Scilab Manual for

POWER SYSTEM
by Prof Sita Singh
Electrical Engineering
1
Laxmi Institute Of Technology

Solutions provided by
Prof Sita Singh
Electrical Engineering
Laxmi Institute Of Technology

December 7, 2024

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1
Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 4

1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a short trans-

mission line for a specific given quantities. 8

2 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium T-

network transmission line for a specific given quantities. 11

3 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium pi-

network transmission line for a specific given quantities. 15

4 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium T-

network transmission line using ABCD parameters. 18

5 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium pi-

network transmission line using ABCD parameters. 21

6 To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long trans-

mission line using rigorous method solution. 24

7 To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long trans-

mission line using ABCD parameters. 27

8 Short circuit study of a balanced three phase system. 30

9 Calculation of Symmetrical components of specified unbal-

anced system. 32

10 Calculation of fault current in Line to ground fault. 35

2
11 Calculation of fault current in Line to line to ground fault. 38

12 Calculation of fault current in Line to line fault. 41

13 Calculate variable load parameters on a power system. 44

14 Calculate cost of generation of a given specific power sys-

tem. 47

15 Calculate Critical disruptive voltage for a given line. 50

3
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a short

transmission line for a specific given quantities . . 8
Solution 2.2 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium
T network transmission line for a specific given quan-
tities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Solution 3.3 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium
pi network transmission line for a specific given
quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Solution 4.4 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium
T network transmission line using ABCD parame-
ters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Solution 5.5 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium
pi network transmission line using ABCD parame-
ters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Solution 6.6 To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long
transmission line using rigorous method solution . 24
Solution 7.7 To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long
transmission line using ABCD parameters . . . . 27
Solution 8.8 Short circuit study of a balanced three phase system 30
Solution 9.9 Calculation of Symmetrical components of specified
unbalanced system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Solution 10.10 Calculation of fault current in Line to ground fault 35
Solution 11.11 Calculation of fault current in Line to line to ground
fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Solution 12.12 Calculation of fault current in Line to line fault . 41
Solution 13.13 Calculate variable load parameters on a power sys-
tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4
Solution 14.14 Calculate cost of generation of a given specific power
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Solution 15.15 Calculate Critical disruptive voltage for a given line 50

5
List of Figures

1.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a short trans-

mission line for a specific given quantities . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium T net-

work transmission line for a specific given quantities . . . . . 12

3.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium pi

network transmission line for a specific given quantities . . . 16

4.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium T net-

work transmission line using ABCD parameters . . . . . . . 19

5.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium pi

network transmission line using ABCD parameters . . . . . 22

6.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long trans-

mission line using rigorous method solution . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long trans-

mission line using ABCD parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.1 Short circuit study of a balanced three phase system . . . . 31

9.1 Calculation of Symmetrical components of specified unbal-

anced system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

10.1 Calculation of fault current in Line to ground fault . . . . . 36

11.1 Calculation of fault current in Line to line to ground fault . 38

12.1 Calculation of fault current in Line to line fault . . . . . . . 41

6
13.1 Calculate variable load parameters on a power system . . . . 45

14.1 Calculate cost of generation of a given specific power system 48

15.1 Calculate Critical disruptive voltage for a given line . . . . . 51

7
 Experiment: 1

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a short
transmission line for a specific
given quantities.

Scilab code Solution 1.1 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

short transmission line for a specific given quantities

1 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s f o r a
short transmission l i n e for a s p e c i f i c given
quantities .
2 // A s i n g l e p h a s e o v e r h e a d t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
d e l i v e r s 1 1 0 0kW a t 33kV a t 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g . The
t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e and i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e
l i n e a r e 10ohm and 15 ohm r e s p e c t i v e l y . D e t e r m i n e
i ) S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i i ) S e n d i n g end power
factor i i i ) efficiency
3 // Windows 10
4 // 5 . 4 . 1
5 //

8
 Figure 1.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a short transmission
line for a specific given quantities

6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 sup = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e power s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d : ’ ) ;
9 vr = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e r e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e : ’ ) ;
10 cosphi = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e power f a c t o r : ’ ) ;
11 sinphi = sin ( acos ( cosphi ) ) ;
12 r = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l o o p r e s i s t a n c e : ’ ) ;
13 xl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l o o p r e a c a n c e : ’ ) ;
14 z = r + %i * xl ;
15 A =1;
16 B=z;
17 C =0;
18 D=A;
19 disp (D ,C ,B ,A , ’ The v a l u e s o f ABCD p a r a m e t e r s
r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e ’ );
20 ir =( sup /( vr * cosphi ) ) ;
21 irv = ir *( cosphi - %i * sinphi ) ;
22 vsph =( A * vr + B * irv ) ;
23 vsh = abs ( vsph ) ;

9
24 reg =(( abs ( vsh / A ) - abs ( vr ) ) / vr ) *100;
25 disp ( reg , ’ r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;
26 loss =(( abs ( ir ) ) ^2* r ) ;
27 output = sup + loss ;
28 eff =( sup / output ) *100;
29 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;

10
 Experiment: 2

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a medium
T-network transmission line for
a specific given quantities.

Scilab code Solution 2.2 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

medium T network transmission line for a specific given quantities

1 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s f o r a
medium T−n e t w o r k t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e f o r a s p e c i f i c
given quantities
2 // D e t e r m i n e e f f i c i e n c y and r e g u l a t i o n o f 3 p h a s e
100km 50 hz , t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e d e l i v e r i n g 20 MW
a t a p f o f 0 . 8 l a g g i n g and 66 kV t o a b a l a n c e
l o a d . The c o n d u c t o r s a r e c o p p e r e a c h h a v i n g
r e s i s t a n c e 0 . 1 ohm p e r km , 1 . 5 cm o u t s i d e d i a ,
s p a c e d e q u i l a t e r a l l y 2 mts b e t w e e n c e n t r e s .
N e g l e c t l e a k a g e and u s e Nominal T method . ( C L
Wadhwa , Ch−4 ex . 4 . 5 )
3 // Windows 10

11
Figure 2.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium T net-
work transmission line for a specific given quantities

12
4 // 5 . 5 . 2
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 vr = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e v a l u e o f r e c i e v i n g end v o l t a g e ’ )
;
8 vrph = vr /1.73;
9 p = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e s u p p l y power ’ ) ;
10 pf = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e power f a c t o r ’ ) ;
11 spf = sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ;
12 ir = p /(1.73* vr * pf ) ;
13 disp ( ir , ’ r e c e i v i n g end c u r r e n t m a g n i t u d e ’ ) ;
14 spf = sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ;
15 r = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e r e s i s t a n c e ’ ) ;
16 xl = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e r e a c t a n c e ’ ) ;
17 xc = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e c a p c i t i v e s u s c e p t a n c e ’ ) ;
18 z = r + %i * xl ;
19 imp2 = z /2
20 ad = %i *(314* xc ) ;
21 irv = ir *( pf - %i * spf ) ;
22 v1 = vrph +( irv * imp2 ) ;
23 ic = ad * v1 ;
24 is = ic + irv ;
25 isa = abs ( is ) ;
26 disp ( isa , ’ s e n d i n g end c u r r e n t ’ ) ;
27 vs = v1 +( is *( z /2) ) ;
28 vsh = abs ( vs ) ;
29 disp ( vsh , ’ s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e ’ ) ;
30 e = phasemag ( vs ) ;
31 f = phasemag ( is ) ;
32 os =e - f ;
33 pfs = cosd ( os ) ;
34 disp ( pfs , ’ p o w e r f a c t o r s e n d i n g e n d ’ ) ;
35 op =3* vsh * pfs * isa ;
36 disp ( op , ’ i n p u t power i s ’ ) ;
37 eff =( p / op ) *100;
38 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y i s ’ ) ;
39 reg =(( vsh - vrph ) / vrph ) *100;
40 disp ( reg , ’ r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;

13
14
 Experiment: 3

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a medium pi-
network transmission line for a
specific given quantities.

Scilab code Solution 3.3 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

medium pi network transmission line for a specific given quantities

1 // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s f o r a
medium p i − n e t w o r k t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e f o r a
s p e c i f i c given quantities .
4 // A 3 p h a s e 50 Hz , 150km l i n e h a s a r e s i s t a n c e ,
i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e and c a p a c i t i v e s h u n t
a d m i t t a n c e o f 0 . 1 , 0 . 5 , and 3 e −6 S p e r km . I f t h e
l i n e d e l i v e r s 50MW a t 110kV and 0 . 8 p f d e t e r m i n e
Volatge r e g u l a t i o n & e f f i c i e n c y of l i n e using pi
method .
5 clc ;

15
Figure 3.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium pi net-
work transmission line for a specific given quantities

16
 6 clear ;
7 pl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e power s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d : ’ ) ;
8 vr = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e r e c e i v i n g end v o l a t g e : ’ ) ;
9 pf = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e power f a c t o r : ’ ) ;
10 spf = sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ;
11 r = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e ’ ) ;
12 xl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e ’ ) ;
13 y = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s h u n t a d m i t t a n c e v a l u e : ’ ) ;
14 lg = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l e n g t h o f l i n e ’ ) ;
15 R = r * lg ;
16 Xl = xl * lg ;
17 Z = R + %i * Xl ;
18 Y = y * lg ;
19 Y1 = Y /2;
20 vrph = vr / sqrt (3) ;
21 ir = pl /( sqrt (3) * vr * pf ) ;
22 irv = ir *( pf - %i * spf ) ;
23 ic1 = vrph * Y1 ;
24 il = irv + %i * ic1 ;
25 ilz = il * Z ;
26 vsph = vrph +( il * Z ) ;
27 vsh = abs ( vsph ) ;
28 disp ( vsh , ’ s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e ’ ) ;
29 ic2 = vsph * Y1 ;
30 Is = il +( %i * ic2 ) ;
31 Ish = abs ( Is ) ;
32 disp ( Ish , ’ S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t i s ’ ) ;
33 reg =(( abs ( vsh ) - abs ( vrph ) ) / vrph ) *100;
34 disp ( reg , ’ R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;
35 e = phasemag ( vsph ) ;
36 f = phasemag ( Is ) ;
37 phis =e - f ;
38 cosine = cosd ( phis ) ;
39 inppl =3* vsh * Ish * cosine ;
40 eff =( pl / inppl ) *100;
41 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;

17
 Experiment: 4

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a medium
T-network transmission line
using ABCD parameters.

Scilab code Solution 4.4 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

medium T network transmission line using ABCD parameters

1 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s f o r a
medium T−n e t w o r k t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g ABCD
parameters .
2 // A 3 p h a s e 50 Hz o v e r h a e d t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e 100 km
l o n g h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s t a n t s ; r =0.1 ohm/km/
p h a s e ; x l =0.2/km/ p h a s e ; xc =0.04 e −4 s i e m e n .
D e t e r m i n e i ) S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i i ) s e n d i n g end
power f a c t o r i i i ) t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y when
s u p p l y i n g a b a l n c e d l o a d o f 1 0 0 0 0kW a t 66kV , p f
0 . 8 l a g g i n g u s i n g n o m i n a l T method .
3 // Windows 10
4 // 5 . 5 . 2

18
Figure 4.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium T net-
work transmission line using ABCD parameters

19
 5
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 pl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e power s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d : ’ ) ;
9 vr = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e r e c e i v i n g end v o l a t g e : ’ ) ;
10 pf = input ( ’ E n t e r r h e power f a c t o r : ’ ) ;
11 spf = sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ;
12 z = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s e r i e s i m p e d a n c e v a l u e o f s i n g l e
conductor : ’ );
13 r = real ( z ) ;
14 y = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s h u n t a d m i t t a n c e v a l u e : ’ ) ;
15 e =(( z * y ) /2) ;
16 a =(1+ e ) ;
17 b = z *(1+ e /2) ;
18 c=y;
19 d=a;
20 disp (d ,c ,b ,a , ’ The v a l u e s o f ABCD p a r a m e t e r s
r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e ’ );
21 vrph = vr / sqrt (3) ;
22 ir = pl /( sqrt (3) * vr * pf ) ;
23 irv = ir *( pf - %i * spf ) ;
24 vsph =( a * vrph + b * irv ) ;
25 vsh = abs ( vsph ) ;
26 reg =(( abs ( vsh / a ) - abs ( vrph ) ) / vrph ) *100;
27 disp ( reg , ’ R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;
28 loss = 3*( ir ^2) * r ;
29 inppl = pl + loss ;
30 eff =( pl / inppl ) *100;
31 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;

20
 Experiment: 5

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a medium pi-
network transmission line using
ABCD parameters.

Scilab code Solution 5.5 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

medium pi network transmission line using ABCD parameters

1 // A 100 km l o n g l i n e 3 p h a s e 50 Hz t r a n s m i s i s o n
l i n e h a s f o l l o w i n g l i n e c o n s t a n t s r / p h a s e /km =0.1
ohm ; x l /km/ p h a s e = 0 . 5 ohm ; S u s s c e p t a n c e / p h a s e /
km =10e −6. I f t h e l i n e s u p p l i e s l o a d o f 20MW a t
0 . 9 p f l a g g i n g a t 66kV a t t h e r e c e v i n g end ,
c a l c u l a t e by n o m i n a l p i method i ) s e n d i n g end
power f a c t o r , i i ) r e g u l a t i o n i i i ) t r a n s m i s s i o n
efficiency
2 // Windows 10
3 // 5 . 5 . 2
4
5 clc ;

21
Figure 5.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a medium pi net-
work transmission line using ABCD parameters

22
 6 clear ;
7 pl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e power s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d : ’ ) ;
8 vr = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e r e c e i v i n g end v o l a t g e : ’ ) ;
9 pf = input ( ’ E n t e r r h e power f a c t o r : ’ ) ;
10 spf = sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ;
11 z = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s e r i e s i m p e d a n c e v a l u e o f s i n g l e
conductor : ’ );
12 r = real ( z ) ;
13 y = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s h u n t a d m i t t a n c e v a l u e : ’ ) ;
14 e =(( z * y ) /2) ;
15 a =(1+ e ) ;
16 b=z;
17 c = y *(1+ e /2) ;
18 d=a;
19 disp (d ,c ,b ,a , ’ The v a l u e s o f ABCD p a r a m e t e r s
r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e ’ );
20 vrph = vr / sqrt (3) ;
21 ir = pl /( sqrt (3) * vr * pf ) ;
22 irv = ir *( pf - %i * spf ) ;
23 vsph =( a * vrph + b * irv ) ;
24 vsh = abs ( vsph ) ;
25 disp ( abs ( vsph ) , ’ The v a l u e o f Vs i s ’ ) ;
26 reg =(( abs ( vsh / a ) - abs ( vrph ) ) / vrph ) *100;
27 disp ( reg , ’ R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;
28 loss = 3*( ir ^2) * r ;
29 inppl = pl + loss ;
30 eff =( pl / inppl ) *100;
31 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;

23
 Experiment: 6

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a Long
transmission line using rigorous
method solution.

Scilab code Solution 6.6 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

Long transmission line using rigorous method solution

1 // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s f o r a Long
t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g r i g o r o u s method s o l u t i o n
.
4 // Given r =0.2 p e r km , L=1.3mH p e r km , C=0.01
m i c r o f a r a d , power f a c t o r = 0 . 8 , l e n g t h o f l i n e =120
km , r e c i v e n i n g end power =40MW, r e c e i v i n g end
v o l t a g e =132kV . C a l c u l a t e e f f i c i e n c y o f l i n e u s i n g
rigrous solution .
5 clear ;
6 clc ;

24
Figure 6.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long transmission
line using rigorous method solution

25
 7 R =0.2;
8 L =1.3 e -3;
9 C =0.01 e -6;
10 z = R + %i * L *314;
11 y = %i *314* C ;
12 cimp =( z / y ) ;
13 Zc = sqrt ( cimp ) ;
14 disp ( Zc , ’ Zc= ’ ) ;
15 adm = y * z ;
16 Y = sqrt ( adm ) ;
17 Yl = Y *120;
18 alpha = real ( Yl ) ;
19 Beta = imag ( Yl ) ;
20 Vr =(132*1000) / sqrt (3) ;
21 Ir =(40*1000) /( sqrt (3) *(132*0.8) ) ;
22 Irv = Ir *(0.8 - %i *0.6) ;
23 Vsp =(( Vr + Irv * Zc ) /2) * exp ( alpha ) * exp ( Beta ) ;
24 Vsn =(( Vr - Irv * Zc ) /2) * exp ( - alpha ) * exp ( - Beta ) ;
25 Vs = Vsp + Vsn ;
26 disp ( Vs , ’ s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e ’ ) ;
27 Is =( Vsp / Zc ) +( Vsn / Zc ) ;
28 disp ( Is , ’ S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t ’ ) ;
29 spl =3* Vs * Is
30 disp ( spl ) ;
31 splm = abs ( spl ) ;
32 eff =(40*1000000/ splm ) *100;
33 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y o f l i n e i s ’ ) ;

26
 Experiment: 7

To Calculate the performance

parameters for a Long
transmission line using ABCD
parameters.

Scilab code Solution 7.7 To Calculate the performance parameters for a

Long transmission line using ABCD parameters

1 // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s f o r a Long
t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g ABCD p a r a m e t e r s .
4 // Given r =0.2 p e r km , L=1.3mH p e r km , C=0.01
m i c r o f a r a d , power f a c t o r = 0 . 8 , l e n g t h o f l i n e =120
km , r e c i v e n i n g end power =40MW, r e c e i v i n g end
v o l t a g e =132kV . C a l c u l a t e e f f i c i e n c y o f u s i n g ABCD
parameters calcuation .
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 R =0.2;

27
Figure 7.1: To Calculate the performance parameters for a Long transmission
line using ABCD parameters

28
 8 L =1.3 e -3;
9 C =0.001 e -6;
10 z = R + %i * L *314;
11 y = %i *314* C ;
12 cimp =( z / y ) ;
13 Zc = sqrt ( cimp ) ;
14 adm = y * z ;
15 Y = sqrt ( adm ) ;
16 lg =120;
17 Vr =(132) / sqrt (3) ;
18 Ir =(40*1000) /( sqrt (3) *132*0.8) ;
19 cosine = cosh ( Y * lg ) ;
20 sine = sinh ( Y * lg ) ;
21 a = cosine ;
22 b = Zc * sine ;
23 c =((1/ Zc ) * sine ) ;
24 d=a;
25 disp (d ,c ,b ,a , ’ The v a l u e s o f ABCD p a r a m e t e r s
r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e ’ );
26 irv = Ir *(0.8 - %i *0.6) ;
27 irvinKA = irv *10^ -3;
28 vs =(( a * Vr ) +( b * irvinKA ) ) ;
29 disp ( vs , ’ t h e v a l u e o f s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i s ’ ) ;
30 vsh = abs ( vs ) ;
31 is = c * Vr *1000+ d * irv ;
32 disp ( is , ’ t h e v a l u e o f s e n d i n g end c u r r e n t i s ’ ) ;
33 pis = polar ( is ) ;
34 reg =((( vsh / a ) - abs ( Vr ) ) / Vr ) *100;
35 mreg = abs ( reg ) ;
36 disp ( mreg , ’ R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;
37 spl =3* vsh * is ;
38 splab = abs ( spl ) ;
39 eff =(40*1000/ splab ) *100;
40 disp ( eff , ’ e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e i s ’ ) ;

29
 Experiment: 8

Short circuit study of a

balanced three phase system.

Scilab code Solution 8.8 Short circuit study of a balanced three phase
system

1 // S h o r t c i r c u i t s t u d y o f a b a l a n c e d t h r e e p h a s e
system
2 // Windows 10
3 // 5 . 5 . 2
4 // A s t a t i o n o p e r a t i n g a t 33 kV i s d i v i d e d i n t o
s e c t i o n s A and B . S e c t i o n A c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e
g e n e r a t o r s 15 MVA e a c h h a v i n g a r e a c t a n c e o f 15%
and s e c t i o n B i s f e d from t h e g r i d t h r o u g h a 75
MVA t r a n s f o r m e r o f 8% r e a c t a n c e . The c i r c u i t
b r e a k e r s have e a c h a r u p t u r i n g c a p a c i t y o f 750
MVA. D e t e r m i n e t h e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e r e a c t o r t o
prevent the breakers being overloaded i f a
s y m m e t r i c a l s h o r t c i r c u i t o c c u r s on an o u t g o i n g
f e e d e r connected to A.
5
6 clear ;

30
 Figure 8.1: Short circuit study of a balanced three phase system

7 clc ;
8 Sb = input ( ’ The b a s e MVA o f t h e s y s t e m i s ’ ) ;
9 bkv = input ( ’ The b a s e kV o f t h e s y s t e m i s ’ ) ;
10 greac = input ( ’ The pu r e a c t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r on i t s
base i s ’ );
11 bgen = input ( ’ The b a s e o f g e n e r a t o r o r i g i n a l i s ’ ) ;
12 treac = input ( ’ The pu r e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r on i t s
base i s ’ );
13 Xpu =( greac * Sb ) / bgen ;
14 // The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f X
15 X =9.75/112;
16 disp (X , ’ The v a l u e o f r e a c t o r i n pu i s ’ ) ;
17 Xa =( X *( bkv ^2) ) / Sb ;
18 disp ( Xa , ’ The a c t u a l v a l u e o f r e a c t a n c e o f t h e
r e a c t o r i n pu i s ’ ) ;

31
 Experiment: 9

Calculation of Symmetrical
components of specified
unbalanced system.

Scilab code Solution 9.9 Calculation of Symmetrical components of spec-

ified unbalanced system

1 // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f S y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n en t s o f s p e c i f i e d
unbalanced system .
4 // I n a 3 p h a s e 4 w i r e s y s t e m t h e c u r r e n t s inR , Y and
B l i n e s a r e under abnormal c o n d i t i o n o f l o a d i n g
a r e a s u n d e r : I r =86.6+50 j , I y =25 −43.3 j , I b =−30.
C a l c u l a t e p o s i t i v e n e g a t i v e and z e r o s e q u e n c e
c u r r e n t s i n R l i n e and r e t u r n c u r r e n t i n t h e
neuatral wire .
5
6 clear ;
7 clc ;
8 Ir = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e v a l u e o f I r ’ );

32
Figure 9.1: Calculation of Symmetrical components of specified unbalanced
system

33
 9 Iy = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e v a l u e o f I y ’ ) ;
10 Ib = input ( ’ e n t e r t h e v a l u e o f I b ’ ) ;
11 a = -0.5+0.866* %i ;
12 Iryb =[ Ir ; Iy ; Ib ];
13 disp ( Iryb , ’ The I n p u t v a l u e s i n RYB a r e ’ ) ;
14 A =[1 1 1;1 a a ^2;1 a ^2 a ];
15 disp ( A ) ;
16 ainv = inv ( A ) ;
17 disp ( ainv ) ;
18 IA012 = inv ( A ) * Iryb ;
19 disp ( IA012 , ’ V a l u e s o f s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o ne n t s o f
c u r r e n t a r e ’ );
20 In = Ir + Iy + Ib ;
21 disp ( In , ’ V a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n t h e n e u t r a l w i r e ’ ) ;

34
 Experiment: 10

Calculation of fault current in

Line to ground fault.

Scilab code Solution 10.10 Calculation of fault current in Line to ground

fault

1 // // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f f a u l t c u r r e n t i n L i n e t o g r o u n d
fault .
4 //A 30 MVA, 1 3 . 8 kV , 3− p h a s e a l t e r n a t o r h a s a
s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e o f 15% and n e g a t i v e and
z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s o f 15% and 5%
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a l t e r n a t o r s u p p l i e s two m o t o r s
over a t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e having transformers at
b o t h e n d s a s shown on t h e one− l i n e d i a g r a m . The
m o t o r s have r a t e d i n p u t s o f 20 MVA and 10 MVA
b o t h 1 2 . 5 kV w i t h 20% s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e and
n e g a t i v e and z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s a r e 20% and
5% r e s p e c t i v e l y . C u r r e n t l i m i t i n g r e a c t o r s o f
2 . 0 ohms e a c h a r e i n t h e n e u t r a l o f t h e
a l t e r n a t o r and t h e l a r g e r motor . The 3− p h a s e

35
 Figure 10.1: Calculation of fault current in Line to ground fault

t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e b o t h r a t e d 35 MVA, 1 3 . 2 −115Y
kV w i t h l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e o f 10%. S e r i e s
r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s 80 ohms . The z e r o
s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s 200 ohms .
D e t e r m i n e t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t when ( i ) L−G ( i i ) L−L
, and ( i i i ) L−L−G f a u l t t a k e s p l a c e a t p o i n t P .
Assume Vf = 120 kV . / /
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 G = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
8 PG = G (: ,1) ;
9 NG = G (: ,2) ;
10 ZG = G (: ,3) ;
11 M1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e Motor 1 i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
12 PM1 = M1 (: ,1) ;
13 NM1 = M1 (: ,2) ;
14 ZM1 = M1 (: ,3) ;
15 M2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e Motor 2 i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
16 PM2 = M2 (: ,1) ;

36
17 NM2 = M2 (: ,2) ;
18 ZM2 = M2 (: ,3) ;
19 T1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e sequence , negative
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r 1
i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
20 PT1 = T1 (: ,1) ;
21 NT1 = T1 (: ,2) ;
22 ZT1 = T1 (: ,3) ;
23 T2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r 2
i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
24 PT2 = T2 (: ,1) ;
25 NT2 = T2 (: ,2) ;
26 ZT2 = T2 (: ,3) ;
27 L = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n
l i n e i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
28 PL = L (: ,1) ;
29 NL = L (: ,2) ;
30 ZL = L (: ,3) ;
31 KVAB = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f b a s e KVA ’ ) ;
32 KVB = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f b a s e KV ’ ) ;
33 IB = KVAB /( KVB *1.732) ;
34 P = PG + PT1 + PL + PT2 +(( PM1 * PM2 ) /( PM1 + PM2 ) ) ;
35 N = NG + NT1 + NL + NT2 +(( NM1 * NM2 ) /( NM1 + NM2 ) ) ;
36 Z = ZG + ZT1 + ZL + ZT2 +(( ZM1 * ZM2 ) /( ZM1 + ZM2 ) ) ;
37 disp (Z ,N ,P , ’ e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e o f P , N, Z o f s y s t e m i s ’ )
;
38 IF =3/( P + N + Z ) ;
39 FAULTCURRENT = IF * IB ;
40 disp ( FAULTCURRENT , ’ The f a u l t c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s i s ’
);

37
 Experiment: 11

Calculation of fault current in

Line to line to ground fault.

Scilab code Solution 11.11 Calculation of fault current in Line to line to

ground fault

1 // // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f f a u l t c u r r e n t i n L i n e t o l i n e f a u l t

Figure 11.1: Calculation of fault current in Line to line to ground fault

38
 .
4 //A 30 MVA, 1 3 . 8 kV , 3− p h a s e a l t e r n a t o r h a s a
s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e o f 15% and n e g a t i v e and
z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s o f 15% and 5%
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a l t e r n a t o r s u p p l i e s two m o t o r s
over a t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e having transformers at
b o t h e n d s a s shown on t h e one− l i n e d i a g r a m . The
m o t o r s have r a t e d i n p u t s o f 20 MVA and 10 MVA
b o t h 1 2 . 5 kV w i t h 20% s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e and
n e g a t i v e and z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s a r e 20% and
5% r e s p e c t i v e l y . C u r r e n t l i m i t i n g r e a c t o r s o f
2 . 0 ohms e a c h a r e i n t h e n e u t r a l o f t h e
a l t e r n a t o r and t h e l a r g e r motor . The 3− p h a s e
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e b o t h r a t e d 35 MVA, 1 3 . 2 −115Y
kV w i t h l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e o f 10%. S e r i e s
r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s 80 ohms . The z e r o
s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s 200 ohms .
D e t e r m i n e t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t when ( i ) L−G ( i i ) L−L
, and ( i i i ) L−L−G f a u l t t a k e s p l a c e a t p o i n t P .
Assume Vf = 120 kV . / /
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 G = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
8 PG = G (: ,1) ;
9 NG = G (: ,2) ;
10 ZG = G (: ,3) ;
11 M1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e Motor 1 i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
12 PM1 = M1 (: ,1) ;
13 NM1 = M1 (: ,2) ;
14 ZM1 = M1 (: ,3) ;
15 M2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e Motor 2 i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
16 PM2 = M2 (: ,1) ;

39
17 NM2 = M2 (: ,2) ;
18 ZM2 = M2 (: ,3) ;
19 T1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e sequence , negative
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r 1
i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
20 PT1 = T1 (: ,1) ;
21 NT1 = T1 (: ,2) ;
22 ZT1 = T1 (: ,3) ;
23 T2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r 2
i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
24 PT2 = T2 (: ,1) ;
25 NT2 = T2 (: ,2) ;
26 ZT2 = T2 (: ,3) ;
27 L = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n
l i n e i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
28 PL = L (: ,1) ;
29 NL = L (: ,2) ;
30 ZL = L (: ,3) ;
31 KVAB = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f b a s e KVA ’ ) ;
32 KVB = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f b a s e KV ’ ) ;
33 IB = KVAB /( KVB *1.732) ;
34 P =( PG + PT1 + PL + PT2 ) +(( PM1 * PM2 ) /( PM1 + PM2 ) ) ;
35 N =( NG + NT1 + NL + NT2 ) +(( NM1 * NM2 ) /( NM1 + NM2 ) ) ;
36 Z =( ZG + ZT1 + ZL + ZT2 ) +(( ZM1 * ZM2 ) /( ZM1 + ZM2 ) ) ;
37 disp (Z ,N ,P , ’ e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e o f P , N, Z o f s y s t e m i s ’ )
;
38 fz =( Z * N ) /( Z + N ) ;
39 I1 =(1) /( P + fz ) ;
40 I2 =( - I1 * Z ) /( N * Z ) ;
41 I0 = I1 + I2
42 IF =3* I0 ;
43 FAULTCURRENT = IF * IB ;
44 disp ( FAULTCURRENT , ’ The f a u l t c u r r e n t i s ’ ) ;

40
 Experiment: 12

Calculation of fault current in

Line to line fault.

Scilab code Solution 12.12 Calculation of fault current in Line to line

fault

1 // // Windows 10
2 // 5 . 5 . 2
3 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f f a u l t c u r r e n t i n L i n e t o l i n e f a u l t

Figure 12.1: Calculation of fault current in Line to line fault

41
 .
4 //A 30 MVA, 1 3 . 8 kV , 3− p h a s e a l t e r n a t o r h a s a
s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e o f 15% and n e g a t i v e and
z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s o f 15% and 5%
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a l t e r n a t o r s u p p l i e s two m o t o r s
over a t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e having transformers at
b o t h e n d s a s shown on t h e one− l i n e d i a g r a m . The
m o t o r s have r a t e d i n p u t s o f 20 MVA and 10 MVA
b o t h 1 2 . 5 kV w i t h 20% s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e and
n e g a t i v e and z e r o s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e s a r e 20% and
5% r e s p e c t i v e l y . C u r r e n t l i m i t i n g r e a c t o r s o f
2 . 0 ohms e a c h a r e i n t h e n e u t r a l o f t h e
a l t e r n a t o r and t h e l a r g e r motor . The 3− p h a s e
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e b o t h r a t e d 35 MVA, 1 3 . 2 −115Y
kV w i t h l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e o f 10%. S e r i e s
r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s 80 ohms . The z e r o
s e q u e n c e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s 200 ohms .
D e t e r m i n e t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t when ( i ) L−G ( i i ) L−L
, and ( i i i ) L−L−G f a u l t t a k e s p l a c e a t p o i n t P .
Assume Vf = 120 kV . / /
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 G = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
8 PG = G (: ,1) ;
9 NG = G (: ,2) ;
10 ZG = G (: ,3) ;
11 M1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e Motor 1 i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
12 PM1 = M1 (: ,1) ;
13 NM1 = M1 (: ,2) ;
14 ZM1 = M1 (: ,3) ;
15 M2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e Motor 2 i n
m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
16 PM2 = M2 (: ,1) ;

42
17 NM2 = M2 (: ,2) ;
18 ZM2 = M2 (: ,3) ;
19 T1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e sequence , negative
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r 1
i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
20 PT1 = T1 (: ,1) ;
21 NT1 = T1 (: ,2) ;
22 ZT1 = T1 (: ,3) ;
23 T2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r 2
i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
24 PT2 = T2 (: ,1) ;
25 NT2 = T2 (: ,2) ;
26 ZT2 = T2 (: ,3) ;
27 L = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e p o s i t v e s e q u e n c e , n e g a t i v e
s e q u e n c e and z e r o s e q u e n c e o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n
l i n e i n m a t r i x form ’ ) ;
28 PL = L (: ,1) ;
29 NL = L (: ,2) ;
30 ZL = L (: ,3) ;
31 KVAB = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f b a s e KVA ’ ) ;
32 KVB = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f b a s e KV ’ ) ;
33 IB = KVAB /( KVB *1.732) ;
34 P =( PG + PT1 + PL + PT2 ) +(( PM1 * PM2 ) /( PM1 + PM2 ) ) ;
35 N =( NG + NT1 + NL + NT2 ) +(( NM1 * NM2 ) /( NM1 + NM2 ) ) ;
36 Z =( ZG + ZT1 + ZL + ZT2 ) +(( ZM1 * ZM2 ) /( ZM1 + ZM2 ) ) ;
37 disp (Z ,N ,P , ’ e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e o f P , N, Z o f s y s t e m i s ’ )
;
38 IF =( -1.732) /( P + N )
39 FAULTCURRENT = IF * IB ;
40 disp ( FAULTCURRENT , ’ The f a u l t c u r r e n t i s ’ ) ;

43
 Experiment: 13

Calculate variable load

parameters on a power system.

Scilab code Solution 13.13 Calculate variable load parameters on a power

system

1 // C a l c u l a t e v a r i a b l e l o a d p a r a m e t e r s on a power
system .
2 // Windows 10
3 // 5 . 5 . 2
4 // A g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n h a s a c o n n e c t e d l o a d o f 43
MW and a maximum demand o f 20 MW, u n i t s g e n e r a t e d
p e r annum b e i n g 6 1 . 5 e 6 . C a c u l a t e i ) Demand
f a c t o r i i ) Load f a c t o r ( V K Mehta , Ex . 3 . 2 )
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 cl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e c o n n e c t e d l o a d ’ ) ;
8 md = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e maximum demand ’ ) ;
9 ug = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e u n i t s g e n e r a t e d p e r annum ’ ) ;
10 df = md / cl ;
11 disp ( df , ’ The demand f a c t o r o f t h e s y s t e m i s ’ ) ;
12 ad = ug /8760;

44
Figure 13.1: Calculate variable load parameters on a power system

45
13 disp ( ad , ’ The a v e r a g e demand o f t h e s y s t e m i n k w i s ’ )
;
14 lf =( ad *1000/ md ) *100;
15 disp ( lf , ’ The l o a d f a c t o r o f t h e s y s t e m i s ’ ) ;

46
 Experiment: 14

Calculate cost of generation of

a given specific power system.

Scilab code Solution 14.14 Calculate cost of generation of a given specific

power system

1 // C a l c u l a t e c o s t o f g e n e r a t i o n o f a g i v e n s p e c i f i c
power s y s t e m .
2 // Windows 10
3 // 5 . 5 . 2
4 // A g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n h a s a maximum demand o f
5 0 , 0 0 0kW. C a l c u l a t e t h e c o s t o f g e n e r a t i o n from
t h e f o l l o w i n g d a t a : C a p i t a l c o s t=Rs . 95 e6 , a n n u a l
l o a d f a c t o r =40%, a n n u a l c o s t o f f u e l and o i l =
Rs 9 e 6 ; Taxes wages and s a l r i e s =Rs . 7 . 5 e 6 ;
I n t r e s t and d e p r i c i a t i o n = 12%.
5 clc ;
6 clear ;
7 md = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e maximum demand on t h e g e n e r a t i n g
s t a t i o n ’ );
8 cc = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e c a p i t a l c o s t o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g
s t a t i o n ’ );

47
Figure 14.1: Calculate cost of generation of a given specific power system

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 9 alf = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r ’ ) ;
10 acfl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e a n n u a l c o s t o f f u e l & o i l ’ ) ;
11 tws = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e t a x e s , wages s a l a r i e s ’ ) ;
12 id = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e I n t r e s t and d e p r i c i a t i o n ’ ) ;
13 ugperannuam =( md * alf *8760) ;
14 disp ( ugperannuam , ’ The u n i t s g e n e r a t e d p e r annum i s ’ )
;
15 afc =( id * cc ) ;
16 disp ( afc , ’ Annual f i x e d c o s t i s ’ ) ;
17 arc = acfl + tws ;
18 disp ( arc , ’ Annual r u n n i n g c h a r g e s ’ ) ;
19 tac = afc + arc ;
20 disp ( tac , ’ T o t a l Annual c h a r g e s ’ ) ;
21 gencost =( tac *1000) / ugperannuam ;
22 disp ( gencost , ’ C o s t p e r u n i t i s ’ ) ;

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 Experiment: 15

Calculate Critical disruptive

voltage for a given line.

Scilab code Solution 15.15 Calculate Critical disruptive voltage for a given
line

1 // C a l c u l a t e C r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e f o r a g i v e n
line .
2 // Windows 10
3 // 5 . 5 . 2
4 // C a l c u l a t e t h e c r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e &
c o r o n a power l o s s f o r a c o n d u c t o r o f d i a 1 . 5 cm
and t h e s e p a r t i o n b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s i s 3 .
Breakdown s t r e n g t h i s 2 1 . 1 kv /cm , A i r d e n s i t y
correction factor i s given 1.05.
5 clear ;
6 clc ;
7 D = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e d i a m e t e r : ’ ) ;
8 g0 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e breakdown s t r e n g t h : ’ ) ;
9 del = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r : ’ ) ;
10 d = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s e p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r :
’ );

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 Figure 15.1: Calculate Critical disruptive voltage for a given line

11 m0 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e i r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r : ’ ) ;
12 r = D /2;
13 x=d/r;
14 y = log ( x ) ;
15 V0 = r * g0 * del * m0 * y ;
16 disp ( V0 , ’ c r i t i c a l d i s t r u p t i v e v o l t a g e : ’ ) ;
17 // t o f i n d c o r o n a l o s s
18 Vl = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e v o l t a g e : ’ ) ;
19 Vp = Vl /1.73;
20 f = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : ’ ) ;
21 z = sqrt (1/ x ) ;
22 P =241*10^ -5*( f +25) / del * z *( Vp - V0 ) ^2;
23 disp (P , ’ c o r o n a l o s s : ’ ) ;

51