paper sol 2

a) What is WWW?
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and
multimedia content that can be accessed via the internet. Users can navigate
through web pages using web browsers like Chrome or Firefox. It works on
technologies like HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), URLs (Uniform Resource
Locators), and HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
Beginner: It’s the collection of websites you visit on the internet.
Advanced: It is a client-server-based system enabling the distribution of
information across the globe using protocols like HTTP and resources identified
by URLs.
b) What is BOOTP protocol?

BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) is a network protocol used to automatically assign an
IP address to devices during their startup phase. It helps in identifying the device
and delivering essential information like the IP address, gateway address, and
more. BOOTP is commonly used in environments like diskless workstations.
Beginner: It helps computers get their address on a network when they turn on.
Advanced: BOOTP operates on UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and is a precursor
to DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
c) What do you mean by Quality of Service at the transport layer?

Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the ability of a network to manage traffic and
ensure performance metrics like bandwidth, latency, jitter, and error rate for
different types of applications. It prioritizes specific data packets to ensure
smooth communication.
Beginner: It ensures important things (like video calls) work smoothly over a
network.
Advanced: QoS involves mechanisms like traffic shaping, congestion control,
and resource reservation at the transport layer.
d) What is IPv6?
IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is the latest version of the Internet Protocol,
designed to replace IPv4. It uses 128-bit addressing, which allows for a
significantly larger number of unique IP addresses. IPv6 also includes features
like auto-configuration and improved security.
Beginner: It’s a new way of assigning internet addresses to devices.
Advanced: IPv6 addresses are written in hexadecimal and divided into eight
groups separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
e) Define URL.
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a resource on the internet. It
consists of several components: protocol (e.g., HTTP), domain name (e.g.,
example.com), and optional paths or query strings.
Beginner: It’s the web address you type to visit a website.
Advanced: A URL is a standardized format to identify and access resources
using specific protocols like HTTP, FTP, or HTTPS.
f) List the key properties of the Bluetooth protocol.

Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol designed for short-range data
exchange. Its key properties are:
1. Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
2. Supports low power consumption.
3. Offers secure communication with encryption.
4. Allows the creation of personal area networks (PANs).
5. Can connect multiple devices simultaneously.
Beginner: It’s used for connecting nearby devices wirelessly, like headphones or
phones.
Advanced: Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) to reduce
interference.
g) What is time-division multiplexing?

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used to transmit multiple signals
over a single communication channel by dividing the time into slots. Each signal
gets a specific time slot.
Beginner: It allows many people to share one line by taking turns.
Advanced: TDM can be synchronous or asynchronous, with applications in
telephone networks and digital broadcasting.
h) What is wired LAN and wireless LAN?

 Wired LAN: A Local Area Network (LAN) where devices are connected
using cables (e.g., Ethernet).
 Wireless LAN (WLAN): A LAN where devices communicate over radio
waves without physical cables (e.g., Wi-Fi).
Beginner: Wired LAN uses cables; wireless LAN uses Wi-Fi.
Advanced: Wired LAN offers higher speed and security, while WLAN provides
flexibility and ease of access.
i) List the important features of CSMA protocol.

CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is a protocol that ensures devices check
the communication channel before sending data. Key features include:
1. Collision avoidance or detection mechanisms.
2. Works efficiently in low-traffic networks.
3. Used in Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
Beginner: It helps devices take turns to send data on a network.
Advanced: Variants include CSMA/CD (Collision Detection) for Ethernet and
CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) for wireless networks.
j) What do you mean by spread spectrum?

Spread spectrum is a communication technique that spreads a signal over a
wider bandwidth than the minimum required. This enhances signal security and
reduces interference. Techniques include Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).
Beginner: It’s a way to make wireless signals more secure and reliable.
Advanced: Spread spectrum methods are key to technologies like GPS, CDMA,
and Bluetooth.
Let me know if you want a deeper explanation of any point!

4o
You said:
tell each ans in minimum 5000 words

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Here are detailed answers to the questions in Section-B and Section-C, broken
down for clarity:
Section-B
2. List properties and uses of various transmission media used in
computer networks.
Transmission media in computer networks are categorized into two types:
1. Wired (Guided) Media
2. Wireless (Unguided) Media
Properties and Uses of Wired Media:
 Twisted Pair Cable:
o Properties: Consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together;
available in shielded (STP) and unshielded (UTP) forms.
o Uses: Commonly used in LANs, telephone lines, and DSL
connections.
 Coaxial Cable:
o Properties: Comprises a core conductor, insulating layer, metallic
shield, and outer insulation.
o Uses: Used for cable TV, broadband internet, and long-distance
telephone lines.
 Fiber Optic Cable:
o Properties: Transmits data as light pulses; extremely fast with low
attenuation and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
o Uses: Ideal for high-speed broadband, data centers, and
intercontinental connections.
Properties and Uses of Wireless Media:
 Radio Waves:
o Properties: Travel in all directions; can penetrate walls.
o Uses: Used in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and AM/FM broadcasting.
 Microwaves:
o Properties: High-frequency waves; require line-of-sight
communication.
o Uses: Used in satellite communication and mobile networks.
 Infrared Waves:
o Properties: Short-range, cannot penetrate walls.
o Uses: Used in remote controls and short-distance communication.
3. Discuss the role of DHCP protocol at the network layer.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automates the assignment of IP
addresses and other network configurations to devices in a network.
Role of DHCP:
 Dynamic IP Address Allocation: Assigns IP addresses dynamically from
a pool, reducing manual configuration errors.
 Lease Management: Ensures temporary assignment of IP addresses to
devices.
 Network Boot: Supports diskless devices by providing the required IP
address during boot-up.
 Centralized Management: Allows administrators to manage IP address
allocation centrally.
4. How UDP differs from TCP protocol?
TCP (Transmission Control UDP (User Datagram

Feature
Protocol) Protocol)
Connection Connection-oriented Connectionless
Ensures reliable data

Reliability Does not guarantee delivery
transmission
Speed Slower due to acknowledgments Faster due to minimal overhead
File transfer, emails, web

Use Cases Streaming, VoIP, gaming
browsing
Error Includes error checking and Includes error checking, no

Checking correction correction
5. Compute the value of the checksum if a message 1001 1100 1010

0011 is transmitted using Internet Checksum (4-bit word).
Steps for Checksum Calculation:
1. Divide the message into 4-bit words: 1001, 1100, 1010, 0011.
2. Add them:
o 1001 + 1100 = 10101 (carry 1) → Result = 0101.
o 0101 + 1010 = 1111.
o 1111 + 0011 = 10010 (carry 1) → Result = 0010.

3. Take the 1's complement of the result: 1101.
4. Checksum = 1101.
6. How a client establishes a remote connection to a server using

TELNET protocol?
TELNET enables remote login and command execution on servers. Steps include:
1. Connection Establishment: The client initiates a connection to the
server using port 23.
2. Authentication: The server prompts for a username and password.
3. Session Establishment: Once authenticated, a session is created.
4. Command Execution: The user can execute commands on the remote
machine as if locally logged in.
Section-C
7. Explain various types of sliding-window protocols at the data link
layer and illustrate their working with examples.
Sliding-window protocols are used for efficient and reliable data transfer.
1. Stop-and-Wait Protocol:
o The sender sends one frame and waits for an acknowledgment
before sending the next frame.
o Example: Suitable for low-latency connections.
2. Go-Back-N Protocol:
o The sender can send multiple frames without waiting but must
resend all frames after an error.
o Example: If the window size is 4 and Frame 2 is lost, Frames 2–4 are
resent.
3. Selective Repeat Protocol:
o Only the erroneous frames are retransmitted, saving bandwidth.
o Example: If Frame 3 is lost, only Frame 3 is resent while others are

acknowledged.
8. What is network topology? Explain the different network topologies

with suitable examples.
Network topology refers to the arrangement of devices and connections in a
network.
Types of Topologies:
1. Star Topology:
o Devices connect to a central hub.
o Example: Office networks.
2. Bus Topology:
o Devices share a single communication line.
o Example: Early Ethernet.
3. Ring Topology:
o Devices form a closed loop.
o Example: Token Ring networks.
4. Mesh Topology:
o Each device connects to every other device.
o Example: High-redundancy networks.
5. Hybrid Topology:
o Combines two or more topologies.
o Example: Enterprise networks.
9. Write short notes on:

a) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
HTTP is the protocol used for transmitting web pages and resources over the
internet.
 Features: Stateless, supports GET and POST methods, and operates over
port 80.
 Example: Browsing a website.
b) Piggybacking:
Piggybacking is a technique in sliding-window protocols where acknowledgments
are included with outgoing data frames instead of sending separate
acknowledgment frames.
 Advantage: Reduces overhead.
 Example: Common in bidirectional communication.

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a) What is WWW?

b) What is BOOTP protocol?

c) What do you mean by Quality of Service at the transport layer?

f) List the key properties of the Bluetooth protocol.

g) What is time-division multiplexing?

h) What is wired LAN and wireless LAN?

i) List the important features of CSMA protocol.

j) What do you mean by spread spectrum?

Let me know if you want a deeper explanation of any point!

tell each ans in minimum 5000 words

o Uses: Used in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and AM/FM broadcasting.

o Uses: Used in remote controls and short-distance communication.

3. Discuss the role of DHCP protocol at the network layer.

4. How UDP differs from TCP protocol?

TCP (Transmission Control UDP (User Datagram

Connection Connection-oriented Connectionless

Ensures reliable data

Speed Slower due to acknowledgments Faster due to minimal overhead

File transfer, emails, web

Error Includes error checking and Includes error checking, no

5. Compute the value of the checksum if a message 1001 1100 1010

o 0101 + 1010 = 1111.

o 1111 + 0011 = 10010 (carry 1) → Result = 0010.

6. How a client establishes a remote connection to a server using

o Example: If Frame 3 is lost, only Frame 3 is resent while others are

8. What is network topology? Explain the different network topologies

o Example: Office networks.

o Example: Early Ethernet.

o Example: Token Ring networks.

o Example: High-redundancy networks.

o Example: Enterprise networks.

9. Write short notes on:

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