5.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Introduction, Definition
Control measures of
A) Air pollution
B) Water pollution
C) Soil pollution
D) Noise pollution
Solid waste management-causes, effects, solution.
Disaster management-Flood, Earthquake, cyclone.

INTRODUCTION:
One of the most important issues of global concern today is environment degradation.
In the earth Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992,it was
agree as degraded environment will be never achieve sustainable development and
healthy future of the coming generation. Pollution is one of the major causes of
environmental degradation and the term is commonly used in media and the most of the
public discussion. Any debate related to environment is incomplete without addressing
pollution, especially with reference to the industrial development.
DEFINITION:
Pollution is defined as “Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological
characteristics of natural water ,air or soil, which can adversely affect the life or can,
create a potential health hazard to any living organisms or can cause damage to the non
-living things, material or property.”
“Pollution is the introduction of substances (or energy) that cause adverse changes in
the environment and living entities .”
The substance or matter which causes pollution is referred as pollution. There is a vast
and ever growing list of environment pollutants. This list includes chemicals, chemical
vapours, fumes or residues, dust particular matter, biological organisms. The pollution
can be categorized into two categories depending upon the origin and cause of
pollutant as natural pollution and man made pollution.
The pollution caused by natural processes or from natural sources like dust in
atmosphere due to storms, volcanic eruptions are included this categories.
The man made category includes the pollution caused by discharge of unhealthy
materials due to man made activities.
Pollution is generally grouped into three major categories, depending upon the nature
of pollutants and affecting component or media of the environment as pollution of
air,water,soil. Considering the specific nature of the problem many of the pollutions are
treated as a separated category such as thermal pollution, nuclear pollution oil
pollution, nuclear waste pollution etc..
Some types of environmental pollutions are discussed:
1) AIR POLLUTION:
Our earth is the only known place in the entire universe which is capable of supporting
life due to its unique atmosphere. Air is one of the five essential components for life
i.e..air, water, food, heat, and light.
Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the air. It is the
contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals
and humans drastically.
There is a certain percentage of gases present in the atmosphere. An increase or
decrease in the composition of these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the
gaseous composition has resulted in an increase in earth’s temperature, which is known
as global warming.

Primary Pollutants
The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary pollutants. Sulphur
-dioxide emitted from factories is a primary pollutant.

Secondary Pollutants
The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants are
known as secondary pollutants. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a
secondary pollutant.

Causes of Air Pollution

Following are the important causes of air pollution:

Burning of Fossil Fuels

The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon
monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.

Automobiles
The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute the
environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in
diseases among individuals.

Agricultural Activities
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The
insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and
contaminate it.

Factories and Industries

Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds,
hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality.

Mining Activities
In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large pieces of
equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air,
but also deteriorate the health of the workers and people living in the nearby areas.

Domestic Sources
The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals that are released
in the air. The smell from the newly painted walls is the smell of the chemicals present
in the paints. It not only pollutes the air but also affects breathing.

Effects of Air Pollution

The hazardous effects of air pollution on the environment include:

Diseases
Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart diseases among
humans. The cases of lung cancer have increased in the last few decades. Children living
near polluted areas are more prone to pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every
year due to the direct or indirect effects of air pollution.

Global Warming
Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the gaseous
composition of the air. This has led to an increase in the temperature of the earth. This
increase in earth’s temperature is known as global warming. This has resulted in the
melting of glaciers and an increase in sea levels. Many areas are submerged
underwater.

Acid Rain
The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur
oxides in the air. The water droplets combine with these pollutants, become acidic and
fall as acid rain which damages human, animal and plant life.

Ozone Layer Depletion

The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the
atmosphere is the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer. The depleting ozone
layer does not prevent the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and causes skin
diseases and eye problems among individuals.

CONTROL MEASURES OF AIR POLLUTION:

Following are the measures one should adopt, to control air pollution:

Avoid Using Vehicles

People should avoid using vehicles for shorter distances. Rather, they should prefer
public modes of transport to travel from one place to another. This not only prevents
pollution, but also conserves energy.

Energy Conservation
A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. Therefore, do not forget
to switch off the electrical appliances when not in use. Thus, you can save the
environment at the individual level. Use of energy-efficient devices such as CFLs also
controls pollution to a greater level.

Use of Clean Energy Resources

The use of solar, wind and geothermal energies reduce air pollution at a larger level.
Various countries, including India, have implemented the use of these resources as a
step towards a cleaner environment.
2)Water pollution:
Life on Earth began in water. It is an essential source for its existence. The
presence of water has made the mother earth an unique planet not only in the
solar system but perhaps in the entire universe. A most precious natural
resources of our water covers almost three fourth of earth’s surface. Water is not
essential for survival of all living things but is also the source of economic wealth
& the creator of beautiful environment.
Safe and fresh water is essential for substance of life and ecosystem. Large
quantities of pollution free water is needed for agriculture production, industrial
production, and to various other needs of growing population. Today water
resources have been the most overexploited and polluted of the natural systems
all over the world.
Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies. Water
pollution is caused when water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater
and aquifers get contaminated with industrial and agricultural effluents.
Causes of water pollution:

 Sewage and wastewater:

Many households dump their waste directly into water bodies. Moreover, households
which are not served by municipal treatment plant may use septic tanks, which
eventually infiltrates into the soil, causing pollution of groundwater.

 Industrial effluents and Industrial Usage:

Some industries may directly pump their untreated wastes into water bodies such as
rivers. Moreover, various industries also use water as a coolant, thereby causing
thermal pollution. Increased water temperatures can cause a reduction in the levels of
oxygen; which can cause the death of fish and other organisms.

 Eutrophication

Eutrophication is caused when large quantities of nutrients are introduced into a body
of water, causing the rapid growth of algae. This can decrease the oxygen level in the
water, rendering the fish unable to breathe. Moreover, this phenomenon can also
introduce dangerous toxins into the water body, which can harm or kill most organisms,
including humans

 Deforestation

Deforestation can cause soil erosion. When these loose soil particles enter a water
body, they can make the water murky. This can make the water very murky, and it also
has the potential to cause mechanical damage to aquatic organisms, (such as sand
particles getting stuck in gills).

 Agricultural run-offs

Agricultural run-offs include fertilizers and other chemicals that can make the water
toxic. Moreover, some of these fertilizers can induce eutrophication.

 Accidents
Accidents can involve events such as leaks and oil spills. Oil spills, in particular, are
very damaging to the environment and aquatic life.

Industrial discharge.

Urbanization and municipal wastewater.

Illegal dumping and solid waste.

Ground water contamination.

Effects of water pollution:

Diseases: In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many
disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various
other diseases.
The hard water used for drinking causes health problems such as urine stones this
water causes difficulty in cooking and lather formation with soap.
Various heavy metals have adverse impact, on vital body organs such as
liver,kidney,etc..Mercury and cadmium causes diseases like minamata .
Oil spills in water adversely affect the aquatic life,birds,fishes,and other aquatic
animals.
Effects on human being.
Effects on plants and animals.
Ecosystem degradation.
Drinking water scarcity’
Economic losses.
Loss of Livelihoods.
Environmental degradation.
Control and prevention of water pollution:
There are various ways through hrough which water pollution is controlled depending
on the nature and intensity of pollution.
These control measures are effective at different levels such as
personal,local,regional,national,and global level.
At personal level it is possible to reduce unnecessary water use and overuse which
ultimately reduce waste water.
 Public awareness about water management and pollution control through popular
lectures,workshops,seminars,is required for prevention and control of water pollution.
This can be achieved by people’s participation and action.
There are various scientific and technical methods which are used to treat wastewater
and sewage to reduce pollution load.

2)SOIL POLLUTION:
Soil is one of the most important ecological resource in the terrestrial ecosystem.
Plants depend for their nutrients, water supply and anchorage upon the soil.
The soil can be defined as the weathered superficial layer of the earth crust
in which the living organisms grow and also release the products of their activities, death
and decay.
Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with anomalous concentrations of
toxic substances.
Causes of soil pollution:
Soil pollution is mainly caused from the following sources.
Industrial waste-
Disposal of industrial waste is the major problem for soil pollution. Various
industries like pulp and paper mills, chemical industries, sugar factories, textiles,
metal processing industries and so on, dispose their waste soil.
Urban Wastes-
Pollution concentration in urban areas and unplanned industrial progress in and
around urban areas have contributed to a greater extent to soil pollution problems in
India. Urban wastes consists of both commercial and domestic wastes which are
commonly referred to as ‘refuse’.
Modern agriculture practices-
Modernagriculture practices depend on chemical
syntheticfertilizers,pesticides,herbicides,and
soil conditioning reagents which pollute the soil to a large extent. Today ovr irrigation
has beome a problem of land degradation many part of the country.

Mining-
During a mining fertile topsoil is damaged and environmental degradation occurs as
vegetation is removed and huge quantities of top soil is discarded as overburden.
Effects of soil pollution

1. Health problems in humans: Soil contamination can have major consequences for
human health.
2. Disruption of the food chain: Soil pollution affects the metabolisms of
microorganisms and arthropods, disrupting the food chain.
3. Lower air quality: Polluted soil can release harmful substances into the air.
4. Decreased soil fertility: Contaminated soil loses its ability to support plant growth.
5. Plant growth problems: Soil pollution negatively impacts the growth of plants.
6. Groundwater contamination: Pollutants can seep into the underground water table.

Control and measures of soil pollution:

Promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Advocate for government policies to reduce the use of harmful chemicals.
Implement legislation on soil pollution control.
Manage agricultural land properly and practice organic farming.
Ensure proper solid waste treatment.
Investigate reclaimed land thoroughly.
Strictly control pollution of new soil.
Strengthen policies managing pollution sources.
Noise pollution:
In today’s modern age of rapid development there are certain hazards in the society
which go unnoticed. One such hazard is noise pollution which is grossly
ignored,particularly,in the developing countries like India.
The word ‘noise’ is derived from the Latin word ‘nausea’. means a feeling of sickness
at stomach with an urge to vomit. A particular sound such as music or song of bird
pleasant when soft but noisy when loud.
Sound is a mechanical energy wave propagation. Noise pollution as defined as
any unwanted and unpleasant sound and is called as Noise.
Thus, noise pollution can be defined as unwanted sound dumped into
environment which causes adverse effect on living and non living things.
Sources of Noise pollution-
Major sources of noise pollution domestic are natural sources and
anthropogenic sources. Natural source include thunder,windstorm,heavy rain,lightening
etc..
Non-industrial sources
It includes noise from domestic sources such as television, radio, kitchen,
appliances,
Such as mixer, grinder, washing machines, pressure cooker and transportation sources
 such as aircraft, motor vehicles, railways, traffic noise, etc.. Our festivals , cultural
Programme, carnivals are also responsible to cause noise pollution.
Industrial sources
It includes heavy vehicle industry, foundry, glass blowing, saw mills, industrial
units, machine shops, factories, power plants, plants fabrication units,etc..
Causes of Noise Pollution
Industrialisation.
Vehicles.
Events.
Construction sites.
Sound of machines.
Fireworks.
Effects of Noise pollution
Stress related illnesses.
High blood pressure.
Speech interference.
Hearing loss.
Hypertension.
Cardiovascular issues.( दयवर वा ह यासंब धतसम या)
Prevention and Control Measures of Noise Pollution
Honking in public places like teaching institutes,hospitals,etc..should be banned.
In commercial,hospital and industrial buildings,adequate soundproof system
should be installed.
Musical instrument sound should be controlled to desirable limits.
Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevetion.
Explosives should not be used in forest,mountains and mining areas.

Disaster Management
Flood
Earthquake
Disaster may be defined as those extreme events either natural or man
induced which exceed the tolerable magnitude within or beyond certain time limits,
make adjustment difficult, result in catastrophic losses of property, and lives and
become the headlines of different news paper or media at world level.
Types of Disasters
1)Natural Disaster
Natural disaster that can occur as a result of natures extremities in the
environment.( नसगा यापयावरणातहोणायाती व पा याघटनांनानैस गकआप ी हणतात.)
Natural hazards and disasters that result can be divided into several different
categories.
Disasters : These include earthquakes, volcaniceruptions, tsunamis, landslides, floods,
subsidence, impactswith outer space objects etc.

Atmospheric Disasters :Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Droughts,severe Thunderstorms,

Lightening etc. are major atmosphericdisasters.

Other Natural Disasters :Insect infestations, Disease,Wildfires are other natural

disasters.
Natural hazards can also be divided into ‘catastrophicdisaster’, Natural disaster can
also be divided into ‘rapid onset Disaster’, such as Volcanic Eruptions, Earthquakes,
Floods, Landslides, severe Thunderstorms, Lightening and Wildfires, which develop with
little warning and strike rapidly. Slow onset disaster like drought, insect infestations,
and disease
epidemics take years to develop.

Anthropogenic Disaster
These are disasters which occur as a result of human interaction with
the environment. They include technological disasters as well. These disaster often
aggrevate the impact of natural disasters.
1) Earthquake-
An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by
movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth’s crust.
(भूगभातीलहालचाल मुळे चंड माणतउजचेउ सजनहोतेआ ण या याभूकंपलहरीतयारहोउनपृ वी यापृ भागाची
हालचालहोते यामुळेजमीनहलणे ,ज मनीलाभेगा,कं पनहोणेयालाचभूकंपअसे हणतात.)
Earth is a planet of continuous changes that started billions of years ago
and that will continue for billions of years to come. Most of the great changes on earth
take place along the interfaces between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and
atmosphere. These changes are more or less continuous and catastrophic. Earthquake is
one of such forces, which is continuously changing the earth surface.
The point where the shock waves reach the surface is termed as epicentre, around which
lines of equal seismic intensity can be drawn, called as isoseismic lines. The waves
generated by an earthquake are recorded by an instrument called seismograph or
seismometer. The science of earthquake study is known as Seismology.
The measurement of earthquake is done by Richter scale, devised by Charles F. Richter
in 1935, it describes the quantity of energy released by a single, earthquake and the
scale number range from 0 to 9. It is open ended and logarithmic scale, which increases
10 fold. The earthquake magnitude of 2 is the smallest normally detectedby human
senses.
Distribution of Earthquake-
Most of the Earth’s great earthquakes occur along the boundaries of
oceanic and continental crusts. The downward deflection of the oceanic crust along
boundaries of great crustal plates are called seduction zones and are the regions of
extremely destructive earthquakes. These sudden tectonic movements can produce
large earthquakes which can be very violent and can cause enormous destruction,
particularly if they occur in heavily populated areas.
In India the earthquakes are occurring along the Himalayas foothill
zones, where the Asiatic Plate is moving southward and Indian plate is moving northward.
Along with this in North Eastern States and on the Deccan traps too the earthquake
occur more frequently. In the last few years earthquakes in Maharashtra have shown
that it is no longer a
earthquake free zone.

Causes of earthquake-
The main causes of Earthquake are the movement of tectonic
plates,volcaniceruptions,undergroundexplosions,humanactivities,etc..
The movement of tectonic plates is a geological fault that causes the earth’s crust to
break,resulting in an earthquake.
Volcanic activities can cause distruptions on the earth’s surface,casing shifts in the
tectonic plates,and resulting in earthquakes.
Human activities such as mining,tunnel,construction,etc..can produce seismic waves,
which can cause earthquakes.
The force that releases when a nuclear or chemical device is launched can cause
earthquake.

Effects of Earthquake-
Ground shaking
Surface rupture
Liquefaction
Tsunamis
Landslides
Secondary effects
Aftershocks
1) Ground shaking-
The most immediate and noticeable effect of an earthquake is the shaking
of the ground.The intensity and duration of shaking depend on factors such
as the earthquake’s magnitude,depth,distance from the epicenter.
2) Surface rupture-
In some cases,particularly with larger earthquakes,the Earth’s surface
may rupture along fault lines.This can result in visible displacement of the
ground,creating surface fractures or fault scraps.
3) Liquefaction-
During an earthquake,loose,water-saturated,sediments may undergo
liquefaction,where the ground temporarily loses its strength and behaves
like a liquid.
4) Tsunamis-
Underwater earthquakes,particularly those that occur along tectonic plate
boundries,can generate tsunamis.These massive sea waves can travel
across oceans and case devastating flooding and destruction along
coastlines.
5) Landslides-
 Earthquakes can trigger landslides,rockfalls,and avalanches on
stepslopes,particularly in mountains region.The shaking and ground
movement can destabilize slopes,leading to the rapid movement of debris
downhill.
6) Secondary effects-
Earthquake can also trigger secondary hazard such as fires,flooding from
ruptured water and sewer lines,gas leaks and power outgas.
7) Aftershocks-
Following is a significant earthquake,aftershock-smaller
earthquakes that occur in the general area-can continue to pose risks of
additional damage and further ground shaking.
Control and measures of Earthquake-
Drop, cover, and hold on if you are near the shore during an earthquake.
Evacuate to high ground immediately if severe shaking lasts 20 seconds or more, as
a tsunami might have been generated.
Equip emergency supply kits and keep them in shelter locations.
Train workers on what to do during an earthquake.
Develop an Emergency Action Plan to avoid confusion during evacuation.
Identify hazards, build safer structures, and provide education on earthquake
safety to mitigate effects.

2) Flood-
Floods mean the overwhelming of usually dry land buy a large amount of water that
comes from an overflowing river or lake,exceptionally high tide,melting snow or sudden
excessive rain.
The floods are natural disaster which is a response to rain fall but it becomes hazards
when it loss to human lives and property.
A Flood also can be defined as a large amount of water covering an area of land that
is usually dry.
Causes of Flood-
The flood of the river are caused by both natural and man made factors.
Among the natural factors rivers floods are mainly due to high intensity rainfall
Meandering courses of river
Extensive flood plains break in slope in long profile
Blocking of free flow of rivers due to enormous debris by landslides
Volcanic eruption
Earthquake
Cloud burst
Cyclones
Storms
Hurricanes
Typhoons and high tides
 Along the manmade factors such as a-
Urbanisation
Channel manipulation and diversion
Construction of bridges
Barrages and reservoirs
Large scale deforestation
Land use changes
Erosion and Encroachments along the banks
Effects of Floods
 Worsening of flooding due to sea level rise during high tides and storms.
 Increased coastal erosion.
 Damage to property and infrastructure.
 Saltwater intrusion into groundwater.
 Land use change.
 Habitat loss.
 Injuries or fatalities.
 Contaminated floodwater affecting clean drinking water.
 Disruption of power supplies.
 Closure of businesses, hospitals, and schools.

Control and measures of Flood

Flood control measures include various steps to tame the menacing rivers such as to
delay the return of runoff resulting from torrential rainfall to the rivers
To hasten the discharge of water
Reduce the volume of water
Divert to flow of water
Reduce the impact of floods by reforestation
Construction of artificial leaves
Flood wall storage reservoirs
Canalization widening and deepening of river streams
Removing of bends of river
Steps to control the soil erosion to avoid siltation
Proper flood plain managements
In India such flood control measurement the rivers
kosi(Bihar),Mahananda,Bhramputra,Ganga and Yamuna,by constructing flood walls.In
certain river basin Damodar Valley Corporation,Ukai dam along the Tapi river etc.

Solid Waste Managenment-

 The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process
of collecting,treating,disposing of solid wastes.In the waste management
process,the wastes are collected from different sources and disposed
of.This process includes
collection,transportation,treatment,analysis,and disposal of waste.
Sources of urban and industrial waste
Urban waste :
All urban waste commonly referred as refuse. Urban waste consists of
both commercial and domestic waste.
1) Domestic waste :- contains a variety of discarded materials like polyethylene bags,
empty metal and aluminum cans, scrap metals, glass bottles, waste paper, cloth/rags,
food wastes, etc.
2) Wastes from shops :- mainly consists of waste papers, packaging material, cans,
bottles, polyethylene bags, peanuts shells, tea leaves etc.
3) Biochemical waste :- includes anatomical waste, pathological waste and infectious
waste, etc.
4) Construction and demolish waste : includes debris and rubbish wood, concrete, etc.

The urban solid waste materials that can be degraded by microorganisms are called
biodegradable waste. For examples vegetable wastes stale food, tea leaves, dry leaves
etc. Wastes that cannot be degraded by microorganisms are called non-biodegradable
wastes. For examples polyethylene bags, scrap metals, glass bottle, stones, coal, etc.

Industrial waste :
Industrial waste consists of a large number of materials including organic wastes,
metals, packing materials, factory rubbish, etc. The composition of the waste generated
in the
industry is diverse in nature ranging from organic to inorganic and also includes
hazardous waste. In some industry this waste may be recycled or reused. The main
sources of the waste are agro-industries chemical industry, metals and minerals
processing industr

Management of Solid waste

In urban waste, solid waste generated in community areas can be managed by five major
steps : 1) Segregation of waste at source 2) Collection and storage 3) Transportation 4)
Reuse and recovery 5) Treatment and disposal.

1) Implementation of Three 'R's

For waste management, three 'R's important are reduce, reuse and recycle before
disposal and safe storage of waste.
l) Reduction in use of raw materials will correspondingly reduce generation of solid
waste.
2) Reuse of the materials, which are discarded as the solid waste. e.g. refill the bottles
or containers and reuse again. It helps in decreasing the production of solid waste.
3) Recycling means reprocess the discarded materials into new useful products. e.g.
bottles or any metals are melted and recast into new bottles and cans. Some waste are
used as raw material to other industry. e.g. molasses is by-product of sugar factory but it
is used as raw materials
in distillery industry.

Implementation of three 'R's in practical life are helpful in saving money, energy, raw
materials, land space and also reduce pollution.

2) Composting
This has been successfully used in India in many rural areas for disposal of
biodegradable wastes. In this process, biodegradable waste is allowed to degrade or
decompose Is an oxygen rich medium.

3) Vermicomposting
This technique is same as composting only difference is here the earthworm are used for
the degradation of waste. This technique is used for the disposal of solid waste like
sewage sludge, domestic waste or agriculture waste.

4) Landfilling
Here Solid is waste spread in thin layers compacted and converted with clay or plastic
foam. In modern landfills the bottom is covered with an impermeable liner to avoid the
ground water contamination.

5) Incineration
Incineration is a combustion process means burning of unwanted waste at higher
temperature. During burning process, the various gases are release into the
environment. It is the main disadvantage of this technology. This process is mostly used
in case of hazardous waste management.

Role of an individual in prevention of pollution

There are some small, but very helpful things to prevent pollution. Let us start from our
own house. First and foremost the important thing is our needs should have a priority,
based on basic needs and not wants. The daily needs should be of sustainable nature i.e.
they should be recyclable and should not deplete the nature’s capacity to replenish and
endow the earth it’s capacity to reproduce and sustain itself and it’s resources. This will
be very useful to our personal as well as collective economy. If we use just adequate
fresh water, less energy resources (like electricity, petrol, etc.) and manage our local
resources and wastes, then only we can save our natural resources and it will cause less
pollution. The environment Mantra of the day is refuse, reduce, reuse and recycle
Repair Respect Rethink Restructure of the scarce natural resources like water, soil,
other natural resources etc.

In Indian Constitution also it is mentioned that protection of environment is

the duty of each and every citizen. So if every individual decides and works accordingly
we can tackle the present problem of pollution on personal level on micro-scale and
also involve in keep sustainability on the macro-scale at the state or country level. At
domestic level we should use only required quantity of water without its wastage.
Harvesting of rain water should be promoted wherever possible.