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MODULE 2: NUMBERS Contact number: 0945-280-7131

Roman Numerals Rational & Irrational Numbers Example 3 Example 9:

Numerals are symbols or combination which describes a A rational number can be written as a ratio of two integers (a What is the sum of factors of composite number 18? Determine the plank length that can be utilized to measure
number. The most commonly used numerals are Arabic and simple fraction), while an irrational number is a real number the given values of length 4 m 50 cm, 9 m 90 cm and 16 m 20
Roman numerals. Arabic numerals are written in Arabic that cannot be written as a simple fraction. Example 4 cm in the limited time period.
digits, like 0, 1, 2, 3 … 18, 32, etc. The Roman numerals are Is 1 a composite number?
counting symbols used by early Romans using few letters in Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Example 10:
the alphabet. Numbers that can be Numbers that cannot be Example 5 Find the highest count of students, among whom 182
expressed as a ratio of two expressed as a ratio of two Find if 328 is a composite number. chocolates and 247 candies can be given so that every student
Roman Arabic Roman Arabic numbers (P/Q form) are numbers are irrational obtains the same count. Also, what is the count of the
Symbol equivalent Symbol equivalent rational numbers. numbers. chocolates and candies every student will obtain?
I 1 C 100 The decimal expansion of LCM & GCF
The decimal expansion of The LCM (least common multiple) of two given numbers is
V 5 D 500 irrational numbers is non-
rational numbers is either the smallest number from which it is a multiple of both given
X 10 M 1000 terminating and non-
terminating or recurring. numbers.
L 50 recurring.
Rational numbers include Irrational numbers include
Rule 1: perfect squares such as 4, 9, surds such as √2, √3, √5, √7 The GCF (greatest common factor) of two given numbers is
You can put the same symbols together up to 3 times 16, 25, and so on. and so on. the greatest factor that divides the two numbers. GCF is
only Both the numerator and sometimes called HCF (highest common factor)
Irrational numbers cannot
Ex. XX = 20, XXX = 30; XXXX is not possible. denominator are integers,
be written in fractional Example 1
Rule 2: in which the denominator is
form. Find the LCM of 8 and 12.
Add from left to right if the symbols are the same or not equal to zero.
smaller as you go to the right.
Ex. II = 1+1 = 2; VI = 5 + 1 = 6 Example 1 Example 2
Rule 3: Identify the rational number from the below given numbers. Find the LCM of 36 and 44.
If you see a smaller symbol followed by a larger (a) 2.2714824512415..
symbol, subtract the smaller one from the larger, (b) π Example 3
Ex. IV = 5 – 1 = 4; CM = 1000 – 100 = 900 (c) 3.141414... Player 1 and Player 2 are running around a circular field.
(c) √11 Player 1 takes 16 minutes to take one round, while Player 2
completes the round in 20 minutes. If both start
Example 2 simultaneously and go in the same direction, after how much
Example 1
Write the following in Roman numerals:
Which of the following number is an irrational number? time will they meet at the starting point?
(a) √16
(a) 34 (b) 98 (c) 276 (d) 209 (e) 593 (b) √10
(c) √81 Example 4
(c) √1.111111... There are 56 students in section A and 58 students in section
Example 2 B of a class in a school. Find the minimum number of books
Write the MMLXX in Arabic numerals: Example 3 required for their class library so that they can be distributed
What is the nature of decimal expansion of irrational numbers? equally among section A or B students.
Example 3 (a) Terminating
Arrange the following Roman numerals in ascending order: (b) Non-terminating & repeating
CCXCVIII, CCCLXI, CCVII, CCLXXXIX, CCCXVI. Example 5
(c) Non-terminating & non-repeating
(c) all the above Six bells commence tolling together. After that, they toll at a
Example 4 time interval of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 seconds, respectively. In
Arrange the following Roman numerals in descending order: Composite Numbers 60 minutes, how many times do they toll together?
DLXXVI, DCCVI, DLXXX, DLXVII, DVIII
A prime number is a number that is greater than 1 and is
divisible by 1 and itself only. A composite number is a number Example 6
Example 5
that is greater than 1 and has at least one divisor other than Find the GCF of 36 and 24.
Evaluate the following:
one or the number itself. In other words, a composite number
(a) XCII + CXII (b) CCXXXIV – CCII (c) LVI × XVI is any integer that is not a prime number. Example 7
Evaluate the GCF of 30 and 75.
Example 1
Find the product of first 5 composite numbers. Example 8:
Evaluate the GCF of 36, 12, 24, and 48.
Example 2
What are the prime factors of 99?
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Practice Problems
Situation 1 4. Determine whether 64 is a prime number or a
Write the following in Roman numerals: composite number.
1. 34
5. Determine whether 41 is a prime number or a
2. 195 composite number.

3. 276 Situation 4
Find the GCF:
4. 46 1. 15, 21

5. 91 2. 7, 15

6. 98 3. 7, 15, 21
7. 209
4. 24, 54
8. 593
5. 30, 40, 65
9. 405
6. 45, 54
10. 762
Situation 5
Find the LCM:
Situation 2
1. 3, 7
Determine if the number is rational or irrational (R or I) for
questions:
2. 7, 15, 21
1. 44
3. 8, 12
22
2.
6 4. 6, 13
3. 36
5. 14, 70, 5

4. √25 6. 12, 28
17
5.
54

4
6. √5

7. √7

Situation 3
1. Determine whether 9 is a prime number or a
composite number.

2. Determine whether 23 is a prime number or a

composite number.

3. Determine whether 33 is a prime number or a

composite number.
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Answers: 54: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54

Situation 1 Then, we divide by 3. We get 11, so it is divisible ∴ gcf (45, 54) = 9.
by 3. Situation 5
1. XXXIV 1. Prime factors of 3: 3
2. CXCV This means that 33 is a composite number since Prime factors of 7: 7
3. CCLXXVI it is divisible by at least one other number other ∴ lcm (3, 7) = 3×7 = 21.
4. XLVI than 1 and itself.
5. XCI 2. Prime factors of 7: 7
6. XCVIII 4. Quickly, we can determine that this number is Prime factors of 15: 3×5
7. CCIX divisible by 2. Thus, 64 is a composite number Prime factors of 21: 3×7
8. DXCIII since it is divisible by 1 by itself and by at least ∴ lcm (7, 15, 21) = 3×5×7= 105.
9. CDV one other number.
10. DCCLXII
Situation 2 Something important to remember is that all even 3. Prime factors of 8: 2×2×2
1. Rational numbers greater than 2 are composite numbers Prime factors 12: 2×2×3
2. Rational since all even numbers are divisible by 2. ∴ lcm (8, 12) = 2×2×2×3 = 24
3. Rational
4. Rational 5. We start by dividing by 2. By dividing by 2, we get 4. Prime factors of 6: 2×3
5. Rational 20.5, so it is not divisible by 2. Prime factors of 13: 13
6. Irrational ∴ lcm (6, 13) = 2×3×13 = 78
7. Irrational Then we try 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17. None of these
numbers divides 41 exactly, so there is no other
Situation 3 number by which 41 is divisible. 5. Prime factors of 14: 2×7
1. We have to divide 9 by prime numbers to find out Prime factors of 70: 2×5×7
if there is another number that it is divisible by. Prime factors of 5: 5
Therefore, 41 is a prime number.
∴ lcm (14, 70, 5) = 2×5×7 = 70
Therefore, we start with 2. If we divide 9 by 2, we Situation 4
get 4.5. This means that 2 is not a factor of 9. 1. 15: 1, 3, 5, 15 6. Prime factors of 12: 2×2×3
21: 1, 3, 7, 21 Prime factors of 28: 2×2×7
Now, we divide 9 by 3. Doing so gives us 3. Since ∴ gcf (15, 21) = 3 ∴ lcm (12, 28) = 2×2×3×7 = 84
we got a whole number, 3 is a factor of 9.
2. 7: 1, 7
Since 9 is divisible by 3, 9 is a composite 15: 1, 3, 5, 15
number. 9 is a composite number as it is divisible ∴ gcf (7, 15) = 1
by 1, 9, and at least one other number.
3. 7: 1, 7
2. We divide 23 by different prime numbers to find 15: 1, 3, 5, 15
out if it is divisible by another number. 21: 1, 3, 7, 21
∴ gcf (7, 15, 21) = 1
We start by dividing it by 2. By dividing it by 2, we
don’t get a whole number, nor do we get a whole 4. 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
number if we divide it by 3, or by 5, or by 7, or by 54: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54
11. ∴ gcf (24,54) = 6.

We see that there is no other integer that divides 5. 30: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
23 without leaving a remainder. This means that 40: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
23 is a prime number. 65: 1, 5, 13, 65
∴ gcf (30, 40, 65) = 6.
3. We start by dividing 33 by 2. By doing this, we get
16.5, so it is not divisible by 2. 6. 45: 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45