Define Communication, Write The Feature & Component of Communication
Define Communication, Write The Feature & Component of Communication
Define Communication, Write The Feature & Component of Communication
Star Topology : A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are individually connected to
a central connection point, like a hub or a switch. A star takes more cable than e.g. a bus, but the benefit is that if a cable fails,
only one node will be brought down.
Advantages of Star Topology
1) Easy to connect new nodes or devices. In star topology new nodes can be added easily without affecting rest of the
network. Similarly components can also be removed easily.
2) Centralized management. It helps in monitoring the network.
2) Failure of one node or link doesnt affect the rest of network. At the same time its easy to detect the failure and
troubleshoot it.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
More cables are required to be connected because each computer individually connects to the central server
Single point of failure in case the server get down.
Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks. If it fails whole network goes down.
The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network.
Mention the OSI Layer & Explain two layer:
7. Application layer Application: The application layer provides services for an application
6. presentation layer program to ensure that effective communication with another application
5. Session Layer program in a network is possible. The application layer is not the application
4. transport Layer itself that is doing the communication
3. Network Layer Presentation: In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the
2. Data link Layer presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It
1. Physic al layer is sometimes called the syntax layer
Internet Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the
Network.
Client/Server Network. A computer network in which one centralized, powerful computer (called the server)
is a hub to which many less powerful personal computers or workstations (called clients) are connected.
How to work Clint/server network:
The client uses the network as a way to
connect with and speak to the server. Just as
the customer speaks to his server, the client
uses the network to send and receive
communications about its order, or request.
The server will take the request and make sure
that the request is valid. If everything checks
out okay, then the server will fetch the request
and serve the client.
Different between IPv4 & IPv6:
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a protocol for use on packet-switched Link Layer networks (e.g.
Ethernet). IPv4 provides an addressing capability of approximately 4.3 billion addresses. The Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6) is more advanced and has better features compared to IPv4.
Network address translation (NAT): Network address translation is a method of remapping one IP address
space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers
while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
Example: 192.168.1.4/27
Total Host = 2n
Usage able host =2n -2
Subnet musk =256-total host
Network address=
Routing : Routing is the path that network data or a packet takes to reach its destination on a network. The network router
is what decides the best route for each network packet.
Routing table: A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine where data packets
traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed. All IP-enabled devices, including routers and switches,
use routing tables
Static routing : Static routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually-configured routing entry,
rather than information from a dynamic routing traffic.
Dynamic routing : Dynamic routing is a networking technique that provides optimal data routing. Unlike static routing,
dynamic routing enables routers to select paths according to real-time logical network layout changes. ... The most
popular are Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).