Consolidation
Consolidation
Consolidation
Success Criteria
● Type of numbers (integers, rational numbers, real numbers)
● Four operations
● Standard form
● Primes and prime factorisation
● Finding the highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common multiple (LCM), square
roots, and cube roots by prime factorisation
● Representation and ordering of numbers on the number line
● Use of the symbols <, >, ⩽, ⩾
● Approximation and estimation (including rounding off numbers to a required number of
decimal places or significant figures and estimating the results of computation)
● Use of standard form A × 10n, where n is an integer, and 1 ⩽ A < 10
● Positive, negative, zero, and fractional indices
● Laws of indices
Type of Numbers
1 5 0
5
, 5
= (1), 3
= (0), etc.
5. 𝐼𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠?
6. 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 3 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠’ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
Number Operations and Their Order
1. 21 ÷ 3 + (3 × 9) × 9 + 5
2. (17 − 7) × 6 + 2 + 56 − 8
3. 45 ÷ 9 + 12 − 9 ÷ 3
Standard form
Worked Example 1:
Find the standard form of 15600.
Step 1: Find a decimal number less than 10 for 15600. The tip is to ALWAYS move the
decimal point to the left/right. Decimal number = 1.56
Step 2: From 15600 to 1.56, we move by 4 places. Hence, the exponent goes up by 4.
Answer: 1. 56 𝑥 10⁵
3
2. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 (4 𝑥 10⁵) 𝑥 (2 𝑥 10 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
3
3. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 (4 𝑥 10⁵) 𝑥 (2 𝑥 10 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
Prime factorisation of any number means to represent that number as a product of prime
numbers.
Worked Example 2:
Express 12 as a product of prime numbers.
Step 1: 12 = 4 × 3
Step 2: 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
2
Answer: 2 × 2 × 3 𝑜𝑟 2 × 3
Greatest common divisor (GCD) is the largest whole number which is shared by given
numbers.
Worked Example 3:
Find the greatest common divisor for 35 and 49.
Step 1: 35 = 7 × 5 and 49 = 7 × 7
Step 2: the largest whole number shared by 35 and 49 is 7
Answer: 7
Lowest common multiple (LCM) is the smallest multiple that two or more numbers have in
common.
Worked Example 4:
Find the lowest common multiple for 35 and 49.
Step 1: 35 = 7 × 5 and 49 = 7 × 7
Step 2: the smallest multiple of 35 and 49 is 7 × 7 × 5
Answer: 245
Example:
4 = 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ± 2
You can simplify the square root by factoring the prime out and see if there is any duplicate.
Example:
1519 = 7 × 7 × 31
= 7 31
The same goes for Cube root, which is the value of power 1/3 of that number.
1.
(a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐻𝐶𝐹) 𝑜𝑓 648 𝑎𝑛𝑑 540.
(b) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝐿𝐶𝑀) 𝑜𝑓 648 𝑎𝑛𝑑 540.
All three lights flash at the same time. Work out how long it will take for all three lights to flash
at the same time again.
Representation and ordering of numbers on the
number line
A number line is a picture of a graduated straight line that serves as a visual representation
of real numbers. Every point of a number line is assumed to correspond to a real number, and
every real number to a point.
Significant figures are specific digits within a number written in positional notation that carry
both reliability and necessity in conveying a particular quantity.
1. Write each of the following numbers correct to the number of decimal places stated:
(a) 0. 3741 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝.
(b) 3. 8451 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝.
(c) 142. 8315 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑑. 𝑝.
3. The mass of a ship is stated as 47384 tonnes to the nearest tonne. Are the following
statements correct?
(a) The mass is less than 47384.5 tonnes
(b) The mass is greater than 47384.4 tonnes
Indices and Laws of indices
An index (plural: indices), or power, is the small floating number that appears after a number
or letter
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 5 2 3
𝑎 ÷𝑎 =𝑎 3 ÷3 =3
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚×𝑛 2 3 6
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 (4 ) = 4
1 1
𝑎 = 𝑎 5 = 5
0 0
𝑎 = 1 6 = 1
𝑚 2
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 7 2 7
(𝑏) = 𝑚 (8) = 2
𝑏 8
−𝑚 1 −1 1
𝑎 = 𝑚 9 = 9
𝑎
𝑚 2
𝑛 3 2
𝑚
𝑎 𝑛
= 𝑎 10 3 = 10
Exercise - Indices and Laws of indices
(c) s × s × s × s (d) m × m × m × n × n
(e) s × t × t × t × t (f) a × a × b × b × a × b
3 3 2
3. Simplify 2𝑎 𝑐 × 3𝑎 𝑐
5 4
10𝑚 𝑛
4. Simplify 2
2𝑚 𝑛
5
50π𝑎
5. Simplify fully 3
2π𝑎
5 7 0
6. Simplify fully ( 465π𝑏 ÷ 38ε𝑥 )
Chapter Practice - Numbers and their operation
Q1) Choose the correct option which provides all the prime numbers.
1) 29, 53, 1, 47
2) 41, 43, 29, 110
3) 17, 19, 23, 9
4) 823, 997, 23, 67
Q3) Evaluate the following and choose the correct option.18 ÷ 3 -7+ 2 x 5
1) 9
2) -19
3) 5.5
4) 0.9
Q5) Find the HCF of 12, 6 and 8. Express your answers in terms of product notation.
Q6) Find the LCM of 12 and 18. Express your answer in terms of product notation.
Q7) The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of the two numbers is 6. The lowest common Multiple
(LCM) of the same numbers is 60. What are the two numbers, given both numbers are less than
50?
Q8) A red light flashes every 3 seconds. A yellow light flashes every 8 seconds. A green light
flashes every 11 seconds They all flash at the same time. After how many seconds will they next
all flash at the same time?
b) 27 3
Q12) The H.C.F. of two numbers is 23, and the other factors of their L.C.M. are 13 and 14. What
can the smallest number be? State the smallest and largest number.
Q13) A merchant has 120L and 180L of two kinds of oil. He wants to sell the oil by filling the two
kinds in tins of equal volumes. Find the greatest volume of such a tin
Chapter Practice Answer - Numbers and their operation
Success Criteria
● Using letters to represent numbers
● evaluation of algebraic expressions and formulae
● translation of simple real-world situations into algebraic expressions
● recognising and representing patterns/relationships by finding an algebraic expression
for the nth term
● addition and subtraction of linear expressions
● simplification of linear expressions
● expansion of the product of algebraic expressions
● changing the subject of a formula
● finding the value of an unknown quantity in a given formula
● use of:
2 2 2
- (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2 2
- (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2 2
- 𝑎 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
● finding the value of an unknown quantity in a given formula
2
● factorisation of quadratic expressions 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
● multiplication and division of simple algebraic fractions
● addition and subtraction of algebraic fractions with linear or quadratic denominator
Introduction to Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and the arithmetic operations
across these symbols.
The letters/symbols used to represent certain values, which are not fixed, are called variables.
Variables are generally denoted by the letters x, y, and z, but they are usually arbitrary.
An expression does not contain an equal sign (=) e.g. 𝑥 + 3, but an equation does.
3. John runs the same number of miles 𝑚 each day. Write an expression to represent the
number of miles John ran in June last year. .
4. Ralph is a baker who makes loaves of bread to order. He needs 5 cups of flour in each
loaf of bread. On a particular day, 𝑥 amount of order for his bread comes in. Write an
equation to represent the total amount of cups of flour 𝑦 he needs.
When you've solved an equation for the subject, your subject is the variable by itself on either
the left or right side of the equation.
Step 1: remove 3 from the right side of the equation by subtracting 3 from both sides of
the equation
𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑦 + 3 − 3 → 𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑦
Step 2: remove 2 from the right side of the equation by dividing 2 from both sides of the
equation
𝑥−3 2𝑦 𝑥−3
2
= 2
→ 2
= 𝑦
𝑥−3
Answer: 𝑦 = 2
(Note: it is preferable to put the subject on the left side of the equation)
𝑦+3
1. Given an equation 2
= 𝑥 + 3 , make 𝑦 the subject of the equation
Linear expressions are algebraic expressions containing constants and variables raised to
the power of 1.
e.g. 3𝑥 + 3, 4𝑦 , 5(𝑥 + 3) − 7
(5𝑥 + 3) + (𝑥 + 4) → (5𝑥 + 𝑥) + (3 + 4)
Step 2: Simplify
(5𝑥 + 𝑥) + (3 + 4) → 6𝑥 + 7
Answer: 6𝑥 + 7
Step 2: Simplify
14𝑥 + 63 − 3𝑥 − 15 → 11𝑥 + 48
Answer: 11𝑥 + 48
Simplification is the act of removing parentheses and combining term
− 2(3𝑥 − 5) + 4𝑥 → − 6𝑥 + 25 + 4𝑥
− 6𝑥 + 25 + 4𝑥 → − 2𝑥 + 25
Answer: − 2𝑥 + 25
2𝑥 3(𝑥−5)
1. Simplify fully
3
− 2
(hint: use LCM for the denominator)
1
2. Simplify fully 2
(8𝑥 − 6 + 2𝑥) + 10 + 2𝑥
Step 2: Look at the second digit/alphabet in the first bracket. Then multiply itwith the second
bracket.
2
Step 1: (𝑥)(𝑥 − 2) → 𝑥 − 2𝑥
Step 2: (− 3)(𝑥 − 2) → − 3𝑥 + 6
2 2
Step 3: (𝑥 − 2𝑥) + (− 3𝑥 + 6) → 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6
2
Answer: 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6
Warm Up - Polynomials expansion and factorisation
1. (3𝑥 + 2𝑏) (𝑥 + 𝑏)
2. (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 + 4)
3. 2(𝑥 − 6) (𝑥 + 6)
How to factorise a polynomial expression
Step 2: Rewrite the two numbers by replacing -2𝑥 with the two numbers.
2 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 → 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8
Step 4: Hence, there is one common bracket which is (𝑥 - 4). To get the other bracket, take the
other two numbers which is 𝑥 and 2 to form (𝑥 + 2).
Answer: (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 - 4)
If b2- 4ac < 0: they do not have real roots and cannot be factorised
Warm Up - Polynomials expansion and factorisation
1. 𝑥² + 2𝑥 + 1***
2. 𝑥² - 1***
3. 𝑥² - 6𝑥 + 9***
5 1
4. 𝑥² + 6
𝑥+ 6
5. 2𝑥² + 11𝑥 + 5
Given an expression 6𝑥² + 10𝑥 - 24 and that one of its roots is 2𝑥 + 6, find another root.
Step 1: Look at the first term of the dividend and divide that by the first term of the
divisor
6𝑥² ÷ 2𝑥 = 3𝑥
Step 2: Multiply the answer from step 1 to the entire divisor. Subtract that from the
dividend then pull down the next term.
Answer: 3𝑥 - 4
Warm Up - Long Division of Polynomials
1. Given an expression 2𝑥3 - 5𝑥² - 8𝑥 + 15 and that one of its roots is 3, find another
root.
2. Given an expression 𝑥3 + 6𝑥² + 11𝑥 + 6 and that one of its roots is 𝑥 + 1, factorise
𝑥3 + 6𝑥² + 11𝑥 + 6.
Remainder Theorem
According to the remainder theorem, when a polynomial p(x) (whose degree is greater than
or equal to 1) is divided by a linear polynomial x - a, the remainder is given by r = p(a)
The degree of a polynomial is defined as the highest power of the variable of its individual
terms
Step 1: Find the zero of the linear polynomial by setting it to zero. i.e., x - a = 0 ⇒ x = a.
Step 2: Then just substitute it in the given polynomial. The result would give the remainder.
Proof:
By division algorithm, Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder.
Substitute x = a
p(a) = (a - a) · q(a) + r
p(a) = r
3
Step 1: 2x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − 2
Step 2:
203
Answer:
4
Q1) Factorise x2 - 3x -18 and find the values of x if the following equation is equivalent to 0.
Q6) The height of a triangle is given by 3a+2 unit. If its area is 6a2+4a unit2, find the length of its
base.
Q7) What should we multiply (-2x2 - x + 4) with to get (10x3 + 5x2 - 20x)?
𝑥 2 𝑥
Q8) Solve the equation: 3
+ 7
= (7−5)
Q10) Find the remainder when 2x3 + 21x2 + 55x + 42 is divided by x + 7. Determine whether -7
is the root of 2x3 + 21x2 + 55x + 42
1 3
Q11) Write a single fraction in its simplest form 2𝑥 − 3
− 3𝑥 − 1
Success Criteria
● Cartesian coordinates in two dimensions
● Graph of a set of ordered pairs as a representation of a relationship between two
variables
● Linear functions (y = ax + b) and quadratic functions (y = ax2 + bx + c)
● Graphs of linear functions
● The gradient of a linear graph is the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change
(positive and negative gradients)
● Graphs of quadratic functions and their properties:
- the positive or negative coefficient of x2
- maximum and minimum points
- symmetry
● Sketching the graphs of quadratic functions given in the form:
- y = – (x − p)2 + q
- y = − (x − p)2 + q
- y = – (x − a)(x − b)
- y = − (x − a)(x − b)
● Graphs of power functions of the form y = axn, where n = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and simple
sums of not more than three of these
● Graphs of exponential functions y = kax, where a is a positive integer
● Estimation of the gradient of a curve by drawing a tangent
The Cartesian Plane
e.g. f(x) = x + 2
when x = 3
f(3) = 3 + 2 = 5
Most of the time, you would see the questions let y = f(x)
Linear expressions are algebraic expressions containing constants and variables raised to
the power of 1.
e.g. 3𝑥 + 3, 4𝑦 , 5(𝑥 + 3) − 7
Regarding the linear functions, the questions may ask you to determine:
1. The x-axis intercept
2. The y-axis intercept
3. The gradient of the line
4. The length of the line
5. The point where 2 lines intercept (simultaneous equations)
6. The equation of another line that has some interactions with the given line (extras)
If a graph is given,
Change in Y = y2 - y1 = 5 - 3
Change in X = x2 - x1 = 6 - 2
5−3 1
Gradient = 6−2 = 2
If a function is given,
e.g. y = ax + b
Make y the subject of the equation. The gradient is the coefficient of x.
2 2
∴ length = ∆𝑥 + ∆𝑦
To find length of line, it is also very important that we have to have two coordinate points
Worked Example 1 (finding length):
Find the length of the straight line graph
shown on the diagram from (0,1) to (2,5)
2 2
length = (2 − 0) + (5 − 1)
2 2
= 2 + 4
= 20
= 2 5 units
Answer: 2 5 units
a. Y-interception
b. The linear equation
c. x-interception
2. What is the gradient of this line?
Step 1: − 𝑥 + 6 = 3𝑥 + 2
Step 2: 4 = 4𝑥
Step 3: 𝑥 = 1
Answer: (1,5)
Extra (line that has some interactions with the given line)
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines
2. Find the equation of a line when a graph with coordinate points(5, 10) and is
perpendicular to a line Y = 5X+ 100.
3. Find the equation of the line parallel to the line passing through (5,7) and (2,3) and
having y-intercept as -4
Quadratic Functions
Quadratic equations are the polynomial equations of degree 2 in one variable of type
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c, ∈ R and a ≠ 0.
Graphically,
Regarding the linear functions, the questions may ask you to determine:
1. The x-axis intercept
2. The y-axis intercept
3. The highest point / lowest point
4. Sketching the graphs from quadratic functions given
5. Estimating the gradient of a curve by drawing a tangent
6. Completing the square
The x-axis intercept
If a graph is given,
Determine the point where the line or curve crosses the x-axis of the graph
If a function is given,
First, try to factorise the equation to find the x-intercept of a quadratic function.
Step 2: 0 = (x + 6)(x - 2)
Step 3: Therefore, x = -6 or 2
If you cannot easily factorise the quadratic equation, you can use this formula to work out the
answer
The y-axis intercept
If a graph is given,
Determine the point where the line or curve crosses the y - axis of the graph
If a function is given,
By substituting x = 0, you can solve for y value for the y - int (0,y)
If a > 0 If a < 0
The Smiley Face The Sad Face
Method 1
1. Find the x-coordinate of centre between the two x-intercepts
2. Substitute that x value back into the quadratic equation to get the y-coordinate of the
index
Step 2: 0 = (x + 6)(x - 2)
−6 + 2
Step 3: The center between x = -6 and x = 2 is x = 2
= -2
Answer: (-2,-16)
Method 2
If given quadratic functions in the form y = (x - h)2 + k, the vertex coordinate is (h,k)
Warm Up - Quadratic Functions
2. Draw the graph of y = x2 - x - 2 and label the maximum/minimum point, x-intercept and
y-intercept
4. This y = (x - 3)2 - 2 shows a quadratic graph. What are the vertex coordinates?
Sketching the graphs from quadratic functions given (only x-int and y-int are concerned)
y = - x2 + 2x + 8 y = x2 + 6x
y = x2 - 9 y = - x2 + 4x + 5
Estimating the gradient of a curve by drawing a tangent
Step 3: Minus off the added constant times the factor that you pulled out in step 1
Step 2: 2(x2 + 4x + 4) - 12 - 8
a. y = x2 + 14x + 49
b. y = 2x2 + 8x + 14
c. y = x2 + 9x + 18
Graphs of Power and Exponential Functions
A power function is a mathematical expression of y = ax^n, where 'a' is a constant, 'x' is the
independent variable, and 'n' is the exponent.
Given a power function f(x) = kxn where n is a non-negative integer, identify the end behaviour.
An exponential function is a Mathematical function in the form f(x) = ax, where “x” is a
variable and “a” is a constant. This constant is called the base of the function, and it should be
greater than 0.
1. ax 2. a-x
Chapter Practice - Functions and Graphs
2
𝑥 +3
Q3) Rearrange the formula y = 2 to make x the subject.
𝑥 +𝑎
y = x3 y = x-1 y = 2x
1
Q6) The graph of y = 2
(x - x2) is drawn on the grid.
(a) Write down the equation of the line of symmetry of the curve.
(b) Use the graph to solve the equation x - x2 = -4
(c) The point P has coordinates (-2, 5).
A tangent to the curve can be drawn so that the tangent passes through P.
Q7) Show that (3n- 1)2 +2 is a multiple of 3 for all integer values of n.
Q1)
Q2)
Q3)
Q4)
Q5)
Q6)
Q7)
Q8)
4. Equations and Inequality
Success Criteria
● solving linear equations in one variable
● solving simple fractional equations that can be reduced to linear equations, such as:
𝑥 𝑥−2
3
+ 4
= 3
3
𝑥−2
= 6
● solving simultaneous linear equations in two variables by
- substitution and elimination methods
- graphical method
● solving quadratic equations in one unknown by
- Factorisation
- use of formula
- completing the square for y = x2 + px + q
- graphical method
● solving fractional equations that can be reduced to quadratic equations, such as:
6
𝑥+4
= 𝑥 +3
1 2
𝑥−2
+ 𝑥−3
= 5
● formulating equations to solve problems
● solving linear inequalities in one variable and representing the solution on the number
line
Fractional Equations
The trick to solving the fractional equations: make the denominators the same by either
- Using LCM
- Multiplying them together
Then, combine terms into one fraction and solve as usual
Step 1: Find LCM of the denominators / multiply them together (LCM of 3 and 4 is 12)
4𝑥 3(𝑥−2) 7𝑥 − 6
12
+ 12
= 3→ 12
= 3
Step 2: Solve
7𝑥 − 6 = 36 → 𝑥 = 6
Answer: 𝑥 = 6
𝑥+3 𝑥+1
1. 2
+ 4
= 10
2𝑥−5 2𝑥−1
2. 7
− 2
= 3
𝑥 4𝑥+1
3. 2
+ 10
= −8
6
𝑥+4
(𝑥 + 4) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)
Step 2: Expand the quadratic term and make one side of the equation 0
2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) − 6 = 0 → 𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 0
Step 2: Solve
2
𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 0 → (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 6) = 0
Answer: 𝑥 = − 1 𝑜𝑟 − 6
8 3
1. 𝑥+3
+ 𝑥+8
= 1
8 6
2. 3𝑥−2
+ 𝑥+1
= 2
7 4
3. 𝑥+1
− 3𝑥−2
= 1
4. Given that
2𝑥 + 1 : 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 + 8 : 3𝑥 − 4 Find the possible values of x.
Simultaneous Equation
Simultaneous equations are two or more algebraic equations that share variables such as x
and y
1. Substitution refers to replacing one variable with another to make the equation include only
one variable.
Step 1: Take one equation and make one variable the subject
x + y = 13 → y = 8 - x - - - (1)
4x - 2(13 - x) = 4
4x - 26 + 2x = 4 → 6x = 30 → x = 5
5 + y = 13 → y = 8
Answer: 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 8
2. Elimination refers to adding or subtracting the two equations together to eliminate one of the
variables.
x=3
2(3) + 4y = 14 → 4y = 8 → y = 2
Answer: 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2
Note!
You can manipulate the given equations to facilitate the elimination process
Let’s say we want to eliminate x, so we will make the coefficients of x the same.
4(x + y) = 4(13) → 4x + 4y = 52
4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 52
–
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4
_______________
6y = 48
y=8
x=5
3. Graphical Method refers to plotting the given equations and finding the point of the
intersection for an answer.
Answer: 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 5
Note!
DO NOT forget to label which graph corresponds to which equation.
1) a + 3b = 11
a + 2b = 9
2) 4e + 2f = 34
3e + f = 21
3) c + d = 7
c-d=9
4) 14x = 30y + 5
6x = 4y + 11
7 15 5
5) 2
𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = 4
3 11
2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
6) y = x2 - 3
y=x+3
7) e + 6f = 18
e + 4f = 14
Linear Inequalities
<, ≤, >, ≥
4. A man finds that his electricity bill varies between $50 and $90.
(a) If C represents the size of his bill, write down an inequality involving C.
The bill is made up of a standing charge of $10 and a cost of 10p per kilowatt hour of
electricity.
(b) If n is the number of kilowatt hours used, write down a formula for C in terms of n.
(c) Using your formula, write down an inequality involving n and solve this inequality.
Quadratic Inequalities
2
𝑥 = 9
𝑥= ±3
Note!
If the inequality had been x2 > 9, then it would be satisfied if x was greater than 3 or if x was
less than - 3. So, the solution will be
x > 3 or x < - 3
Tips!
You can quickly sketch out the graph to determine the range
x2 < 25 → x2 - 25 < 0
3.
5.
Chapter Practice - Equations and Inequality
Q1)
Q2)
Q3)
Q4)
Q5)
5. Set Language and Notation
Success Criteria
Set
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; these things are called elements or
members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind.
e.g. A = {4, 2, 1, 3}
B = {blue, white, red}.
There are mainly 3 types of sets (no need to remember the names)
● An intensional definition uses a rule to determine membership.
e.g.
A universal set is a set that contains all the elements or objects of other sets that are
considered in the problem. It is usually denoted by a symbol ‘U’ or ‘ε’
Warm Up - Set
1. A =
2. B =
3. Universal Set U =
Set Notation
Set notation refers to the different symbols used in the process of working within and across
the sets.
1. ⊂ Proper subset
e.g A ⊂ B (every element of A is also an element of B & A does NOT equal B)
3. ⊆ Subset
e.g A ⊂ B (every element of A is also an element of B & A may or may not be equal to B)
4. ⊈ Not a subset
5. ∪ Union
This operation of a union of sets combines all the elements of the two sets and
presents it as a single set.
6. ∩ Intersection
The operation of the intersection of sets takes the common elements of the two sets to
form a new set.
7. ∈ Belong to / Member of
When a particular element is said to belong to a set A. If the set A = {a, b, c}, then we
refer that the element a belongs to set A, as a ∈ A.
8. Ø Null Set
A set that does not have any elements in it is referred to as a null set. It is also called an
empty set and is represented as Ø = { }.
e.g. A = { } or A = Ø
12. Δ Delta
The notation of delta between two sets gives the elements remaining after removing the
common elements from the union of the two sets.
13. Equal Sets
Two sets that contain exactly the same elements, regardless of the order listed or
possible repetition of elements.
Sets 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are equal because they contain exactly the same
elements (i.e. 1, 2, 3, & 4).
Warm Up - Set
1.
2.
3.
A Venn diagram is a diagram that helps us visualise the logical relationship between sets
and their elements and helps us solve examples based on these sets.
Using the knowledge of set notations, here are operations of set and Venn Diagram
Warm Up - Venn Diagrams
1. Study the following Venn diagram and state whether the statements are true or false.
2. Jenna has been challenged to list the following. Could you help her match the same?
A = First 3 factors of 8,
B = First 8 multiples of 1
i) A ∪ B = { }
ii) A ∩ B = { }
3. Here is a Venn diagram. Write down the numbers that are in the set:
i) A =
ii) A ∪ B =
iii) A' =
4. In the given Venn diagram, find out the items that fall under
i) C ∪ D’
ii) n(C’ ∩ U)
iii) CΔD
iV) U - C∪D
Chapter Practice - Set Language and Notation
Q1) Given the set description below, answer the following questions
Q3)
(ii) P∩R,
(i) (ii)
Chapter Practice Answer - Set Language and Notation
Q2)
Q3)
Q4)
Q5)
6. Law of Surds
Surds are the square roots (√) of numbers that cannot be simplified into whole or rational
numbers. It cannot be accurately represented in a fraction. In other words, a surd is a root of
the whole number with an irrational value.
Rule 1:
= √32 x √2
= 3√2
Rule 2:
12 12
121
=
121
2
2 *3
= 11
2 3
= 11
Rule 3:
You can rationalise the denominator by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the
denominator.
5
7
5 5 7 5 7
=( )x( )= 7
7 7 7
Rule 4:
5√6 + 4√6
5√6 + 4√6 = (5 + 4) √6
= 9√6
Rule 5:
Rule 6:
Chapter Practice - Law of Surds
Chapter Practice Answer - Law of Surds
7. Angles, Triangles and Polygons
Success Criteria
Angles
Angles are formed when two lines intersect at a point. The measure of the 'opening' between
these two rays is called an 'angle'. It is represented by the symbol ∠.
Warm Up - Angles
1. Vertically opposite angles are angles that are opposite one another at a specific
vertex and are created by two straight intersecting lines. Vertically opposite angles
are equal to each other.
3. Angles around a point describe the sum of angles that can be arranged together to
form a full turn. Angles around a point add up to 360°.
4. Two angles are supplementary when they add up to 180º. They do not have to be
next to each other
5. Two angles are complementary when they add up to 90º. They do not have to be
next to each other
Parallel lines are straight equidistant lines that lie on the same plane and never meet each
other.
A transversal line, in geometry, passes through two lines in the same plane at two distinct
points.
1. Corresponding Angles:
- The corresponding angles have
the same relative position.
- The corresponding angles are
equal in measure
- e.g. ∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6
Warm Up - Properties of Angles and Angles formed by two parallel lines and a
Transversal
Find angle x in each of the following diagrams:
Triangles
Triangles can be classified into broad categories based on their angles and sides.
2. Use the information in the diagram to determine the type of triangle of ABD.
3. The exterior angles of a triangle are equal to 120° each. Classify the triangle.
Quadrilaterals
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with opposite parallel sides of equal length and four equal right
angles of 90 degrees each.
1. The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal and parallel to each other.
2. It has four equal angles of 90 degrees.
3. The diagonals bisect each other.
4. The sum of the angles in a rectangle is 360 degrees.
A square is a quadrilateral with four sides of equal length and four equal right angles of 90
degrees each.
The rhombus is a quadrilateral with equal sides. The opposite sides are parallel to each
other. A rhombus also has equal opposite angles.
1. Just one pair of the opposite sides (the base) are parallel.
2. The sum of the angles on the same side is equal to 180°.
(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 + 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2)
3. Area = 2
× height
The kite has two pairs of congruent sides adjacent to each other.
Q2) A builder is building a rectangular deck with dimensions of 16 feet by 30 feet. What
should diagonal measure to ensure that the sides form 90° angles?
Q5) In a trapezium ABCD, AB//CD. If the angle A = 95°, what is the angle D?
A polygon is convex if all the interior angles are less than 180 degrees.
ABCD is a trapezium.
AEC is a straight line.
Angle BAC = 34°, angle DEC= 45°, angle CDE = 38° and angle ADE= 22°.
(b) Explain why a semicircle, with AD as diameter, does not pass through C.
a) Calculate C2
b) Calculate C1
c) Calculate A4
Chapter Practice Answer - Angles, Triangles and Polygons
8A. Congruence and Similarity
Success Criteria
Congruence and similarity
Congruence and similarity are mathematical terms used to describe how two or more
shapes are related.
Congruent:
- Exactly the same shape and size
- Corresponding angles are equal
- Corresponding sides are equal
Similar:
- Same shape but different sizes
- Corresponding angles are equal
- Corresponding sides are proportional
Our focus will primarily be on determining the congruence and similarity between two
triangles.
Congruent and Similar Triangles
- Side-side-side (SSS)
- Right angle, hypotenuse and one other side (RHS)
- Side-angle-side (SAS)
- Angle-side-angle (ASA)
Side-side-side (SSS):
When two triangles have all three sides the same, they are congruent.
Side-angle-side (SAS):
When two triangles have two sides, and the included angle is the same, they are congruent.
The included angle is the angle between the two sides.
Side-angle-side (SAS):
When two triangles have two angles, and the included side is the same, they are congruent.
This can also be known as angle-angle-side (AAS), as if two angles in a triangle are known; the
third angle can be worked out using the angle fact that the sum of interior angles in a triangle is
180°
If we know that 2 shapes are mathematically similar, we can work out any missing sides using
the ratio or scale factor.
Step 1: Find the ratio of the corresponding sides of the similar figures.
5 : 10 = 1 : 2
Step 2: Find the area ratio by squaring the ratio of the corresponding sides.
12 : 22 = 1 : 4
Answer: 1 : 4
Warm Up - Ratio of areas of similar figures
1.
2.
3.
Chapter Practice - Congruence and Similarity
Q1)
(a) Calculate the ratio of the areas of the bases of the two bottles.
Give your answer in the form n: 1.
Q4)
Q5) One box has a surface area of 96 cm2 and a height of 4 cm. A second similar box has a
volume of 1728 cm3 and a surface area of 864 cm2.
Find (a) the height of the larger box (b) the volume of the smaller box.
Chapter Practice Answer - Congruence and Similarity
8B. Properties of Circles
Success Criteria
Part of Circles
Radius: Radius is the distance from the centre of a circle to any point on its boundary.
Chord: A chord is any line segment touching the circle at two points on its boundary. The
longest chord in a circle is its diameter.
Tangent: A tangent is a line that touches the circle at a unique point and lies outside the circle.
Secant: A line that intersects two points on an arc or circumference of a circle is called the
secant.
Segment: The area enclosed by the chord and the corresponding arc in a circle is called a
segment. There are two types of segments - minor segment and major segment.
Sector: The sector of a circle is defined as the area enclosed by two radii and the
corresponding arc in a circle. There are two types of sectors - minor sector and major sector.
Symmetry properties of circles
1. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre. Likewise, Equidistant chords from the
centre are equal in length.
In the figure below, AB and DC are equal in length and are equidistant from centre O.
2. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord (splits the
chord into two equal parts).
3. The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90 degrees. Tangents which meet at the
same external point are equal in length.
4. (a) The line joining an external point to the centre of the circle bisects the angle between
the tangents and forms two congruent triangles.
(b) The angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line segment joining the points of contact
at the centre
Subtended angles: An angle within a circle is created by two chords meeting at a point on
the circumference.
1. The angle that lies between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle subtended by
the same chord in the alternate segment.
2. Given that they are extended from the same arc, the angle at the centre is twice the
angle at the circumference.
Q1) (a)
(b) Find x.