current in a series
LCR circuit ?

𝐙= (𝐑)𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 𝟐
Explain the resonance in a series LCR circuit ?

For a particular frequency of a.c. voltage (ω=ω0) XL becomes

equal to XC

Impedance, Z = (𝐑)𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪 − 𝑿𝑳 𝟐

Impedance becomes minimum (Z=R) and maximum current

flows through the circuit
Derive an expression for the resonance frequency ?

XC = XL , and the impedance is minimum Z = R

This frequency is called the resonant frequency

What is the value of impedance & Phase angle (ϕ)
at resonance?

The voltage and current are in phase with each other like a
resistor only circuit
In the following circuit ,find the impedance ?
In the above circuit if L=100mH, C=100μF, R=120 Ω and
E=30sin(100t)

find the i) Impedance ii) Reactance iii) Peak current and

iv)Resonant frequency of the circuit.
Derive the equation of average power dissipated in
LCR circuit?
True Power = __________
Define watt less current?
The power factor of an LCR series circuit is unity. The
impedance of the circuit is
a) Capacitive
b) Inductive
c) resistive
From impedance triangle write the expression for power
factor from it ?
Calculate the resonant frequency of a series LCR
circuit with L = 5H, C = 80 μF and R = 40 Ω
Transformer – Working,
Types & Losses
Topic 4
State the principle of a transformer?

Transformer is a device used to increase or decrease A.C

voltage

Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction

Explain with the help of a neat diagram the working
principle of a transformer ?
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the
resulting current produces an alternating magnetic flux which
links the secondary and induces an emf in it
What is turns ratio of a transformer?
A power transmission line feeds input power of 2300V to a

stepdown transformer with its primary windings having

4000 turns. What should be the number of turns in the

secondary in order to get output power at 230V?

For a step down transformer the number of turns in the
secondary will be less than that in the primary (𝐍𝐬 ˂ 𝐍𝐏)
What are the different power losses in a transformer?

Flux Leakage

• There is always some flux leakage; that is, not all of the flux
due to primary passes through the secondary due to poor
design of the core or the air gaps in the core.

• It can be reduced by winding the primary and secondary

coils one over the other.
Resistance of the windings

• The wire used for the windings has some resistance and
so, energy is lost due to heat produced in the wire(I 2R).

• In high current, low voltage windings, these are minimized

by using thick wire.

Eddy currents loss

• The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the

iron core and causes heating.

• The effect is reduced by having a laminated core.

Hysteresis loss

• The repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the core

produces hysteresis loss as heat.

• This can be minimised by using soft iron as core which has a

low hysteresis loss

• Humming loss

• Due to the passage of AC the core of the transformer starts

vibrating and produces humming sound.

• So some of the electrical energy is lost in the form of sound.

To reduce eddy current in transformer, we can use.....
Why we are using very high voltage for
transmission?
Electromagnetic Waves
CHAPTER-8
a)The current due to time varying electric field is
called ____

b)What do you mean by displacement current?

 391

How Maxwell modified Ampere's law ?

 392

An accelerating charge produces------- waves.

(a) electric (b) magnetic

(c) Electromagnetic (d) None of these

 393

Light waves are in nature. (transverse, longitudinal)

Relation between velocity of light (c), permeability of free space
(𝛍𝟎), permittivity of free space (𝛆𝟎)
is _____.

𝟏 𝟏
(a) 𝐂 = (b) 𝐂 =
𝛍𝟎 𝛆𝟎 𝛍𝟎 𝛆𝟎
(c) 𝐂 = 𝛍𝟎 𝛆𝟎 (d) 𝐂 = 𝛍𝟎 𝛆𝟎
 397

An electromagnetic wave is entering from one medium

to another. Then the property which remains unaltered
is
i) Wavelength ii) Frequency
iii) Velocity iv) None of these
The electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave
travelling in the +ve Z-direction is described by
a) 𝐄𝐱 = 𝐄𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐳 + 𝝎𝐭) b) 𝐄𝐱 = 𝐄𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐳 − 𝝎𝐭)
c) 𝐅𝐱 = 𝐅𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝐤𝐳) d) 𝐄𝐱 = 𝐄𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐳)
(March - 2015)
A typical plane electromagnetic wave propagating along the
𝐙 direction is shown in figure.

Write the equation for electric and magnetic fields.

Name the physical quantity which can be expressed
by the ratio of the amplitude of electric field to the
magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave.
An electromagnetic wave travels in free space with
a velocity of 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬. At a particular point in
space and time, magnitude of intensity of electric
field is 𝟔. 𝟑 𝐕/𝐦. What is magnitude of magnetic field
at this point?
State true or false

i. In an electromagnetic wave electric field and

magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to each
other.

ii. Magnitude of electric and magnetic field in an

electromagnetic wave are equal.
The direction of propagation of an electromagnetic
wave is that of
i) 𝐁 ⋅ 𝐄 ii) (𝐁 × 𝐄) ⋅ 𝐄

iii) 𝐄 × 𝐁 iv) (𝐄 ⋅ 𝐁) × 𝐁
The electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave
is represented as 𝐄𝐱 = 𝐄𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐳 − 𝛚𝐭). Write the
equation for the magnetic field vector.
(1) (1) SAY 2018
Give two properties of electromagnetic waves.

• The electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated

charges and

• do not require any material medium for their propagation.

• The direction of oscillations of E and B fields are

perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of waves so the electromagnetic
waves are transverse in nature.

• The oscillations of E and B fields are in same phase

What is electro magnetic spectrum?

The orderly arrangement of em waves in the order of

wavelength or frequency
Arrange the following em waves in the increasing
order of wavelength?

Microwaves, transmissible rays, gamma rays,

ultraviolet rays, radio waves, infrared waves
Arrange the following em waves in the increasing
order of frequency?

Microwaves, transmissible rays, gamma rays,

ultraviolet rays, radio waves, infrared waves
Gamma Rays

Production : Uses :

Nuclear Reactions Kill Cancerous Cells

X Rays
Production :
Ionization tubes/ Uses :
Bombarding metal 1. Diagnostic tool in
target with high medicine
energy electrons 2. Detect fracture of bones
3. Study crystal structure
4. Treatment of Cancer
Discovered by :

Roentgen
UV Rays
Uses :
Production : 1. UV Sterilisation
Sun/ Hot Bodies 2. LASIK Eye Surgery
3. Water purifiers(Kill
Microorganisms)
Importance:
Ozone Layer
( Block UV Rays)
Ozone layer depletion by Increase the amount of
: CFC (Freons) melanin in human bodies
Visible Rays

PRODUCTION : The only em wave that is

Electron Transitions in Atoms sensible to human eyes
Infra Red Rays

Production : Uses :
Hot Bodies and molecules 1. Night photography
2. Major role in greenhouse Effect
3. Remotes

Importance:
Referred to as Heat waves
[they raise the temperature of
the object on which they fall]
Microwaves
Production : Uses :
Special vacuum tubes 1. Microwave Oven
2. Radar communication
(Klystrons, magnetrons,
Gunn diodes) (Aircraft navigation)

Oven Working:
Resonance created by
matching the natural
frequency of microwaves
with water molecules.
Radio waves
Uses :
1. Communication
2. Cellular phones

Production :
Accelerated motion of charges
in conducting wires
Match the following:

a) Radio waves - Night vision camera

b) UV Rays - Cellular phone

c) Micro waves - Water purifier

d) Infrared - Radar

- To destroy cancer cells

 Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
Chapter 9
Reflection
Topic 1
What are laws of reflection?

1) Angle of incidence is equal to Angle of reflection

2) Incident ray, Reflected ray and Normal lies on the same

plane
Show that R=2f for a mirror
Derive mirror equation
Sign Convention Tricks

Mirror f u v ho hi

Concave

Convex
What is linear magnification? What is its unit?
Magnification
+ve => Virtual & Erect
-ve => Real & Inverted
Magnification
|m| < 1 => Diminished
|m| > 1 => Magnified
|m| = 1 => Same size
Magnification of an image formed by a mirror is -0.3

What is the nature of the image formed?

Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius
of curvature is 32 cm
A concave mirror produces three times magnified
real image an object placed at 10cm in front of it.
Where is the image located?
Refraction
Topic 2
For a refraction, angle of incidence _____ to angle
of refraction (equals/not equals)
When a light enters obliquely from a denser medium
to rarer medium, it deviates _____ normal
(Towards/Away from)
When a light enters obliquely from a rarer medium
to denser medium, it deviates _____ normal
(Towards/Away from)
When a light enters obliquely from a rarer medium
to denser medium, angle of incidence is ____
angle of refraction

a. Equals to

b. Less than

c. Greater than
When a light enters obliquely from a denser medium
to rarer medium, angle of incidence is ____ angle
of refraction

a. Equals to

b. Less than

c. Greater than
 What is Snell’s Law? Write equation of refractive
index of one medium with respect to another
medium
The ratio of the sine of
the angle of incidence to
the sine of angle of
refraction is constant
Refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t 1 =

Refractive index of medium 1 w.r.t 2 =

 What is Laws of refraction?

• The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to

the sine of angle of refraction is constant

• Incident ray, Refracted ray and Normal lies on the

same plane
Write Refractive index in terms of velocities of light
through medium
Critical Angle and Total
Internal Reflection
Topic 3
What is critical angle?

The angle of incidence in the

denser medium when angle of
refraction 90º, is called the
critical angle
Derive equation for refractive index of denser
medium in terms a critical angle if the rare medium
is air
The critical angle for diamond is 37 0 . What is its
refractive index?
 What is Total Internal Reflection?

When light enter rarer medium

from denser medium if angle of
incidence is greater than critical
angle, light reflect back in to the
same medium.
With figure explain working of optic fibre cable?

When light incident on the optical

fibre at angle greater than the
critical angle, it undergoes total
internal reflection

Due to this total internal reflection, a

ray of light can travel through OFC
without any appreciable loss of
energy.
What are the advantage of optical fibre cable?

• We can communicate at speed of light

• Very low energy loss

What are the uses of Optical Fibre Cable?

1. Used in Telecommunications

2. Used in medical diagnosis

Prism
Topic 4
Mark angle of incidence, angle of emergence and angle
of deviation for a Prism
Obtain equation for total deviation produced in a
prism
Draw i-d curve of a prism and mark angle of
minimum deviation
Obtain equation for refractive index of a prism at
minimum deviation
What are the condition for minimum deviation?
Angle of minimum deviation of a equilateral prism is
450. What is the refractive index of the prism?
Lens
Topic 5
Derive equation for refraction at spherical surface
Derive lens makers formula
The radius of curvature of each face of the concave
lens made of glass of refractive index 2 is 30 cm.
Calculate the focal length of the lens in the air.
The radii of curvature of the faces of a convex lens
are 30cm and 15cm. Its focal length is 5cm. What is
the refractive index of glass?
Derive thin lens formula
Sign Convention Tricks

Lens f u v ho hi

Concave

Convex
Magnification
+ve => Virtual & Erect
-ve => Real & Inverted
Magnification
|m| < 1 => Diminished
|m| > 1 => Magnified
|m| = 1 => Same size
An image is produced by placing an object 6 cm away
from a convex lens of focal length equal to 3 cm. Find its
position and nature?
Magnification of a lens is +1. Find nature of image
formed and type of lens
When an object is placed at 20cm from a convex lens, a
real image is formed at 20cm away from it. Find

a) Focal length

b) Magnification

c) Nature of the image

What is power of lens? Write it’s SI unit

Reciprocal of focal length expressed in metres

What is the power of a convex lens having radius of
curvature 100cm?
Two lenses of focal length f 1 & f2 are combined.
Derive
a)Focal length of combination
b)Power of combination
A convex lens of focal length 60cm and concave
lens of focal length 40cm is combined. Find
a)Effective focal length
b)Effective power
Optical instruments
Topic 6
 With figure explain simple microscope

A convex lens of small focal length

> Object is placed in between lens

and focus of the lens

> An enlarged , erect and virtual

image at the near point of eye
Derive the magnification of simple microscope?
 With figure explain compound microscope

Compound microscope consists of

two convex lenses, objective & eye
piece

> The lens near to the object is called

objective (small f)

> The lens near to the eye is called eye

piece (large f)
> When an object is placed beyond the focal length of the
objective lens, a real, inverted and magnified image formed

> This image will act as object for eyepiece

> Eye piece will act as simple microscope and an enlarged,

virtual and inverted image is formed at the near point
What is the magnification of compound microscope
and explain the terms?

D= near point=25cm
f0 = focal length of objective

fe = focal length of eyepiece

L = The tube length
 With figure explain refracting telescope

Refracting telescope consists of two

convex lenses, objective & eye piece

> The lens near to the object is called

objective (large f)

> The lens near to the eye is called eye

piece (small f)
Light from a distant object enters the objective and a
real image is formed at its second focal point.
The eyepiece magnifies this image producing a final
inverted image
Write equation for magnification for a refracting
telescope
Wave Optics

Chapter 10
Huygens Wave theory
Topic 1
Which among was not Huygens assumption?

a)Light is a mechanical wave

b)Light is an electromagnetic wave

c) Light requires a medium to travel

d)Light travelled through ether medium.

Which of the following phenomenas cannot be
explained by huygen’s wave theory of light?

i)Reflection

ii)Refraction

iii)Interference

iv)Polarisation
Christian Huygens suggested wave theory of light.
a) What do you mean by wavefront?

b) Name any two types of wavefronts.

The wave front originating from a point source is
called -----------
The wave front originating from a line source (or slit)
is called --------------.
The wave front originating from a source which is at
infinity is called ---
The shape of the wave front originating from a tube
light is-----------------
Mention the shape of wave front for the portion of
wave front of light from a distant star intercepted by
the earth.
Direction of propagation of wave is always --------
-----------to the wavefront.
A plane wave front is incident normally on a
concave lens/convex lens/prism. Sketch the
refracted wave front.
Explain Huygen’s Principle?
• Using Huygens theory, prove that angle of
incidence = angle of reflection
Using Huygens wave theory prove Snell’s law
interference
What is interference?

The redistribution of energy due to the superposition of two or

more light waves is called interference.
Interference obeys law of conservation of energy.
Justify?
What are the conditions of interference?
Interference of light from two sources can be observed if

(a) the sources are independent.

(b) the sources are of different frequencies and random

phases.

(c) the sources are of different frequency.

(d) the sources are coherent.

What are coherent sources?
Differentiate between constructive and destructive
Interference?
A path difference of ‘λ’ is equivalent to a phase
difference of
Light waves from two coherent sources having
amplitudes A cross each other at a point with a
phase difference of 30° . What is the resultant
amplitude at the point?
Light waves from two coherent sources having
intensities I and 2I cross each other at a point with a
phase difference of 30° . What is the resultant
intensity at the point?
Write two differences between constructive and
destructive interference
Young’s double slit
experiment
Which experiment proved the wave nature of light?
Where was the central maxima formed in YDSE?
Where is the maximas formed?
Where is the minimas formed?
What is Fringe width?
Write the expression for fringe width?
In a double slit experiment, the slits are separated by
𝟎. 𝟎8 𝐜𝐦 and the screen is placed 𝟏 𝐦 away. Find the
distance between the central fringe and the fifth bright
fringe if wavelength of light used in the experiment is
500 nm
In a double slit experiment, the slits are separated by
𝟎. 𝟎6 𝐜𝐦 and the screen is placed 𝟏 𝐦 away. The
distance between the central fringe and the fourth
bright fringe is 2 𝐜𝐦. Determine the wavelength of light
used in the experiment.
Draw the variation of intensity with distance in
interference?
Diffraction
What is diffraction?
Draw the variation of intensity with distance in
diffraction?
Interference and diffraction of light waves produce alternate
dark and bright regions called fringes.

(a) Regarding the fringe width choose the correct statement.

i. Interference fringes are of unequal width

ii. Diffraction fringes are of same width.

iii. Interference Fringes are of equal width and diffraction

fringes are of different width.

iv. Both interference and diffraction fringes are of different

width.
Differentiate between interference and diffraction?
polarisation
Define polarisation?
What you mean by a plane polarised light?
We use -------------- as medium for polarisation.
What type of waves show the property of
polarization, Transverse or longitudinal?
Name the phenomenon which proves the transverse
nature of light.
Sound waves do not exhibit------------
Define Malu’s law?
Find the intensity of light after passing through a
polariser at 30 degrees. ( Take original intensity = 30
W/m2.)
If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the
analyzer is 60°, write the ratio of the intensities of
original light and the transmitted light after passing
through the polarizer.
Write any two uses of polaroids.
Dual nature of radiation
and matter
Chapter 11
 Topic 1
Electron emission
 What are the Methods of electron emission? Explain

1. Thermionic emission

2. Field emission

3. Photo electric emission

1. Thermionic emission

Ejection of electrons from a metal surface by heating.

2. Field emission

Ejection of electrons from a metal surface by applying

a strong electric field.
3. Photo electric emission

Ejection of electrons from a metal surface when light of

suitable falls on the metal surface.
 Topic 2
Photo electric effect
Explain Photoelectric Effect?

The phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of

metal when radiation(light) of suitable frequency falls on it.
What is meant by Work function. write down It’s
equation?
The minimum energy required to eject an electron from the
metal surface is called work function of metal.
The variation of stopping potential with frequency of
sodium is given below. Calculate its work function.
What is meant by Threshold frequency?

The minimum Frequency of incident radiation to eject

an electron from the metal surface is called Threshold
frequency.
 Topic 3
Einsteins Equation on PEE
Write down Einsteins equation on PEE and explain
the terms in it?
The work function of caesium metal is 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝐞𝐕. When
light of frequency 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝐇𝐳 incident on the metal
surface, what is the maximum 𝐊𝐄 of the photoelectrons
and stopping potential?
 What is meant by Saturation current?

The maximum value of photocurrent is called

saturation current.
What is mean by Stopping Potential

✓ The minimum value of negative anode potential at

which photocurrent is zero
Explain Laws of Photoelectric Effect
1. The intensity of incident radiation is directly proportional to
photoelectric current
2. Velocity and kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is directly
proportional to frequency of incident radiation
3. For the ejection of electron from metal surface incident
radiation should have a minimum frequency and that
frequency is called threshold frequency
4. Photoelectric effect is instantaneous, so there is no time lag
Topic 4
Graphs
Draw Intensity of light v/s photoelectric current
graph
Draw Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current
Draw Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current for
different intensity of incident radiation.
Draw Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current for
different frequency of incident radiation.
Draw the effect of Frequency of incident radiation
and Stopping Potential
Frequency and Stopping Potential
 Topic 5
Properties of photon
 Can we explain PEE using Wave theory of light?

No ,Because based on wave theory, no matter what

the frequency of radiation is, a sufficiently intense
beam is able to eject electron. So that, threshold
frequency should not exist.
write down properties of photon?

✓ Photon has energy and momentum.

✓ Energy of each photon is E=hU

✓ Momentum of photon is……….

Photons are electrically neutral and cannot deflected
by electric and magnetic fields
In photon particle collision total energy and
momentum are conserved
Photons are electrically ______
a. neutral b. positive
c. negative d. unpredictable
A photon of frequency ' 𝒗 ' has a momentum associated
with it. If ' 𝒄 ' is the velocity of light, the momentum of
photon is
𝒉𝒗 𝒗 𝒉𝒗
a. b. h𝒗c c. d.
𝐜𝟐 𝐜 𝒄
Momentum of a photon with wavelength 𝝀 is,
𝒉 𝝀
a. 𝐡𝝀 b. c. d. 𝝀 + 𝒉
𝝀 𝒉
 Topic 6
Matter wave
What is meant by Debroglie wave(matter wave)?

Waves associated with moving matter

Write down the equation to calculate Debroglie
wavelength?
Atoms

Chapter 12
Rutherford’s Alpha
particle Experiment
Topic 1
Explain Rutherford's alpha particle scattering
experiment.
List the observations of Rutherford model of atom?
State the postulates of Rutherford model of Atom?
Rutherford atom model concludes that:

i) Electrons are revolving around the nucleus

ii) There is a heavy mass at the centre of the nucleus

iii) Electrons are scattered in space around the nucleus

iv) Velocity of all electrons is same in all orbits

In Rutherford scattering experiment, most of the 𝛼
particle go unscattered while some of them are
scattered through large angles. What can be
concluded from this?
 Distance of closest
approach and impact
parameter
Define distance of closest approach
Define impact parameter? What is its value when
scattering angle is 180 degrees?
How much is the scattering angle when impact
parameter is large?
Identify X and Y From the figure

Y
 Drawbacks of
Rutherford model
List out the drawbacks of Rutherford model of atom?
Bohr model of atom
List out the three postulates of Bohr model of atom?
According to Bohr, the electron can revolve around
the nucleus only in those orbits where angular
momentum is an integral multiple of_____
Which physical quantity is quantised in Bohr's
second postulate?
What is Bohr’s quantisation condition for the angular
momentum of an electron in the second orbit?
Radius and velocity of
Bohr orbit
Write the expression for radius in a hydrogen atom.
If radius of first electron orbit of hydrogen is a 0 ,
radius of fourth electron orbit of hydrogen is
__________.
An electron is revolving around the nucleus of a
hydrogen atom in an orbit of radius sixteen times
the radius of the first orbit. Angular momentum of
the electron in this orbit is
9h
(ii)
2𝜋
h
(i)
2𝜋
3h
(iii)
𝜋
𝟒h
(iv)
2𝜋
What is the velocity of electron in ground state orbit
of a hydrogen atom?
Energy of an orbit
Find the total energy of 3 rd orbit of H- atom?
Find the energy of different energy levels in H atom
The highest energy level of an electron corresponds
to n= ∞ and it has an energy of….
Draw the energy level diagram of H atom?
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6
eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of
electron in this state?
The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen
atom is 5.3 × 10-11 m. What is the radius of orbit in the
first excited state?
What is excitation energy?
Find the energy required to excite an atom from
ground state to second excited state of H atom?
Energy of electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom
13.6
is En = − 2 eV , what does the negative sign
n

indicate?
Ionisation Energy
Define ionisation energy.
The minimum energy required to free an electron from
the ground state of hydrogen atom is_____
(a)+13.6 J
(b)−13.6 J
(c) +13.6eV
(d) −13.6eV
The minimum energy required to free an electron
from the second orbit of hydrogen atom is_____
Drawbacks of Bohr
Model
List any three drawbacks of Bohr model of atom?
De Broglie Explanation
for Bohr
According to de Broglie’s explanations of Bohr’s
second postulate of quantization, the standing
particle wave on a circular orbit for n = 5 is given by
How De – Broglie explained Bohr’s second postulate?

And find an expression to find wavelength?

NUCLEI

Chapter 13
What are nucleons?

Protons and neutrons together are known as nucleons.

Nucleus is made up of nucleons.

Find the number of protons and neutrons of the
element 39X20
Isotones have the same number of ..................
Isotope have the same number of ..................
What is Atomic Mass Unit (amu)?

It is defined as the 1/12 th mass of the carbon-12 atom

1 amu = 1.66x10-27kg
What is Einsteins mass energy equivalence?

An amount of mass m can be converted in to energy given by

Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 g of substance
Energy equivalent of 1 amu = _____J
Energy equivalent of 1 amu = _____MeV
Write the relationship between radius and mass
number of a nucleus?
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 64:125
What is the ratio of their nuclear radii?
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:27, what
is the ratio of their nuclear densities?
Write any three properties of nuclear force?

1) Nuclear force is short range force

2) Nuclear force is charge independent

3) Nuclear force is the strongest force in nature

The nuclear force between two protons, two
neutrons and between a proton and a neutron is
denoted by f pp ,f nn and fnp respectively, then

(i) f pp =f nn  fnp (iii) f pp =f nn = fnp

(ii) f pp f nn = fnp (iv) f pp f nn  fnp

What is mass defect? Write the formula to find mass
defect?

Difference in the masses of the neutrons and protons in the

nucleus and the actual mass of the nucleus.
What is binding energy?

Energy required to separate all nucleons from a nucleus

Or

Energy that is liberated during the formation of nucleus

Calculate mass defect and binding energy of 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝐚
𝟒𝟎 from the
following data:
mass of proton: 1.007825a. m. u
mass of neutron: 1.008665a. m. u
mass of 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝐚
𝟒𝟎: 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟗 a.m.u.
How is nuclear stability and binding energy per
nucleon related to?

Higher the binding energy per nucleon higher the stability of

the nucleus.
Draw the graph showing the relation between mass
number and binding energy per nucleon?
Average binding energy is maximum for ...................
The B.E/nucleon has ……. (low/high) value for both

light and heavy nuclei. Thus they are ……..(stable/

unstable) nuclei
Nuclei containing …….(more/less) number of neutrons

will be more stable.

What is radioactivity?

Natural process in which nuclei undergo decay to

attain stability
Which are the three radioactive processes?

1) Alpha decay

2) Beta decay

3) Gamma decay
______ in which a helium nucleus is emitted
By alpha decay, mass number decreases by ____

and atomic number decreases by ______

______ in which a electron is emitted
______ in which a positron is emitted
______ in which a photon is emitted
What is nuclear fission?

Process in which heavier nuclei splits into lighter

nuclei.
Write the splitting process of Uranium?
Radioactivity is the phenomenon associated with
(a) decay of nucleus

(b) production of radio waves

(c) transmission of radio waves

(d) reception of radio waves

Heavy stable nuclei have more neutrons than protons.
This is because of the fact that

(a) neutrons are heavier than protons

(b) electrostatic force between protons are repulsive

(c) neutrons decay into protons through beta decay

(d) nuclear forces between neutrons are weaker than

that between protons.
What is nuclear fusion?

Process in which lighter nuclei combines to form

heavier nuclei.
Write the steps involved in energy production in sun

1. 1H1 + H1
1 -> 1H2 + e+ + v + 0.42MeV

2. e+ + e- -> γ + γ + 1.02 MeV

3. 1H2 + 1H1 -> 2He3 + γ + 5.49 MeV

4. 2He3 + 2He3 -> 2He4 + 1H1 + 1H1 +12.86 MeV

Explain the energy production in sun

Four hydrogen atoms combine to form an 2He4 atom

with a release of 26.7 MeV of energy.
Semiconductors

Chapter 14
Classification of
materials
Topic 1
Arrange conductors,semiconductors and insulators
in the order of conductivity and resisitivity?
What are semiconductors? Give two example?
Give the difference between conduction band and
valence band in an energy band diagram?
What is meant by forbidden energy gap?
Give the classification of materials based on energy
band diagram.
Which are the charge carriers in a semiconductor?
Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors.
An intrinsic semiconductor behaves like ---------at
0 K.
What is doping?
Which are the two types of extrinsic
semiconductors? Give examples
Differentiate between n type and p type
semiconductors?
Which are the majority and minority charge carriers
in n type and p type semiconductors?
Give the energy band diagram for n type and p type
semiconductors.
Pn junction and diodes
What is a pn junction?
What is a depletion region?
What do you mean by barrier potential of a diode?
What is a diode? And how it is represented in a
circuit?
Which are the two biasings done for a diode?
Draw the circuit diagram of a forward biased
rectifier diode by using a battery.
In which figure the diode is under forward biased condition?
(1)MARCH 2021
Draw the forward bias characteristics of a diode?
Draw the reverse bias characteristics of a diode?
A graph showing the variation of current (I) flowing through a
p-n junction with the voltage (V) applied across it is called
the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction.
(a)V-I characteristic of a forward biased diode is shown in
the figure.

Write any two important features of the graph.

(2)[JUNE-
2016]
Rectification
What is rectification?
Which property of a diode is used in rectification?

1 [MODEL 2022]
Explain a half wave rectifier using necessary circuit
diagram, and draw the input and output waveforms.
With the help of the circuit diagram, explain the working
of a full wave rectifier using p-n junction. Draw the input
and the output wave forms.
(4) IMP 2021
എക്സാം പ സളിക്കടസ
മക്കളള!