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 Dinornis giganteus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III p. 237 (1843) and p. 307 (1846).
Moa giganteus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög. p. XXX (1850).
Dinornis maximus (non D. maximus Owen of 1867!) Trans. Zool. Soc. X p. 147
(1877).
D. validus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. p. 111 (1892).

T HIS is, as regards size, one of the more variable forms in the
tarso-metatarsus, while the tibio-tarsus is remarkably constant.
The tibio-tarsus is almost invariably 35 inches in length, while
the tarso-metatarsus varies from 17.5 to 19 inches in length.
The type of D. giganteus Owen is from Poverty Bay; the type of D.
validus is from Glenmark.
Habitat: North and Middle Islands, New Zealand.
Portion of skeleton in Tring Museum, from Kopua Swamps,
Canterbury, New Zealand.

DINORNIS INGENS OWEN.

(Plate 42.)
Dinornis ingens Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III p. 237 (1843).
Movia ingens Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög. p. xxx (1850).
D. ingens var. robustus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III p. 307 (1846).
Palapteryx robustus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III p. 345 (1848).
D. firmus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV p. 114 (1892).
D. potens Hutton, l.c. p. 115.

D. INGENS shows considerable variation in size, but the inter-

gradation is so complete that it seems impossible to retain the
four species ingens, firmus, potens and robustus, which Captain
Hutton admits. This form was widely distributed over the North and
Middle Islands. The type skull of P. robustus came from Timaru, the
type of firmus from Wanganui, that of ingens from Poverty Bay,
while that of potens is quoted from the East side of Middle Island,
without specific type locality.
Habitat: North and Middle Islands.
The plate of this species was reconstructed by Mr. Frohawk from the
skeleton and feathers in my museum, and the feathers found with
the skeleton now in the York Museum. The only criticism that might
be made in connection with this picture is that the feathers are
drawn a little too much like those of Apteryx australis, but this is not
of any consequence, as the Moa feathers in the Tring Museum and
elsewhere vary considerably in appearance, though being more or
less coloured like Apteryx feathers.
There is an almost perfect skeleton in the Tring Museum.

DINORNIS GRACILIS OWEN.

Dinornis gracilis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV (1855) p. 141.

D. torosus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV p. 117 (1892).

I F we acknowledge that D. novaezealandiae occurs both on the

North and Middle Islands, then I feel sure that the distinctness of
D. gracilis and D. torosus cannot be maintained, as the
measurements intergrade completely.
The type of D. gracilis came from Wanganui, while that of D. torosus
is a nearly perfect skeleton found in a cave at Takaka, near Nelson.
Habitat: New Zealand.
There is an imperfect skeleton in the Tring Museum, from a
limestone cave at Takaka, near Motueka, Province of Nelson, New
Zealand.

DINORNIS DROMIOIDES OWEN.

Dinornis dromioides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III. p. 235 (1843).

Palapteryx dromioides Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög. p. XXX (1850).
Palapteryx plenus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV p. 122 (1892).

T HIS form also inhabited both islands, but was probably one of
the rarest. The type of D. dromioides came from Poverty Bay,
and that of P. plenus from Glenmark.
Habitat: New Zealand.

DINORNIS NOVAEZEALANDIAE OWEN.

Dinornis novaezealandiae Owen, P.Z.S. (1843) p. 8.

D. struthioides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III p. 244 (1844).
D. strennus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXV p. 8 (1893).

P ROFESSOR OWEN changed the name of this form, but we

cannot accept this change, as it is against the laws of
nomenclatorial priority, though we all appreciate the motive the
Professor had in making this change. The type came from Poverty
Bay, but the bird inhabits both islands.
This species had wings.
Habitat: New Zealand.
A nearly perfect skeleton in the Tring Museum from Waitomo district,
Auckland, New Zealand.
 MEGALAPTERYX HAAST.

O RIGINALLY distinguished by Haast from the Dinornithidae as an

ancient form of the Apterygidae, but afterwards united by
Lydekker with the Dinornithidae. Mr. Lydekker's diagnosis of the
genus is as follows:—
"Distinguished from Dinornis by the extreme slenderness and length
of the femur and tibio-tarsus, and the relatively shorter tarso-
metatarsus, of which latter the length is considerably shorter than
that of the femur. The pelvis is much narrower than in Dinornis, with
the ventral surface of the postacetabular sacrals ridged and
narrower, and a more developed pectineal process to the pubis. The
femur is markedly curved forwards, with the distal extremity
moderately expanded, the popliteal depression larger and less
defined, the linea aspera narrower and sharper, and a more distinct
anterior intermuscular ridge."
The following additional diagnostic characters are taken from Mr.
Charles W. Andrews' description of the complete skeleton of
Megalapteryx tenuipes in the Tring Museum (Nov. Zool. IV, pp. 188-
194, fig. 1-2 in text and pl. VI):—
Width of cranium at paroccipital processes less than half the length
of the basis cranii. Length of premaxilla less than two-and-a-half
times that of the basis cranii. Body of the premaxilla pointed and
slightly decurved; its length and breadth less than the basis cranii.
The occipital plane slightly declined backwards. Occipital condyle
projecting slightly beyond the paroccipital processes. Anterior and
posterior lambdoidal ridges separated by a very narrow interval in
their middle region only. Width at squamosals slightly more than
double the length of the basis cranii. Mammillary tuberosities not
very prominent. Margin of tympanic cavity evenly curved. Temporal
fossae very large. The distance between the temporal ridges about
four-fifths the width of the cranium at the fossae. The posterior
temporal ridge confluent with the lambdoidal ridge. Post-temporal
fossae very large.
The inferior temporal ridge is strongly marked, and there is a
pretympanic process. The zygomatic process is well developed.
Rostrum dilated towards its anterior end, compressed and carinate
beneath the large presphenoid fossae. Mandible very slender.
Posterior angular process small. Sternum very convex, and with a
very nearly straight anterior border between the tuberosities for the
coracoscapular ligaments. Costal processes short but large, with
distinct coracoidal facets. The lateral processes are long and distally
expanded. The sternum is just as wide as it is long. There are three
costal articulations. The most notable character is the enormous
length of the toes, the middle one being longer than the tarso-
metatarsus. The ungual phalanges are peculiarly long, narrow and
curved, instead of being comparatively short and broad, as in most
other Moas.
Type of the genus Megalapteryx hectori, Haast.
Number of species 4.

MEGALAPTERYX HECTORI HAAST.

Megalapteryx hectori Haast, Trans. Zool. Soc. XII, p. 161 (1886); Lydekker, Cat.
Fossil B. Brit. Mus., p. 252.

T HIS form was described by Sir Julius von Haast as a gigantic

Apteryx. This error arose from the absence of the skull. There
is, however, no doubt now, since the skulls of Megalapteryx are
known, that although sufficiently aberrant to form a distinct sub-
family, the birds included in this genus are Dinornithidae and not
Apterygidae.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.
 MEGALAPTERYX HAMILTONI SPEC. NOV.

Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds in Brit. Mus., p. 252, under M. tenuipes (1891).

T HE type is a left femur, No. 32145 in the British Museum. It is

smaller and relatively narrower than the femur, of either M.
hectori or M. tenuipes. This is most noticeable at the distal
extremity.
Habitat: North Island, New Zealand. (Type locality Waingongoro.)
Named after Mr. A. Hamilton, who did so much in discovering
deposits of extinct New Zealand birds.

MEGALAPTERYX TENUIPES LYD.

Megalapteryx tenuipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus. p. 251 (1891).

T HIS species was described from the tibio-tarsus, which is longer

and relatively more slender than in M. hectori. Its distal width is
about one-ninth of its length, while in M. hectori it is about one-
seventh. The length of the tibio-tarsus is approximately 0.405 mm.
= 16 inches, and width of distal extremity about 0.044 = 1.74
inches. Type specimens Nos. 49989 and 49990, British Museum.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand, and perhaps North Island.
(Type locality Lake Wakatipa, Queenstown, Otago.)
Complete skeleton in the Tring Museum.
Mr. Lydekker mentions also a right femur from the North Island, of
the same proportions as those of M. tenuipes and 0.255 m. (= 10.1
inches) long. It may probably belong to a different form, as we know
M. tenuipes otherwise only from the Middle Island.
 MEGALAPTERYX HUTTONII (OWEN).

(Plate 41.)
Dinornis huttonii Owen, Ext. Birds, N.Z., p. 430 (1879).
Dinornis didinus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. XI, p. 257 (1883).
D. didiformis Haast, (non Owen 1844) Trans. N.Z. Inst. I, p. 83, Nos. 5 & 6 (1869).
Mesopteryx didinus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 129 (1892).

T HE synonymy of this form is somewhat confused, but I think it

is clear that huttonii of Owen is its proper name. Professor
Owen (Ext. B. p. 430) says:
"In the collection from the Glenmark Swamp, South Island, are
bones that scarcely differ, save in size, from the dimensions (? W.R.)
of the type bones of Dinornis didiformis from the North Island. They
are noted as of a large variety of that species." Captain Hutton
remarks: "The bones that I have arranged under the name D.
didiformis belong probably to a new species. The tibia is well marked
and quite distinct, but the femur and metatarsus, that I have
associated with it, pass almost into D. casuarinus, but are rather
smaller. D. casuarinus is undoubtedly a good species, easily
distinguished by its tibia." Possibly the Dinornis of the South Island,
with the tibia characteristic of D. didiformis of the North Island, may
need to be noted for the convenience of naming the bones as
Dinornis huttonii.
When describing his D. didinus, Professor Owen failed to recognise
its identity with his previously named D. huttonii, doubtless owing to
the leg bones being hidden by the dry integument. This being the
case, it is necessary to reinstate the name huttonii, as it has four
years' priority over didinus.
Captain Hutton says that a few bones of this form have been
obtained in the North Island at Poverty Bay and Te Aute; but I am
convinced he is in error and that these bones are aberrant individual
bones of A. didiformis and that M. huttonii is confined to the South
or rather Middle Island. The plate of this species has been
reconstructed by Mr. Lodge from the mummified remains which form
the type specimen of Didornis didinus, and the feathers found in the
alluvial sands of the Clutha River. The type of Dinornis didinus was
found at Queenstown by Mr. Squires.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.
Mr. C. W. Andrews, in his description of my complete skeleton of
Megalapteryx tenuipes has shown that Owen's type specimens of his
Dinornis didinus are certainly of a species of the genus
Megalapteryx, and closely allied to M. tenuipes. Mr. Andrews,
however, throws some doubt as to whether the pelvis and femora,
referred to this species by Hutton, really belong to it.
A complete egg which I consider must be of this species is preserved
in the Tring Museum. Its measurements are as follows:—

Large circumference, 21.4 inches = 535 mm.

Small " 17.5 " = 437.5 mm.
This egg was dredged up on the Molyneux River, near Otago, during
gold dredging operations in 1901; a second perfect egg was dredged
up a few months before in the same river, and was referred by Dr.
Benham to Pachyornis ponderosus.

ANOMALOPTERYX REICHENBACH.

T HE skull is narrow and vaulted, with a long, sharp and slightly

deflected beak. Breadth at the squamosals 1½ times the height
at basi-temporal, which has a constricted praemaxillary ridge,
and the quadrate with a very small pneumatic foramen. The
mandible is V-shaped, with a slight inflection of the angle, and a
distinct postarticular process. The symphysis is very narrow and
pointed, with a long and narrow inferior ridge, not expanding
markedly at either extremity. The sternum is longer, flatter and
narrower than in Dinornis, having no distinct xiphisternal notch,
three costal articulations, long and narrow costal processes, slender
lateral processes which are often elongated, and usually no
coracoidal facets. The pelvis is wider and lower than in Dinornis,
with the lower border of the postacetabular portion of the ilium
descending as a sharp ridge much below the level of the sacral ribs,
and without any distinct pectineal process. A hallux is present. The
tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus are relatively shorter and stouter
than in Dinornis, the latter being shorter than the femur, which is
usually stouter and relatively shorter than in Megalapteryx. The
length of the tarso-metatarsus is less than half that of the tibio-
tarsus. The femur, besides being usually relatively shorter is readily
distinguished from that of Dinornis by its more expanded
extremities, the rather longer neck, and the much larger and ill-
defined popliteal depression.
The vertebrae are of the general type of those of Pachyornis, but the
anterior pneumatic foramen commences in the third dorsal. The
phalangeals are intermediate between those of Dinornis and
Pachyornis. Haast considered that the coracoid was aborted and
often absent in this genus, in Emeus, and Pachyornis. As additional
characters of the skull it may be mentioned that there is a prominent
supra-occipital protuberance, and a depression on the squamosal
above the quadrate; the par-occipital processes are pointed, and the
basi-occipital processes only slightly prominent; so that the posterior
profile of the basi-occipital is nearly straight. The quadrate has a
very short anterior process.
All the species of the genus are small, in fact parvus is the smallest
but one of the family.
Type of the genus: Anomalopteryx didiformis (Owen).
Number of species: 4.
 ANOMALOPTERYX DIDIFORMIS (OWEN.)

Dinornis didiformis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III, p. 242 (1844).

Anomalopteryx didiformis Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög. p. 30 (1850).
A. didiformis Lydekker, Cat. Fossil B. Brit. Mus., p. 275.

T HE present form is confined to the North Island. Owen's type

was collected by the Revd. Wm. Williams, and came from
Poverty Bay.
Habitat: North Island, New Zealand.
Portion of skeleton in Tring Museum.

ANOMALOPTERYX PARVUS (OWEN.)

Dinornis parvus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. XI, pp. 233-256, pls. LI-LVII (1883).
Anomalopteryx didiformis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 123 (1892), part.
A. parva Lydekker, t.c., p. 278.

T HIS small form is confined to the Middle Island. The type, a

skeleton in almost complete condition, was dug up in a cave at
Takaka, near Nelson, and is now in the British Museum. A much
less perfect skeleton is in my museum at Tring.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

ANOMALOPTERYX ANTIQUUS HUTT.

Avian Remains Forbes, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIII, p. 369 (1891).

Anomalopteryx antiquus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 124 (1892).
A. ANTIQUUS was named by Captain Hutton from the photographs
of bones described by Dr. Forbes in the above-quoted article.
The evidence is very slight on which to found a species, but I prefer
to treat it as one, for the bones were discovered in the Upper
Miocene, a much older stratum than most remains of Dinornithidae
occur in.
Locality: Timaru, Middle Island, New Zealand.

ANOMALOPTERYX FORTIS HUTT.

Anomalopteryx fortis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXV, p. 9 (1893).

T HIS is the largest of the genus, and the type bones came from
Glenmark. I append comparative table of Measurements:

Tarso-metatarsus. Tibio-tarsus. Femur.

A. fortis 8.0 inches. 17.5 inches. 9.8 inches.

A. didiformis 6.3 " 13.3 " 8.0 "
A. parvus 6.3 " 13.7 " 8.5 "

Locality of Type: Glenmark.

Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

CELA REICHENBACH.

S KULL convex, the temporal fossae very large. Breadth at the

squamosals 1.6-1.7 times the height at the basi-temporal.
Length from the supra-occipital to the nasals rather less than
the breadth at the squamosals. Occipital condyle hidden by the
supra-occipital. Ridge between temporal fossae and supra-occipital
narrow. Beak short, slightly compressed and rounded at the tip,
though more pointed than in Anomalopteryx. Lower mandible nearly
straight and rather slighter than in Anomalopteryx, V-shaped.
Sternum with coracoid pits faintly indicated or absent; length less
than breadth. Costal processes well developed, lateral processes
diverging at different angles.
Pelvis broader in proportion than in Dinornis, the acetabula set more
forward. Tarso-metatarsus shorter than the femur, and less than half
the length of the tibio-tarsus. Hallux present in some species. The
smallest species of Moa is Cela curtus.
Type of the genus: Cela curtus.
Number of species: 5.

CELA CURTUS (OWEN.)

Dinornis curtus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III, p. 325 (1846).

Cela curtus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög. p. 30 (1850).
Cela curta Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIX, p. 550, pl. XLVII, Fig. B.

T HIS and the following are the two smallest species of Moa,
having been about the size of a large turkey. It also is the most
abundant species at Whangarei, and appears to have been most
common in the North of the Island. The type is from Poverty Bay.
Habitat: North Island, New Zealand.

CELA OWENI (HAAST).

 Dinornis oweni Haast, Trans. Zool. Soc. XII, p. 171, pl. XXXI, XXXII (1886).
Cela curtus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., XXIV, p. 127 (1892), portion.

D R. VON HAAST (Sir Julius von Haast) took as his type of

Dinornis oweni the almost complete skeleton collected by Mr.
Cheeseman in a cave at Patana, Whangarei, and now in the
Auckland Museum. While referring my readers to the original
diagnosis for the specific characters, I wish to specially draw
attention to the fact that Dr. von Haast says that in the collections he
examined, made by Mr. Thorne and Mr. Cheeseman, there are bones
belonging to at least 20 skeletons of his D. oweni, and that some
were even smaller than the type, and the only difference was the
constant average difference due to sex. I draw special notice to this,
as Captain Hutton has united this form with curtus, saying Haast's
type is only a small individual of that species. The fact of bones of at
least 20 different individuals, showing the same characters and the
same differences from curtus, is quite sufficient evidence for me to
consider Dr. von Haast's D. oweni as a distinct species. I append
measurements of the leg bones of the types of Cela curtus and C.
oweni:—

Tarso-metatarsus. Tibio-tarsus. Femur.

Cela curtus 5.0 inches 11.25 inches 5.65 inches

Cela oweni 4.4 " 9.6 " 6.5 "

Locality: Whangarei.
Habitat: North Island, New Zealand.

CELA GERANOIDES (OWEN.)

Palapteryx geranoides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III, p. 345 (1848).

Cela geranoides Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 126 (1892).
T HIS species is confined to the North Island. The type came from
Waingongoro. It is most commonly found in the South of the
Island.
Habitat: North Island, New Zealand.

CELA RHEIDES (OWEN).

Dinornis rheides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV, p. 8 (1850—partim).

Syornis rheides Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 131 (1892).

T HIS is a very difficult form to consider, as the type bones

consisted of those of three different forms. Whether Professor
Owen, were he now alive, would concur in Captain Hutton's
treatment is very questionable, and I doubt if it ought not to be
united to Emeus crassus, while Haast united it to P. gravis. I have
kept it separate as no bones of a single individual united are known,
and it might prove sufficiently distinct if a good skeleton were
obtained. The type bones were sent from Waikawaite, Middle Island,
by Colonel Wakefield, in 1849.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

CELA CASUARINUS (OWEN).

Dinornis casuarinus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III, p. 307 (1846).

Syornis casuarinus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög, p. XXX (1850).
Meionornis casuarinus Haast, Trans. N.Z. Inst., VII, pp. 54-91 (1875).
Syornis casuarinus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., XXIV, p. 133 (1892).
C. CASUARINUS
Middle Island.
is found in both Islands, and is abundant in the

The type came from Waikowaiti.

Habitat: New Zealand.
Portions of one skeleton and two almost complete skeletons in Tring
Museum; one of the latter from Kapua Swamps.

EMEUS REICHENBACH.

T HE skull is very short and wide, with a blunt and slightly

deflected rostrum, and a very small pneumatic foramen to the
quadrate. The mandible is in the shape of a wide U, with a
slightly inflected angle, and a large post-articular process. The
symphysis is very wide and deeply excavated, with a broad and
slightly prominent inferior ridge narrowing in front. The sternum
resembles that of Anomalopteryx, but the pelvis is much wider and
approaches that of Pachyornis. The tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus
are relatively shorter and thicker than in Anomalopteryx, but less
stout than in Pachyornis; the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus is
not inflected. A hallux is present. The length of the tarso-metatarsus
is considerably less than that of the femur, and than half that of the
tibio-tarsus, its width at the middle of the shaft being rather more
than one-fourth of its length.
The vertebrae are of the type of Anomalopteryx. The species are
larger than most of those of Cela and Anomalopteryx. Additional
cranial characters are that the skull usually has very broad and blunt
paroccipital processes; there is no distinct supraoccipital prominence,
and no well-marked depression upon the frontal aspect of the
squamosal above the head of the quadrate. The basi-occipital
tubercles are prominent, and give an arched posterior profile to this
bone. The quadrate is elongated with a long anterior bar; the cavity
of the squamosal for the reception of its head is inclined much more
outwardly than in either of the other genera.
Type of genus: Emeus crassus (Owen).
Number of species: 6.

EMEUS CRASSUS (OWEN).

Dinornis crassus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III, p. 307 (1846—partim).

Emeus crassus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vög., p. XXX (1850).
Syornis crassus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 132 (1892).

T HIS species has led to much confusion, owing to Professor

Owen having associated with the real portions of crassus in his
possession bones of elephantopus, ponderosus and struthioides.
The type came from Waikouaiti.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.
Imperfect skeleton in Tring Museum.

EMEUS BOOTHI NOM. NOV.

Emeus, Species Α, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII, p. 379 (1895), pl. XVI.

E ASILY distinguished by the shorter and narrower beak. Type

specimen—the skull found by Mr. R. S. Booth at Stag Point—now
in Otago University Museum, figured as above.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.
 EMEUS GRAVIPES LYD.

Emeus gravipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus., p. 298 (1891) Nos. A95, on p.
299, to 47444d, on p. 300.
Dinornis gravis (portion) Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VIII, p. 361 (1872).
Euryapteryx gravis Haast, Ibis 1874, p. 213.

T HE present species is smaller than E. crassus and has the tarso-

metatarsus relatively wider. Length, 198 mm. = 7.8 inches;
width at middle of shaft, 51 mm. = 2 inches.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

EMEUS HAASTI NOM. NOV.

Emeus species Β, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII p. 379 (1895).

Emeus gravipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus. p. 301 Nos. 32017, 32016, a-e
and c to 32044 e on p. 307 (1891).

S IR J. VON HAAST united this form with Dinornis gravis, and the
skull which is the type of E. haasti is put on a skeleton of D.
gravis in the Canterbury Museum. The measurements of this
species are much smaller than those of the other species.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

EMEUS PARKERI NOM. NOV.

Emeus species Γ, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII, p. 380 (1895).

T HIS species is at once distinguished from the other species of

the genus by having right-angled orbits. The type is a skull from
Hamilton Swamp, named Euryapteryx gravis, by Prof. Hutton, in the
Otago Museum.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.

EMEUS EXILIS (HUTT.)

Dinornis didiformis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. III, pl. 24 (1846), part.
Euryapteryx exilis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIX, p. 552, pl. XLVIII, Fig. C (1897).

D IFFERS from E. crassus in the tibia being more convex on the

anterior surface. The skull, among other differences, has a very
slight frontal rising to the cranial roof, as opposed to the very
conspicuous one in the remaining species. The type is a nearly
complete skeleton in the Wanganui Museum. For full description see
Hutton, l.c.
Habitat: North Island, New Zealand.

PACHYORNIS LYDEKKER.

T HE skull is either vaulted or flattened, with a sharp and narrow

beak. The paroccipital processes are shorter and more rounded,
and the basi-occipital tubercles more prominent than in
Anomalopteryx, while the quadrate and mandible resemble the same
bones in that genus somewhat closely. The sternum is flat and very
broad and short, with no coracoidal facets, a very small xiphisternal
notch, broad and short costal processes, and widely divergent lateral
processes; while there are only two costal articulations. The pelvis is
extremely low and wide, with the anterior wall of the acetabulum
very deeply concave, the ventral surface of all the vertebrae behind
the true sacrals narrow and convex, and from which the very broad
sacral ribs ascend to join the ilium, of which the inferior
postacetabular border is very sharp, and descends far below the
level of the ribs. There is no pectineal process to the pubis. The
tibio-tarsus is very short, with the shaft curved outwards, the distal
extremity markedly inflected, and the fibular ridge much shorter
than in the other genera. The fibular border below the smooth space
at the distal extremity of the fibular ridge is extremely rough; and
the distal extensor tubercle is very prominent, being situated partly
on the line of the upper half of the extensor groove, instead of being
altogether external to the same.
The tarso-metatarsus is still shorter and wider than in Emeus, the
width at the middle of the shaft being usually rather more than one
third of the length. The third trochlea is more prominent than in the
other genera, and rises very abruptly from the shaft, the outer
border of the anterior surface usually expanding suddenly at the
proximal extremity, and the outer ridge of this surface being always
more prominent than the inner, whereas in the other genera the
opposite condition obtains. The femur, as compared with that of
Dinornis, is very much shorter and thicker, with a longer neck, and
the head rising and projecting very considerably, the linea aspera
mainly forming a rough nodule near the distal end of the shaft, the
outer surface of the distal extremity more suddenly expanded, and
the popliteal depression larger, more open, and leading to the inner
surface of the shaft by a more distinct channel. The profile of the
inner condyle is wider antero-posteriorly, and more rounded, the
anterior intertrochlear surface being deeply channelled.
The phalangeals of the pes are much shorter and stouter than in
Dinornis, the proximal surface of the terminal segments generally
presenting a trefoil-shaped contour. The length of the tarso-
metatarsus is very much less than half that of the tibio-tarsus. In the
vertebral column the cervicals are short with very stout centra, the
prezygopophyses in the middle region being nearly horizontal and
separated from one another by a wide channel. The posterior face of
the centra is tall and narrow, and the neural spines of the last two
vertebrae much inclined forward. In the dorsals there is usually no
anterior pneumatic foramen till the fourth (or the last with a distinct
haemal carina), this foramen being situated on the line of the
anterior border of the rib-facet. The third and fourth dorsals are
extremely compressed. Throughout the series also the neural spines
and transverse processes are comparatively long. Additional
characters of the skull are that the sphenoidal rostrum is expanded
in a lance-like shape at the anterior extremity, in a manner unlike
that of any of the other genera.
Then the supraoccipital never has a very strongly developed median
prominence, and the temporal fossae are comparatively short. The
mandible may be readily distinguished from that of the other genera
by the low position of the inner aperture of the dental canal, which
pierces the bone obliquely to join the small lateral vacuity.
Type of the genus: Pachyornis elephantopus (Owen).
Number of species: 8.

PACHYORNIS ELEPHANTOPUS (OWEN.)

Dinornis elephantopus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV, p. 149 (1853).

Palapteryx elephantopus Haast, Ibis, Ser. 3, vol. IV, p. 212 (1874).
Euryapteryx elephantopus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst. XXIV, p. 135 (1892).

U NTIL Mr. Lydekker described Pachyornis immanis, and Mr.

Andrews Aepyornis titan, this was undoubtedly the most bulky
and ponderous of all known Ratitae, extinct and living.
Type: Awamoa, near Oamanu.
Habitat: Middle Island, New Zealand.